卓張眾
摘要:在英語學習中,寫作是一個復雜的語言輸出過程,是學生對所學的語言進行內(nèi)化和再創(chuàng)造的一種思維過程。然而在高中英語教學過程中,寫作一直是學生的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),寫作教學也存在諸多問題?;诖爽F(xiàn)狀,本文以人教版一節(jié)單元寫作課為例,把得到教育專家們認可的支架式教學模式運用到這節(jié)寫作教學課中,擬從如何進入情境、搭建支架、獨立探索、協(xié)作學習與評價四個方面展開實驗教學,希望借助該模式增加高中生對英語寫作的興趣,解決寫作中存在的突出問題,進而提高他們的英語書面表達能力,實現(xiàn)英語寫作教學的有效性。
關(guān)鍵詞:支架式教學模式;英語寫作教學;教學活動
中圖分類號:G632.0 ? ? 文獻標志碼:A ? ? 文章編號:1674-9324(2015)44-0237-03
一、引言
寫作是一個復雜的語言輸出過程,是學生對所學的語言進行內(nèi)化和再創(chuàng)造的一種思維過程。目前我國高中生英語寫作現(xiàn)狀不容樂觀,表現(xiàn)為寫作興趣淡薄、能力差、語句表達缺乏連貫性和條理性、詞匯匱乏、語法結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤諸多、有恐懼感、課堂氣氛沉悶等。應該來說,寫作一直是學生的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),而教師的寫作教學缺乏有效性。盡管教師與學生在這方面做了很多努力,但英語寫作仍然屬于薄弱環(huán)節(jié)(關(guān)世民,2011)。以上現(xiàn)狀在很大程度上反映了我國當前英語課堂寫作教學模式存在的不足。如何改進教師的教學方法和手段,增強高中英語寫作教學的有效性,進而解決目前學生寫作中存在的問題,提高學生的寫作能力,顯得尤為重要和迫切。只有在這些突出的問題得到解決以后,學生的寫作水平及能力才能得到真正的提高。
二、支架理論
建構(gòu)主義是西方教育心理學的最新教學理論,最先由瑞士著名的心理學家皮亞杰(Jean Piaget)于20世紀60年代提出,支架式教學模式是基于建構(gòu)主義理念的一種核心教學模式,源于前蘇聯(lián)著名心理學家維果斯基(Vygotsky)的“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”理論?!爸Ъ堋痹局附ㄖ袠I(yè)中使用的腳手架,在這里用來形象地描述一種學習者獲得新的語言結(jié)構(gòu)的一種學習方式(Richard,Platt& Platt,2000)。通過建立“支架式”概念框架,教師不停頓地將學生的智力從一個水平提升到另一個更高的水平,進而完成對復雜概念的意義建構(gòu)。整個建構(gòu)過程始終圍繞以學生為中心的教學原則,教師在教學中的作用就是搭建一個個學習的腳手架,便于學生一步步攀升,最終實現(xiàn)對知識的理解和掌握。
近年來,支架理論越來越受到國內(nèi)外語學界的重視,并越來越多地在教學中被運用,尤其是在外語教學中,更是受到了教育工作者極大的關(guān)注。張國榮(2004)認為,支架式教學理論的核心是通過教師與學生的有效互動、課堂上的成員互為支架、合作學習等活動來幫助學生完成其無法獨立完成的任務;吳曉燕(2006)提出,支架式教學法在組織英語對話課各環(huán)節(jié)的教學上優(yōu)勢非常明顯,學生的語言運用能力在教師精心設計的教學環(huán)節(jié)中逐步攀升;韋麗秋(2011)分析了支架式教學策略在英語學術(shù)論文寫作教學中的應用;傅源源(2011)強調(diào)教師要關(guān)注寫作過程,在學生寫作過程中給予適當?shù)囊龑c幫助,在學生的“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”為其搭建寫作支架。
三、教學案例探析
近兩年,筆者主持了教育部福建師范大學基礎教育課程研究中心開放性課題《能力導向的課堂有效教學研究》,為此,本文以人教版高二選修模塊六第三單元“A Healthy Life”一節(jié)寫作課為例,把得到教育專家們認可的支架式教學模式運用到這節(jié)寫作教學課中,擬從如何進入情境、搭建支架、獨立探索、協(xié)作學習與評價四個方面展開實驗教學,希望借助該模式增加高中生對英語寫作的興趣,解決寫作中存在的突出問題,進而提高他們的英語書面表達能力,實現(xiàn)英語寫作教學的有效性。
(一)進入情境
Activity 1:Topic talks about “Growing pains”(3 minutes)
T:Good morning,students. In this period,you are going to write a letter to give Xiaolei,a senior high school student like you,some helpful advice.
First,I'll ask you some easy questions. Do you have growing pains?
Ss:Yes.
T:What are they?
S1:Misunderstanding,Loneliness...
S2:Study,Money...
S3:Independence,F(xiàn)riendly...
T:Exactly. Everyone has his own problems while growing up. But do remember:Growing up is not always easy. Naturally,everyone can have some problems. But do be optimistic and confident as whatever it is,you'll find your way out,which is said in Chicken Soup for Soul.
設計意圖:讓學生圍繞感興趣的“Growing pains”這個話題,設計了“Do you have growing pains?What are they?”兩個問題,將學生引入真實的問題情境,同時借助于各種直觀的圖片,在頭腦風暴活動中,學生填補了信息差,激活了原有的知識儲備,產(chǎn)生了創(chuàng)造性設想的連鎖反應,為后期的寫作搭建腳手架。
(二)搭建支架
Activity 2:Read Xiaolei's letter(3 minutes)
T:Now read Xiaolei's letter please and then discuss in pairs what problems Xiaolei is facing.
S1:He was upset because his best friend started smoking.
S2:He did not know how to refuse it when offered cigarettes.
S3:He didn't know how to keep friendship going without smoking.
T:Well done. Do you have any suggestions to Xiaolei?
Activity 3:Watch and answer(8 minutes)
T:Now let's watch a video and pay attention to what Kirk,a character in the film Growing Pains,suggested to the problems?
S1:You don't have to do what you don't want to just to keep your friends happy.
S2:Taking drugs is not cool. It's not a symbol of being grown up.
S3:They're wrong. If that's the way they feel,then maybe they're not your friends.
T:OK. It is now the time to voice your opinions. Repeat the advice with the following expressions when possible.
(1)Why not tell her...
(2)Just tell her...
(3)You should...
(4)Just say no...
(5)You had better...
(6)It's a good idea...
S4:You should calm down and find ways to settle them.
S5:You are doing right. Tell her she was wrong.
S6:It's a good idea to try to persuade him to quit it and help him find ways to stop it.
S7:...
S8:...
Activity 4:Tips for writing(2 minutes)
T:Now before writing,I'd like to give you some tips.
(1)Examine the title,paying attention to details.
(2)Make an outline,storming the brain.
(3)Do the writing, including each key point.
(4)Check the writing, correcting errors.
設計意圖:本環(huán)節(jié)旨在引導學生積極探索問題情境。通過先細讀文本,了解“Xiao lei”存在的問題,再通過讓學生觀看電影《成長的煩惱》中的部分相關(guān)內(nèi)容,激起了學生的學習興趣,找到共鳴,讓學生操練表示建議的句型,教師給出寫作之前的技巧提示,這一切教學活動的設計都在為之后的寫作環(huán)節(jié)積累素材,為學生搭建寫作的語言、結(jié)構(gòu)及思維支架。
(三)獨立探索
Activity 5:Writing(12 minutes)
T:Imagine you are the adviser who deals with students' problems. Write a letter of about 100 words to give Xiaolei some helpful advice on your own as follows.
Dear Xiaolei,
I've got your letter and know
.
Best regards!
Yours
Activity 6:Correcting(3 minutes)
T:Have you finished?Now please correct the draft by yourself. While correcting,please pay attention to the structure,person,tense,spelling,capital and small letter,punctuation and number of words.
設計意圖:該環(huán)節(jié)旨在培養(yǎng)學生選擇自己的方法,獨立的去探索問題和解決問題的能力。通過教師的修正提示,讓學生學會如何進行自我干預,發(fā)現(xiàn)自身不足,完善自我,最終體驗成功,同時為后期的同伴欣賞與互改做好鋪墊。
四、協(xié)作學習與評價
Activity 7:Peer correction and assessment(8 minutes)
T:Exchange your composition with your partner please and try to find out the proper words,good sentence patterns and the points needed improving and at last grade the composition. You can use the assessment table below. If you have some problems,you may ask me for help.
Activity 8:Appreciation(4 minutes)
The teacher picked out one representative composition of the student for all the class to appreciate,leading the students to taste the means to achieve effective expression of the thought and the skills of wording and phrasing and thus making them realize the shortcomings of their compositions.
(One Model Composition)
Dear Xiaolei,
I've got your letter and know you're upset for your best friend. ?I'm sorry for what you are feeling. But I think there is no need for you to be embarrassed because you are doing right. Smoking is not a symbol of growing up. You don't have to do what you don't want to just to keep your friends happy.
I know you love your friend and don't want to leave her. Why not talk to her about how harmful smoking is. I think it a good idea to persuade her to quit cigarettes. Make some efforts to keep your friendship going. After all,a friend without faults will never be found.
Please cheer up and be confident. I believe you will find your way out.
Best regards!
Yours,
Shelly
Activity 9:Homework(1 minute)
According to the revision opinions of yourself and your peers,rewrite the composition.
設計意圖:通過生生之間、師生之間的協(xié)商討論、相互交流及最終的效果評價、成果展示等一系列教學活動,學生結(jié)合提供的評價表彼此糾錯,在共享前一環(huán)節(jié)同伴獨立探索的成就的同時,又發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的不足之處,對寫作標準有了一個較全面、正確的理解,提高了自身的寫作、鑒賞及評價能力,最終根據(jù)自己和合作同伴的修改意見,在課后重寫本篇作文,達到對本單元話題作文的意義建構(gòu),實現(xiàn)寫作能力的升華。
五、結(jié)語
本次教學實驗證明,以支架理論為基礎的高中英語寫作教學能激發(fā)學生的英語寫作興趣,給生生、師生之間帶來知識上的互動和寫作能力上的培養(yǎng),切實提高學生的寫作能力。教師通過搭建層層“支架”,通過反復的系統(tǒng)訓練,給學生提供各種有效的學習幫助,學生在寫作中更能注意避免一些低級錯誤,更加注重語句表達的連貫性和條理性,詞匯及復雜句型的運用實現(xiàn)多元化。在這種模式下,學習能力稍弱的學生在同伴的幫助下逐漸恢復了自信,在學習上也變得更加獨立自主。也就是說,在高中英語寫作教學中,無論是對教師教學的系統(tǒng)性、科學性來說,還是對學生寫作興趣和信心的增強以及促進他們的寫作動力來說,這種支架式教學模式無疑是一種行之有效的教學模式。然而,每種教學模式都有自己的優(yōu)缺點,支架式教學模式也是如此,還需要一線的教育工作者進一步發(fā)展和完善,尤其是在搭建支架這一環(huán)節(jié)中。眾所周知,適當?shù)闹Ъ芸梢源俪蓭熒?、生生之間有效、成功的多維互動,使其更具有操作性,因此,教師一定要根據(jù)學生原有的寫作水平,搭建可行的符合最近發(fā)展區(qū)的任務支架,并適時地減少支架,最終撤除支架,達到學生在沒有教師的指導下,進行自主寫作的目的,提高他們的再學能力。
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