馬婭瓊 MA Yaqiong
黃 剛 HUANG Gang
毛澤慶 MAO Zeqing
周 星 ZHOU Xing
王 平 WANG Ping
李 愉 LI Yu
低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓在過(guò)輕或適中體重患者腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描中的應(yīng)用
馬婭瓊 MA Yaqiong
黃 剛 HUANG Gang
毛澤慶 MAO Zeqing
周 星 ZHOU Xing
王 平 WANG Ping
李 愉 LI Yu
作者單位
甘肅省人民醫(yī)院放射科 甘肅蘭州 730030
目的 探討低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓在過(guò)輕或適中體重患者腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描中應(yīng)用的可行性,尋找減少腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描射線劑量及碘攝取量的最優(yōu)方案。資料與方法 選取體重指數(shù)(BMI)<20 kg/m2的40例過(guò)輕患者,隨機(jī)分為A1組和B1組,每組20例;同時(shí)選取20 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2的40例適中體重患者,隨機(jī)分為A2組和B2組,每組20例。A1組和A2組采用低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓(威視派克270 mgI/ml,管電壓100 kV)行腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描,B1組和B2組采用常規(guī)掃描方案(歐乃派克300 mgI/ml,管電壓120 kV)行腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描。比較4組的對(duì)比噪聲比(CNR)、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分和有效射線劑量(ED)。結(jié)果 A1組和B1組、A2組和B2組動(dòng)脈期、門靜脈期的CNR及圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.539~0.000,P>0.05);B1組動(dòng)脈期CNR及圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分明顯高于A2組和B2組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案可以在降低碘攝取量及輻射的同時(shí)獲得與常規(guī)增強(qiáng)掃描同等的腹部圖像質(zhì)量; BMI對(duì)肝臟動(dòng)脈期圖像質(zhì)量影響較大,對(duì)門靜脈期圖像質(zhì)量影響較小,可考慮在肝臟增強(qiáng)檢查協(xié)議中選擇性降低門靜脈期電壓以降低輻射。
腹部;體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);造影劑;輻射劑量;圖像增強(qiáng);人體質(zhì)量指數(shù);體重
對(duì)于腹部疾病的診斷,腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描是一項(xiàng)不可或缺的檢查手段,但是CT增強(qiáng)掃描會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)對(duì)比劑副作用及輻射的危害。既往研究報(bào)道[1],碘在低管電壓時(shí)吸收率增加,說(shuō)明采用常規(guī)劑量低濃度對(duì)比劑時(shí)降低管電壓可獲得相同的對(duì)比增強(qiáng),同時(shí)降低管電壓可明顯降低輻射劑量。周旭輝等[2]利用該原理將低管電壓設(shè)置及個(gè)體化對(duì)比劑注射方案應(yīng)用于肺動(dòng)脈CT血管成像中,效果良好。本研究對(duì)過(guò)輕或適中體重患者行腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描,旨在研究低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓能否應(yīng)用于腹部增強(qiáng)掃描。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 2013年5—7月在甘肅省人民醫(yī)院行上腹部增強(qiáng)掃描檢查的患者,選取體重指數(shù)(BMI)<20 kg/m2的40例過(guò)輕患者,隨機(jī)分為A1組和B1組,每組20例;同時(shí)選取20 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2的40例適中體重患者,隨機(jī)分為A2組和B2組,每組20例。A1組和B1組、A2組和B2組BMI差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.647、-1.428,P>0.05),4組患者年齡差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=1.779,P>0.05)。排除:肝腎功能異常者。共納入80例患者,其中男48例,女32例;年齡17~85歲,平均(58.65±12.75)歲。檢查前訓(xùn)練患者呼吸使其在檢查時(shí)保持平靜呼吸。CT檢查10~30 min前測(cè)量患者的身高、體重,并記錄臨床一般資料。所有患者均知情同意并配合檢查。
1.2 儀器與方法 采用GE LightSpeed VCT、德國(guó)ulrich雙筒高壓注射器進(jìn)行掃描。4組對(duì)比劑注射劑量均為0.9 ml/kg,注射速度為4 ml/s,然后再注射50 ml 0.9%氯化鈉注射液[3],注射部位選取右側(cè)手背靜脈[4]。先掃描定位片,選擇膈肌水平進(jìn)行smart監(jiān)測(cè)層面掃描,感興趣區(qū)選在腹主動(dòng)脈中心,直徑取10 mm,閾值120 HU,開始注射造影劑后10 s在smart監(jiān)測(cè)層面進(jìn)行觸發(fā)掃描,25 s時(shí)行門靜脈期掃描,180 s 時(shí)行延遲掃描。對(duì)比劑選擇及掃描參數(shù):A1組選用威視派克270 mgI/ml,管電壓100 kV,管電流400 mA;A2組選用威視派克270 mgI/ml,管電壓100 kV,管電流500 mA;B1組和B2組選用歐乃派克300 mgI/ml,管電壓120 kV,管電流400 mA;準(zhǔn)直5 mm,層厚5 mm,F(xiàn)OV均為24 cm。
1.3 圖像后處理 每例患者共獲得5 mm層厚的48幅圖像,傳送至GE AW 4.4工作站進(jìn)行測(cè)量。圖像質(zhì)量的客觀評(píng)價(jià):測(cè)量肝臟的CT值和肝臟的噪聲,取肝左葉、右葉和尾葉3個(gè)不同區(qū)域的平均CT值,選擇組織均勻部分劃定感興趣區(qū),盡量避開病變、血管、膽管及肝臟邊緣,同時(shí)測(cè)量同層面豎脊肌CT值,取左、右豎脊肌CT值的平均值,背景噪聲取同層面腹壁左前、正前和右前方空氣噪聲值的平均值,感興趣區(qū)面積均取10 mm2,按公式(1)分別計(jì)算動(dòng)脈期、門靜脈期的對(duì)比噪聲比(CNR)。
圖像質(zhì)量的主觀評(píng)價(jià):在不知道掃描方案的情況下,由2名工作10年以上的放射科副主任醫(yī)師根據(jù)肝臟強(qiáng)化程度、肝臟病變和血管結(jié)構(gòu)的顯示情況,結(jié)合自身工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立判讀圖像質(zhì)量:優(yōu)異5分,圖像清晰細(xì)膩,噪聲不明顯;良好4分,噪點(diǎn)增多,圖像清晰;中等3分,噪聲明顯,但仍可滿足診斷要求;較差2分,偽影較明顯,影響正確診斷;很差1分,不能滿足診斷要求。取2名醫(yī)師評(píng)分的平均值作為該患者的圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分。
1.4 輻射劑量 記錄患者的劑量長(zhǎng)度乘積(dose length product,DLP),按公式(2)計(jì)算有效劑量(effective dose,ED)。
其中按照歐盟委員會(huì)關(guān)于CT的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指南[5],k值取0.015 mSv/(mGy·cm)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 19.0軟件,CNR、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分組間兩兩比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
4組圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)、碘攝取量及射線劑量結(jié)果見表及圖1~4。A1組和B1組動(dòng)脈期、門靜脈期CNR和圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.539、-1.396、-0.709、-0.000,P>0.05);A2組和B2組動(dòng)脈期、門靜脈期CNR和圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.415、-0.932、-1.324、-0.710,P>0.05)。B1組和B2組動(dòng)脈期CNR及圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),門靜脈期CNR及圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B1組動(dòng)脈期CNR和圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分高于A2組(P<0.05),門靜脈期CNR和圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。A1組和A2組碘攝取量下降了0.27 mgI/kg,同時(shí),A1組ED相比B1組下降了37.9%;A2組ED相比B2組下降了30.7%。
3.1 選用低濃度對(duì)比劑及降低管電壓的可行性 在以往的CT增強(qiáng)檢查中常采用降低管電流以降低射線劑量,但降低管電流對(duì)輻射劑量的降低程度有限。Cho等[7]的研究結(jié)果顯示,在肝CT增強(qiáng)檢查中當(dāng)管電壓從120 kV調(diào)整到80 kV時(shí),雖然圖像噪聲升高,CNR有所下降,但在非肥胖型肝癌患者的檢查過(guò)程中仍具有較好的診斷效能,這說(shuō)明在肝臟CT增強(qiáng)檢查時(shí)利用降低管電壓來(lái)降低輻射是可行的。另外Schindera等[1]在肝臟體模中,采用80 kV的低管電壓及選用300 mgI/ml對(duì)比劑使得模擬血管和病灶的顯影對(duì)比度顯著增強(qiáng),這說(shuō)明在低管電壓條件下可用同樣的碘獲得較大的增強(qiáng)或采用較少的碘獲得同樣的增強(qiáng),因此在降低管電壓時(shí)選用常規(guī)劑量的低濃度對(duì)比劑或在選用低濃度對(duì)比劑時(shí)降低管電壓均可達(dá)到減少碘攝入量及降低輻射的雙重好處。
3.2 低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量的影響本研究采用肝臟CNR評(píng)價(jià)腹部圖像質(zhì)量,結(jié)果顯示相同BMI范圍的兩組患者選用低濃度對(duì)比劑和低管電壓掃描方案與常規(guī)增強(qiáng)掃描所得到的腹部圖像CNR及圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但前者的ED相比后者下降了37.9%;20 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2的患者選用低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案時(shí),欲得到與常規(guī)掃描方案同等的腹部圖像質(zhì)量,可適當(dāng)提高電流,ED仍能較常規(guī)增強(qiáng)掃描方案下降30.7%。降低管電壓使X線強(qiáng)度降低,會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致圖像噪聲增加[8]。噪聲增加對(duì)增強(qiáng)的血管影響不大,因?yàn)榇诵?yīng)可以由CT值的增加來(lái)補(bǔ)償[9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示研究組(A1組和A2組)和對(duì)照組(B1組和B2組)的腹部圖像CNR和圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分無(wú)顯著差異,說(shuō)明增強(qiáng)的軟組織可以由增加的CT值補(bǔ)償一定的圖像質(zhì)量。因此,對(duì)于選用低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案的患者可在獲得良好圖像質(zhì)量的同時(shí)降低碘攝入量和射線劑量。
表1 4組CNR、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分、碘攝取量及ED值比較
圖1 男,72歲,A1組,BMI=19.47 kg/m2。動(dòng)脈期CNR=1.78,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分為3.5分(A);門靜脈期CNR=4.91,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分5分(B);單期 DLP=351.03 mGy·cm,ED=5.27 mSv
圖2 男,42歲,A2組,BMI=24.22 kg/m2。動(dòng)脈期CNR=0.65,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分3分(A);門靜脈期CNR=5.61,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分5分(B);單期DLP=391.98 mGy·cm,ED=5.88 mSv
圖3 男,60歲,B1組,BMI=19.07 kg/m2。動(dòng)脈期CNR=0.93,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分3分(A);門靜脈期CNR=3.57,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分4.5分(B);單期DLP=566.18 mGy·cm,ED=8.49 mSv
圖4 男,50歲,B2組,BMI=23.78 kg/m2。動(dòng)脈期CNR=1.21,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分3.5分(A);門靜脈期CNR=3.94,圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分4.5分(B);單期DLP=566.18 mGy·cm,ED=8.49 mSv
3.3 BMI對(duì)本研究圖像質(zhì)量的影響 BMI是最重要的影響血管和實(shí)質(zhì)強(qiáng)化程度的患者因素[1-3]。本研究根據(jù)BMI將低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓組分為A1組和A2組,常規(guī)掃描方案組分為B1組和B2組。A1和A2組除了BMI不同,管電流也不同,因?yàn)樵陬A(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)A2組在采用電壓100 kV、電流400 mA時(shí)圖像質(zhì)量欠佳,所以為滿足診斷要求提高管電流至500 mA,A1組和A2組動(dòng)脈期CNR、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分和門靜脈期CNR、圖像評(píng)分無(wú)顯著差異,考慮為提高的管電流正影響掩蓋了BMI的負(fù)影響,與Cho等[7]的研究結(jié)果一致。B1組和B2組動(dòng)脈期CNR、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分有顯著差異,兩組的研究條件除BMI不同,其余的均相同,因此認(rèn)為兩組在動(dòng)脈期圖像質(zhì)量差異源于BMI的不同,與文獻(xiàn)[9-14]的研究結(jié)果一致。門靜脈期CNR、圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分無(wú)差異,考慮為BMI因皮下脂肪增大對(duì)血管內(nèi)的血容量影響較小[10,13],而肝臟的血供有75%源于門靜脈,故在門靜脈期肝實(shí)質(zhì)的強(qiáng)化程度受BMI的影響相對(duì)小于動(dòng)脈期。因此可考慮在設(shè)置協(xié)議時(shí)選擇性降低門靜脈期電壓。另外,A1組和B2組的圖像質(zhì)量無(wú)顯著差異,考慮源于B2組的BMI較大抵消了A1組的低管電壓影響。A2組和B1組的圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分有顯著差異,可能是因?yàn)锳2組提高的管電流對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量的正影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及大BMI和低管電壓對(duì)其的負(fù)影響。
3.4 本研究的局限性 研究過(guò)程中將A2組的管電流設(shè)置為500 mA,與其他3組缺少一定的可比性,原因在于本研究對(duì)象均為患者,且預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)采用400 mA管電流影響A2組的圖像質(zhì)量和診斷結(jié)果;本研究未納入BMI≥25 kg/m2的病例。
總之,本研究結(jié)果得出低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案可以在降低碘攝取量及輻射的同時(shí)獲得與常規(guī)增強(qiáng)掃描同等的腹部圖像質(zhì)量,對(duì)20 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2的患者采用低濃度對(duì)比劑低管電壓掃描方案時(shí)可以通過(guò)適當(dāng)增加毫安提高圖像質(zhì)量,同時(shí),在肝臟增強(qiáng)檢查協(xié)議中可選擇性降低門靜脈期電壓以降低輻射。
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(本文編輯馮婕)
Low Concentration Contrast Agent and Low Tube Voltage in Light and Moderate Weight’s Abdominal Contrast-enhanced CT Scan
Purpose To investigate the feasibility of using low concentration contrast agent and low tube voltage in the light and moderate weight's abdominal contrastenhanced CT scan, in order to find an optimal solution to reduce radiation dose and iodine intake. Materials and Methods Forty patients with light weight whose body mass indexes (BMI) were lower than 20 kg/m2were randomly divided into group A1 (n=20) and group B1 (n=20). Meanwhile, another 40 patients with moderate weight whose BMI ranged from 20 kg/m2to 25 kg/m2were randomly divided into group A2 (n=20) and group B2 (n=20). Low concentration contrast agent and low tube voltage (Visipaque 270 mgI/ ml, 100 kV) were used in both group A1 and group A2 in abdominal enhanced CT scan. While both group B1 and group B2 used conventional scan solution (Omnipaque 300 mgI/ ml, 120 kV) in abdominal enhanced CT scan. Then the contrast noise ratio (CNR), the image quality score and the effective radiation dose (ED) were compared among the four groups. Results The CNR and image quality score at artery phase and portal phase were neither significantly different between group A1 and group B1, nor between group A2 and group B2 (t=-1.539-0.000, P>0.05). The CNR and image quality score of the liver at artery phase in group B1 were significantly higher than those in group A2 and group B2 (P<0.05). Conclusion The solution of using low concentration contrast agent and low tube voltage in contrast enhanced scan can achieve the same high quality abdominal image with reduced iodine intake and radiation, compared with the application of conventional enhanced scan; BMI has rather great impact on image quality score at arterial phase and little impact on that at portal phase. So it is suggested that the protocol of liver contrastenhanced CT scan may choose reduction of voltage at portal phase so as to reduce radiation.
Abdomen; Tomography, X-ray computed; Contrast media; Radiation dosage; Image enhancement; Body mass index; Body weight
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2015.07.012
黃 剛
Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
Address Correspondence to: HUANG Gang
E-mail: keen0999@sina.com
R445.3
2014-12-30
2015-03-12
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志
2015年 第23卷 第7期:523-526
Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging
2015 Volume 23(7): 523-526