毛海霞 MAO Haixia
朱慧媛 ZHU Huiyuan
王亞麗 WANG Yali
江 森 JIANG Sen
尤小芳 YOU Xiaofang
孫希文 SUN Xiwen
窗口技術(shù)對(duì)肺腺癌磨玻璃影浸潤(rùn)性的診斷價(jià)值
毛海霞 MAO Haixia
朱慧媛 ZHU Huiyuan
王亞麗 WANG Yali
江 森 JIANG Sen
尤小芳 YOU Xiaofang
孫希文 SUN Xiwen
作者單位
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬上海市肺科醫(yī)院影像科 上海200433
目的 探討窗寬調(diào)整對(duì)表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃影的肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)性的診斷作用,為正確診斷不同類型的肺腺癌提供指導(dǎo)。資料與方法 回顧性分析肺窗表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃影且縱隔窗病灶不可見(jiàn)的浸潤(rùn)前病變102例和浸潤(rùn)性病變107例肺腺癌患者的術(shù)前CT資料,102例浸潤(rùn)前病變中,不典型腺瘤樣增生25例,原位腺癌77例;107例浸潤(rùn)性病變中,微浸潤(rùn)腺癌78例,浸潤(rùn)性腺癌29例。固定縱隔窗窗位(40 HU),調(diào)節(jié)窗寬值至病灶不可見(jiàn),比較兩組不同病灶消失時(shí)的窗寬值,然后通過(guò)ROC曲線確定兩組病灶消失的窗寬值的最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)。結(jié)果 浸潤(rùn)前病變與浸潤(rùn)性病變病灶消失的窗寬值不同(Z=-6.203,P<0.05),窗寬值對(duì)于肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)性的診斷價(jià)值較好(ROC曲線下面積0.748,P<0.05),1303 HU為浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變病灶消失的最佳窗寬截?cái)帱c(diǎn)(敏感度為56.9%,特異度為86.0%)。結(jié)論 窗口技術(shù)對(duì)于磨玻璃性肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)性的診斷有一定的指導(dǎo)意義,當(dāng)窗寬>1303 HU時(shí),病灶消失為浸潤(rùn)前病變的可能性大;當(dāng)窗寬<1303 HU時(shí),病灶消失為浸潤(rùn)性病變的可能性大。
肺腫瘤;腺癌;腫瘤侵潤(rùn);體層攝影術(shù),螺旋計(jì)算機(jī)
胸部CT窗口水平的變化可以引起腫瘤大小的改變,Ikehara等[1]通過(guò)比較肺窗和縱隔窗病灶的大小變化推測(cè)其小肺腺癌的病理和預(yù)后,但對(duì)于CT肺窗上表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃影而縱隔窗不可見(jiàn)病灶的早期肺腺癌,浸潤(rùn)性腺癌)的病灶不可見(jiàn)的窗寬值,探討不同類型肺腺癌的病灶不可見(jiàn)的窗寬值與病灶侵襲性的關(guān)系,為正確診斷不同類型的肺腺癌提供指導(dǎo)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集上海市肺科醫(yī)院2013年12月—2014年5月209例肺腺癌患者的CT資料和臨床資料,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí),其病灶肺窗上表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃影(ground glass opacity,GGO),但縱隔窗不可見(jiàn)。其中男69例,女140例;年齡28~73歲,平均(55.01±10.48)歲;病灶大小0.42~2.00 cm,平均(0.94±0.39)cm。浸潤(rùn)前病變102例,其中不典型腺瘤樣增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)25例,原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)77例;浸潤(rùn)性病變107例,其中微浸潤(rùn)腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)78例,浸潤(rùn)性腺癌29例。
1.2 儀器與方法 所有受檢者術(shù)前均行高分辨率CT(HRCT)檢查,其中93例采用Siemens Sensation 64層螺旋CT進(jìn)行掃描,掃描參數(shù):螺距1.2,準(zhǔn)直寬度128×0.6 mm,掃描層厚5 mm,管電壓120 kV,自動(dòng)管電流;重建層厚1 mm。116例采用Philips Brilliance 40層螺旋CT進(jìn)行掃描,掃描參數(shù):螺距0.906,準(zhǔn)直寬度32×1.25 mm,掃描層厚5 mm,管電壓120 kV,管電流200 mA;重建層厚2 mm。肺窗窗寬1500 HU,窗位-450 HU,縱隔窗窗寬400 HU,窗位40 HU。所有圖像均為平掃獲得,未注射對(duì)比劑。
1.3 圖像分析 由2名放射學(xué)副主任醫(yī)師采用盲法獨(dú)立閱片,在3兆像素醫(yī)療顯示器上固定縱隔窗位為40 HU,調(diào)節(jié)縱隔窗窗寬,輔以多平面重組觀察病灶的不可見(jiàn)的窗寬值,取2名醫(yī)師觀察結(jié)果的平均值,對(duì)于結(jié)果出入較大的病例再共同閱片,直至結(jié)果一致。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0軟件,先檢驗(yàn)兩組病灶消失窗寬值樣本均數(shù)是否相同,首先檢驗(yàn)方差齊性及是否符合正態(tài)分布,若符合正態(tài)分布且方差齊則采用成組t檢驗(yàn)分析;若方差不齊或?yàn)榉钦龖B(tài)分布,則行兩獨(dú)立樣本資料的秩和檢驗(yàn)。根據(jù)結(jié)果繪制ROC曲線,獲得不同截?cái)帱c(diǎn)下曲線下面積、敏感度、特異度,選取曲線下面積最大時(shí)圖中最左上方點(diǎn)所對(duì)應(yīng)的值為最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 浸潤(rùn)前肺腺癌和浸潤(rùn)性肺腺癌的基本特征 209例磨玻璃影性肺腺癌患者中,病灶多為圓形或類圓形,直徑均<2 cm,見(jiàn)表1。
表1 102例浸潤(rùn)前病變和107例浸潤(rùn)性病變的基本特征
2.2 浸潤(rùn)前肺腺癌和浸潤(rùn)性肺腺癌病灶消失的窗寬值比較 不同類型肺腺癌病灶消失的窗寬值不同(圖1、2),浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變病灶消失的窗寬值不滿足正態(tài)分布(P<0.05),故采用兩獨(dú)立樣本資料比較的秩和檢驗(yàn),浸潤(rùn)前病變與浸潤(rùn)性病變病灶消失的窗寬值不同(Z=-6.203,P<0.05)。ROC曲線(圖3)提示窗寬值對(duì)于肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)性的診斷價(jià)值較好(曲線下面積=0.748,95% CI 0.681~0.815,P<0.05),1303 HU為浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變的病灶消失的最佳窗寬截?cái)帱c(diǎn),敏感度為56.9%,特異度為86.0%,即當(dāng)窗寬>1303 HU,病灶消失為浸潤(rùn)前病變的可能性大;當(dāng)窗寬<1303 HU,病灶消失為浸潤(rùn)性病變的可能性大。
圖1 女,39歲,肺原位腺癌。右肺中葉0.6 cm純磨玻璃影。A~D依次為肺窗及縱隔窗窗寬1800 HU、1600 HU、1400 HU、1352 HU,病灶逐漸減?。?,A~C);在縱隔窗窗寬1352 HU病灶不可見(jiàn)(D);病理鏡下見(jiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞沿肺泡壁生長(zhǎng),肺泡無(wú)塌陷,無(wú)間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)(HE,×40,E)
本文主要研究了肺窗上表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃影且縱隔窗上病灶不可見(jiàn)的肺腺癌的CT表現(xiàn)與國(guó)際肺癌研究協(xié)會(huì)/美國(guó)胸科學(xué)會(huì)/歐洲呼吸學(xué)會(huì)(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society,IASLC/ ATS/ERS)提出的肺腺癌新分類之間的關(guān)系,結(jié)果提示調(diào)整縱隔窗寬時(shí),腫瘤大小可以發(fā)生變化,不同窗寬對(duì)于肺部浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變的診斷和鑒別診斷可以提供一定的幫助。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)病灶內(nèi)可見(jiàn)肺內(nèi)血管穿過(guò),特別是增強(qiáng)掃描后血管對(duì)于病灶觀察的干擾很大。由于肺腺癌多起源于支氣管黏膜上皮,早期肺腺癌多在CT上表現(xiàn)為累及小葉中央細(xì)支氣管或動(dòng)脈的小葉中央結(jié)節(jié),位于血管周圍,圍繞或經(jīng)過(guò)HRCT上能見(jiàn)到的最小的肺動(dòng)脈。故在不同窗寬下觀察病灶大小時(shí)應(yīng)注意通過(guò)多平面重組或其他方法排除血管的影響。故本研究中所有病例均行平掃,且行多平面重組,選取無(wú)血管平面排除血管的影響。肺腺癌為多基因成分,若通過(guò)支氣管鏡或穿刺活檢易出現(xiàn)誤診,且病灶浸潤(rùn)范圍不易準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量,本研究中所有病例均行手術(shù)治療,病理結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確度較高。
從AAH、AIS發(fā)展為浸潤(rùn)性腺癌是一個(gè)多基因參與的連續(xù)進(jìn)展的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,AAH和AIS可以逐漸發(fā)展為浸潤(rùn)性腺癌[2]。不同類型的肺腺癌預(yù)后不同[3-4],其處理方式各異。為了能在術(shù)前判斷腫瘤的侵襲性及預(yù)后,既往學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤大小[5]、實(shí)性成分大小[6-8]、病理侵襲性成分大小[9]、磨玻璃成分比率[10-11]等對(duì)判斷腫瘤的預(yù)后有一定的指導(dǎo)意義,但若對(duì)于較小病灶、純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)影,以上方法均難以做出判斷。Ikehara等[12]及Honda等[13]根據(jù)縱隔窗相對(duì)于肺窗的腫瘤大小消失率將腫瘤分為含氣型和固體密度性型,含氣型預(yù)后較好,固體密度型預(yù)后較差。GGO是指HRCT肺窗上的模糊樣密度增高影,病灶內(nèi)血管和支氣管紋理仍可辨,縱隔窗上病灶往往不能顯示或僅能顯示病灶中的實(shí)性成分[14],對(duì)于縱隔窗病灶不可見(jiàn)的磨玻璃性肺腺癌的侵襲性和預(yù)后,無(wú)法根據(jù)肺窗和縱隔窗病灶的大小變化進(jìn)行判斷。
臨床觀察某一組織的結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié)時(shí),應(yīng)該以該組織的CT值為中心進(jìn)行觀察,即應(yīng)選擇合適的窗位,窗寬可以影響圖像的對(duì)比度,故當(dāng)用CT測(cè)量肺部結(jié)節(jié)大小時(shí),選擇合適的窗寬、窗位很重要。調(diào)整窗寬、窗位水平可以突出組織的邊界[15],個(gè)體化的窗寬、窗位可以提供更精確的效果[16]。Yang等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),可以根據(jù)腫瘤大小判斷預(yù)后;但Patz等[18]研究認(rèn)為單純根據(jù)肺窗腫瘤的大小不能判斷其預(yù)后 。在臨床工作中,調(diào)節(jié)縱隔窗的窗寬時(shí),腫瘤大小可以發(fā)生變化,且不同類型的肺腺癌病灶可見(jiàn)的窗寬不同,為了研究不同窗寬與腫瘤的侵襲性及預(yù)后的關(guān)系,本研究固定縱隔窗窗位40 HU,調(diào)整窗寬大小,觀察不同病灶消失時(shí)的窗寬值,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)浸潤(rùn)前病變與浸潤(rùn)性病變病灶消失的窗寬值不同(Z=-6.203,P<0.05)。根據(jù)結(jié)果繪制ROC曲線,獲得不同截?cái)帱c(diǎn)下曲線下面積、靈敏度及特異度,結(jié)果提示窗寬值對(duì)于肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)性的診斷價(jià)值較好(曲線下面積0.748,P<0.05),當(dāng)窗寬值為1303 HU時(shí),曲線下面積最大(敏感度為56.9%,特異度為86.0%),故當(dāng)窗寬>1303 HU時(shí)病灶完全消失為浸潤(rùn)前病變的可能性大,當(dāng)病灶在窗寬≤1303 HU以后仍可見(jiàn)為浸潤(rùn)性病變的可能性大,窗寬值為1303 HU是浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變的截?cái)帱c(diǎn)。
圖2 男,55歲,浸潤(rùn)性肺腺癌(貼壁為主型)。右肺上葉1.2 cm磨玻璃影,A~F依次為肺窗及縱隔窗窗寬1800 HU、1600 HU、1400 HU、1200 HU、1000 HU、932 HU,病灶逐漸減小(箭,A~F);在縱隔窗窗寬932 HU病灶不可見(jiàn)(G);病理鏡下見(jiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng),侵及肺泡間質(zhì)(HE,×100,H)
圖3 窗寬對(duì)不同類型肺腺癌診斷價(jià)值的ROC曲線
本研究通過(guò)觀察病灶不可見(jiàn)的窗寬值推測(cè)其可能的病理類型,簡(jiǎn)單易行,可以為臨床術(shù)前診斷及鑒別診斷提供參考,但亦存在不足之處:①本研究為回顧性研究,病灶消失的窗寬值為肉眼判斷,結(jié)果可能稍有偏差;②小肺腺癌多表現(xiàn)為小葉中央型磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié),多圍繞血管生長(zhǎng),測(cè)量時(shí)需注意排除血管影響,對(duì)于小病灶排除血管影響難度較大;③由于病例有限,未研究增強(qiáng)掃描與平掃病例的具體區(qū)別。
盡管本研究存在一些不足之處,但本研究結(jié)果仍可以為臨床工作提供一定的指導(dǎo)。調(diào)整窗寬對(duì)于肺腺癌的浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變的診斷有一定的幫助,當(dāng)窗寬>1303 HU時(shí)病灶消失為浸潤(rùn)前病變的可能性大,當(dāng)病灶在窗寬≤1303 HU時(shí)仍可見(jiàn)為浸潤(rùn)性病變的可能性大。在臨床工作中,可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)縱隔窗窗寬觀察病灶不可見(jiàn)的窗寬范圍,推測(cè)其具體的病理類型,為肺部浸潤(rùn)前病變和浸潤(rùn)性病變的診斷提供一定的幫助,更為精確的軟件或其他方法有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(本文編輯 張春輝)
Window Settings in the Diagnosis of Invasiveness of Lung Adenocarcinoma with Ground Glass Opacities
Purpose To explore the value of window width adjustment in diagnosing the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifested as ground glass opacities on highresolution CT, and to provide guidance for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in different types. Materials and Methods The preoperative CT data of 102 preinvasive lesions and 107 invasive lesions of lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. Among 102 cases of preinvasive lesions, 25 were atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), 77 were adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Among 107 cases of invasive lesions, 78 were minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and 29 were invasive adenocarcinoma. The lesions were ground glass opacity (GGO) on lung window while were invisible on mediastinal window. The window width was adjusted constantly until the lesions were invisible with the fixed mediastinal window level (40 HU). When the lesions became invisible, the window width was compared and the best cut-off was found on ROC curve in the two groups. Results The window width of lesions between preinvasive lesions and invasive lesions was different (Z=-6.203, P<0.05). Window width was a good indicator for the invasiveness of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (area under the ROC was 0.748, P<0.05), and the window width of 1303 HU was the best cut-off for preinvasive lesions and invasive lesions (sensitivity was 56.9%, specificity was 86.0%. Conclusion Window width may be useful for the diagnosis of the invasiveness of the GGO of lung adenocarcinoma on HRCT. The lesion disappearing when the window width is larger than 1303 HU is more likely to be preinvasive; while the lesion disappearing when the window width is smaller than 1303 HU is more likely to be an invasive one.
Lung neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma; Neoplasm invasiveness; Tomography, spiral computed則無(wú)法根據(jù)肺窗和縱隔窗病灶大小的變化判斷其侵襲性。臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)窗寬大小,病灶大小可以發(fā)生變化,本研究通過(guò)觀察肺腺癌浸潤(rùn)前病變(不典型腺瘤樣增生和原位腺癌)和浸潤(rùn)性病變(微浸潤(rùn)腺癌和
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2015.06.016
孫希文
Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
Address Correspondence to: SUN Xiwen
E-mail: 479082599@qq.com
R734.2;R730.42
2014-12-25
修回日期:2015-04-10
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志
2015年 第23卷 第6期:466-469
Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging
2015 Volume 23(6): 466-469