呂佳楠(綜述),楊 清(審校)
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,沈陽 110004)
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CA125、HE4、AngⅡ聯(lián)合檢測在子宮內(nèi)膜癌診斷中的應(yīng)用價值
呂佳楠△(綜述),楊清※(審校)
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,沈陽 110004)
摘要:子宮內(nèi)膜癌(EC)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是多因素造成的,故對其的檢測研究也是多方面的。近年來,隨著研究越來越系統(tǒng),越來越多的腫瘤標(biāo)志物被發(fā)現(xiàn),每個腫瘤標(biāo)志物均有其特異之處。如糖類抗原125對EC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)較敏感;人附睪分泌蛋白4的敏感性高,但高齡卻是一大影響因素;而血管緊張素Ⅱ側(cè)重于對EC的預(yù)后判定。該文就以上3種近年來研究較多的腫瘤標(biāo)志物優(yōu)劣勢進(jìn)行分析,對三者聯(lián)合檢測進(jìn)行預(yù)測。
關(guān)鍵詞:子宮內(nèi)膜癌;糖類抗原125;人附睪分泌蛋白4;血管緊張素Ⅱ
子宮內(nèi)膜癌(endometrial carcinoma,EC)為原發(fā)于子宮內(nèi)膜的惡性腫瘤,是女性生殖道三大惡性腫瘤之一。對于病死率仍在逐漸升高的EC來講,盡早篩查、診斷與治療可顯著改善其5年生存率。而不少EC在早期出現(xiàn)陰道不規(guī)則流血、排液,多以月經(jīng)不調(diào)、經(jīng)期紊亂、痔瘡等其他疾病醫(yī)治,以致病情發(fā)現(xiàn)不及時而耽誤醫(yī)治最佳時機(jī)。血清糖類抗原125(Carbohydrate antigen 125, CA125)作為一無創(chuàng)性指標(biāo),其對EC的早期篩查以及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)評估等方面的作用早已被學(xué)者們關(guān)注。但因受多種因素影響,單一地將其作為EC無創(chuàng)性篩查指標(biāo)說服力欠充分。在臨床工作中,有必要再尋找一種或多種腫瘤標(biāo)志物與血清CA125進(jìn)行聯(lián)合檢測,以提高EC無創(chuàng)性篩查診斷的靈敏度、特異度?,F(xiàn)就CA125,人附睪分泌蛋白4(human epididymis protein 4,HE4)及血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)各自在EC診斷中的應(yīng)用價值以及彼此在檢測過程中的優(yōu)劣勢進(jìn)行綜述。
1CA125
CA125最先是1981年Bast等[1]用卵巢漿液性囊腺細(xì)胞免疫小鼠與骨髓瘤細(xì)胞雜交得到的單克隆抗體識別到的一種抗原。但在之后的臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),CA125不僅在卵巢癌患者血清中高表達(dá),在其他原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤患者血清中的表達(dá)水平也升高,如EC、輸卵管癌、淋巴癌、肺癌、胃癌、腎細(xì)胞癌及大直腸癌等。此外,在子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥、子宮腺肌癥、盆腔炎等一些非癌性疾病中,CA125水平也呈升高趨勢。
1993年,Zeimet等[2]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮內(nèi)膜高水平表達(dá)CA125,大約為卵巢組織的20倍。但因CA125是子宮內(nèi)膜上皮細(xì)胞的外分泌產(chǎn)物,正常情況下被阻止進(jìn)入循環(huán),故機(jī)體在健康狀態(tài)下,血液中CA125的表達(dá)處于低水平,只有在內(nèi)膜屏障被破壞時,血漿水平才有可能因子宮內(nèi)膜來源而迅速成倍升高[3]。因此,在EC早期,CA125的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還不夠顯著。有試驗(yàn)證實(shí),僅有10%~20%的ECⅠ期和25%無癥狀復(fù)發(fā)患者出現(xiàn)CA125升高[4]。而子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥、子宮腺肌癥等一些非癌性疾病對CA125的診斷也存在一定的干擾。Yildiz等[5]通過Elisa實(shí)驗(yàn),對10年內(nèi)患有EC的患者做了一個回顧性總結(jié),結(jié)果表明,就單一標(biāo)志物而言,CA125用于診斷EC的靈敏度達(dá)75.0%,特異度達(dá)69.5%,而其陽性預(yù)測值達(dá)80.6%,陰性預(yù)測值達(dá)84.9%。作為臨床常用指標(biāo),CA125已廣泛應(yīng)用于EC早期診斷、療效觀察中,同時也作為監(jiān)測EC復(fù)發(fā)的一重要指標(biāo)。但在臨床工作中,因存在其他良惡性疾病中CA125值表達(dá)也會升高這一大干擾,故單一將CA125作為EC早期篩查和診斷以及預(yù)后評估的唯一指標(biāo),說服力不夠充分。2012年,張愛敏等[6]聯(lián)合檢測EC患者血清中CA125與HE4的表達(dá)水平,并發(fā)現(xiàn)就單獨(dú)評估檢測EC的特異性和敏感性來講,HE4顯著優(yōu)于CA125,而CA125與HE4聯(lián)合檢測則大大提高了EC的檢出率。就此,不少學(xué)者開始關(guān)注HE4在與其他腫瘤標(biāo)志物聯(lián)合檢測對EC的重要作用。
2HE4
HE4又名WFDC2,該基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)基因位于染色體20q12~13.1,全長為12 kb左右,由5個外顯子和4個內(nèi)含子組成,該基因存在多種剪切形式,編碼分泌小分子蛋白[7]。最早發(fā)現(xiàn)HE4存在于人附睪上皮中,之后一些學(xué)者通過免疫組織化學(xué)、反轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)、基因芯片等方法定位到了HE4的分布,其不僅分布于生殖系統(tǒng),在身體的其他一些臟器組織的導(dǎo)管和腺上皮也有表達(dá)。1999年Schummer和Bumgamer[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)了卵巢癌組織中HE4高表達(dá)的現(xiàn)象,就此提出了HE4可能為一項(xiàng)有價值的卵巢標(biāo)志物。2005年Drapkin等[9]通過免疫組織化學(xué)的方法檢測到HE4在上皮性卵巢癌尤其是漿液性卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜樣卵巢癌中的陽性檢出率偏高,就此不少研究者又將研究方向調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)到了EC組織中的表達(dá)。2006年,Galgano等[10]應(yīng)用寡核苷酸芯片信使RNA雜交和組織芯片免疫組織化學(xué)方法對448例EC惡變組織進(jìn)行檢查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),其中檢測出HE4表達(dá)陽性高達(dá)90%的惡變組織有16例,且與組織EC病理分型無關(guān)。這一重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)從此揭開了EC腫瘤標(biāo)志物研究領(lǐng)域的新篇章。Huhtinen等[11]對卵巢癌組、EC組、子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥組和健康對照組血清HE4和CA125水平進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢癌組和EC組的HE4表達(dá)水平分別為1125.4 pmol/L和99.2 pmol/L,這兩個值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高出了其他良性疾病組和健康對照組的表達(dá)值。Mutz-Dehbalaie等[12]通過對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在EC患者總生存期內(nèi)HE4可作為一個獨(dú)立的評估預(yù)后價值的指標(biāo)。2009年,Li等[13]對比得出,不論是對卵巢癌還是對EC的診斷,HE4有可能比CA125更具有直接相關(guān)性。在此之后,Angioli等[14]對EC的血清中HE4和CA125臨床價值進(jìn)行了更加系統(tǒng)的分析。他們用EC組與子宮良性疾病組作對照,將CA125的正常值設(shè)為≤0.035 U/L,HE4的正常值設(shè)定了兩種情況,分別為≤70 pmol/L和≤150 pmol/L,通過一系列統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,結(jié)果顯示,CA125檢測EC的靈敏度為19.8%、特異度為62.1%、陽性預(yù)測值為33.9%、陰性預(yù)測值為44.1%;HE4在以70 pmol/L為界時,靈敏度為59.4%,特異度為100.0%時,其陽性預(yù)測值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測值分別為71.5%。以150 pmol/L為界,靈敏度為35.6%,特異度為100.0%陽性預(yù)測值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測值為61.3%。這為HE4成為EC的術(shù)前評估和術(shù)后監(jiān)測的新工具又提供了一個有力的證據(jù)。但Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan等[15]對其在卵巢癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),HE4在血清中的表達(dá)水平會隨著患者的年齡升高而升高。蔡斌等[16]單獨(dú)將913例健康女性的血清HE4水平分布進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)以60歲為界,HE4的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。HE4在用作檢測EC方面年齡成為了一大干擾因素。
2013年Li等[17]通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了HE4的超表達(dá)不僅顯著增強(qiáng)了EC細(xì)胞的增生速度,而且促進(jìn)了其向肌層浸潤的速度。HE4在EC中的作用至此有了新發(fā)現(xiàn)。同樣是促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長,但促進(jìn)的方式卻有不同,HE4是促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞自身的生長速度,而AngⅡ則為促進(jìn)腫瘤血管的生長,為腫瘤提供豐富的血運(yùn)。
3AngⅡ
腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)在調(diào)節(jié)水、電解質(zhì)平衡以及血容量、血管張力和血壓等方面具有重要作用。AngⅡ是腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)的主要活性成分,主要由循環(huán)或局部的AngⅠ在血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)作用下水解產(chǎn)生,具有調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定、醛固酮分泌、腎功能和血管平滑肌收縮等作用。在人體內(nèi),AngⅡ的受體主要是血管緊張素Ⅱ1型受體(AT1R),通過與其結(jié)合,起到促進(jìn)血管壁細(xì)胞的增殖作用。最初,AngⅡ及其受體的研究領(lǐng)域僅局限在心血管系統(tǒng),而高血壓、動脈粥樣硬化等疾病中研究頗多。
惡性腫瘤生長迅速,易造成缺血、缺氧的微環(huán)境。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,腫瘤在缺少所需氧和其他營養(yǎng)時,原發(fā)腫瘤很難長大超過1~2 mm,故新生血管是腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的重要因素[18]。AngⅡ促進(jìn)血管壁細(xì)胞的增殖這一作用得到了不少學(xué)者的關(guān)注。研究證實(shí),AngⅡ促腫瘤血管生成的作用是通過誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、血小板源性生長因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子等完成的[19]。2005年,Shibata等[20]應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)的方法,對94例EC患者的病理組織進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示,其中有81.9%的EC患者存在AngⅡ顯著升高的現(xiàn)象,且AngⅡ的表達(dá)水平與EC的病理分期呈正相關(guān)。
就AngⅡ-AT1R通路參與腫瘤的生長、血管形成的學(xué)說,在國內(nèi)也有不少的研究。胡維維等[21]通過免疫組織化學(xué)EnVision法染色,對正常子宮內(nèi)膜、子宮內(nèi)膜不典型增生、EC中AT1R、ACE的表達(dá)進(jìn)行了測定,結(jié)果表明AT1R表達(dá)上調(diào)可刺激EC細(xì)胞生長和新血管形成,而ACE的表達(dá)僅與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移狀況有關(guān)。AngⅡ可能成為判斷EC預(yù)后的一項(xiàng)新指標(biāo),而選擇性AT1R拮抗劑抑制新生血管形成可能成為治療EC的一種新方法。在此之后,其又緊接著通過建立EC移植瘤的裸鼠模型,對AT1R受體抑制劑進(jìn)行了研究,得出AT1R抑制劑在惡性腫瘤治療方面起著抑制腫瘤生長的作用的結(jié)論[22]。故研究AngⅡ在EC早期的靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值和陰性預(yù)測值可能為EC的臨床診斷及預(yù)后提供新的參考依據(jù)。
4結(jié)語
腫瘤標(biāo)志物都有一個特征,即在正常組織表達(dá)微弱甚至不表達(dá),而在腫瘤患者局部或全身表達(dá)水平顯著提升。CA125作為常用指標(biāo),動態(tài)評估其值對EC復(fù)發(fā)有較高的敏感性,但EC早期,其檢測價值有待商榷。HE4雖為新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個指標(biāo),其靈敏度、特異度不亞于CA125,但年齡是一大干擾因素。AT1R在EC中的表達(dá)顯著增加的成功例證已有不少,但研究還僅停留在腫瘤患者血清中AngⅡ均會升高的學(xué)說階段,具體臨床應(yīng)用還有待進(jìn)一步研究。聯(lián)合3種腫瘤標(biāo)志物,對EC高危人群進(jìn)行篩查,提高EC患者無創(chuàng)性篩查檢出率,盡早治療,進(jìn)而間接改善EC患者的預(yù)后,提高5年生存率。
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Study on the Application Value of Combined Detection of CA125,HE4,AngⅡ in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma
LVJia-nan,YANGQing.
(DepartmentofGynecologyandObstetrics,ShengjingHospitalAffiliatedtoChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)
Abstract:The occurrence and progression of endometrial cancer are caused by many factors,therefore,studies on the detection methods for the disease are various.In recent years,more and more tumor markers have been found as related research deepens,with specific advantages of their own.For example,carbohydrate antigen 125 is sensitive to the postoperative recurrence of endometrial carcinoma;human epididymis protein 4(HE 4) is sensitive to the incidence of the diseases,while advanced age is a restriction to such sensitivity;angiotensin Ⅱ is superior in the prognosis judgement of endometrial carcinoma.Here is to make a review of the advantages and disadvantages of the three tumor markers mentioned above which have been studied the most in recent years,and the application prospect of combined detection of those tumor markers.
Key words:Endometrial carcinoma; Carbohydrate antigen 125; Human epididymis protein 4; Angiotensin Ⅱ
收稿日期:2013-10-21修回日期:2014-08-15編輯:相丹峰
基金項(xiàng)目:2012年高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)科研基金聯(lián)合資助課題(20122104110027)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.03.007
中圖分類號:R711.74
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)03-0401-03
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