陳曉蓉
第三軍醫(yī)大第三附屬醫(yī)院大坪醫(yī)院健康管理科,重慶 400042
甲狀腺超聲診斷在中老年人群健康體檢中的應(yīng)用價值
陳曉蓉
第三軍醫(yī)大第三附屬醫(yī)院大坪醫(yī)院健康管理科,重慶 400042
目的探討甲狀腺超聲診斷在中老年人群健康體檢中的應(yīng)用價值。方法選擇2013年12月~2014年12月來大坪醫(yī)院體檢中心進(jìn)行甲狀腺超聲檢查的中老年人為研究對象,其中符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的220例應(yīng)用美國GE彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀進(jìn)行甲狀腺超聲診斷,線陣探頭,頻率7~8 MHz。觀察研究對象中甲狀腺疾病的患病情況,明確診斷后的患者接受病理診斷。結(jié)果220例受檢的中老年人中,檢出甲狀腺異常者96例,陽性率43.6%。50~60歲者41例,檢出異常15例(36.6%);>60~70歲60例,檢出異常26例(43.3%);>70~80歲者52例,檢出異常22例(42.3%);>80~90歲者55例,檢出異常22例(40.0%);>90歲者12例,檢出異常11例(91.7%)。統(tǒng)計學(xué)結(jié)果顯示,不同年齡段甲狀腺異常檢出陽性率差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。甲狀腺96例異常者,甲狀腺彌漫性病變共計11例,包括慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性甲狀腺炎者3例(27.3%),甲狀腺功能減退3例(27.3%),原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)5例(45.4%);甲狀腺占位性病變共計85例,包括甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)29例(34.1%),甲狀腺炎2例(2.4%),甲狀腺癌1例(1.2%),甲狀腺囊腫20例(23.5%),甲狀腺腺瘤33例(38.8%)。超聲檢查與病理診斷結(jié)果比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論中老年人群甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)生率較高。彩色多普勒超聲檢查可作為中老年人群甲狀腺疾病輔助檢查的首選方式,在中老年人健康查體中廣泛推廣。
甲狀腺超聲診斷;中老年人群;健康體檢;應(yīng)用價值
甲狀腺是人體重要的內(nèi)分泌腺,具有較為重要的提高中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮性、促進(jìn)機體新陳代謝及生長發(fā)育的作用,根據(jù)病因及病情的差異,甲狀腺疾病主要包括甲狀腺功能減退和甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)[1-3]。近年來,中老年人群甲狀腺疾病發(fā)生率不斷攀升,且婦女更為常見。中老年甲狀腺趨于萎縮,且臨床癥狀不十分明顯,因此在臨床檢查中漏診誤診現(xiàn)象較為普遍。超聲是近年來甲狀腺疾病診斷較為常用的一種手段,對疾病的定性及定位的準(zhǔn)確率較高。為進(jìn)一步探討超聲診斷對于甲狀腺占位性病變的檢出情況及其應(yīng)用價值,本研究將大坪醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)近兩年將健康體檢的中老年人甲狀腺進(jìn)行超聲檢查結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計,觀察各種類型甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)病情況,為盡早診斷并給予患者治療、改善于預(yù)提供重要的參考依據(jù),現(xiàn)將研究內(nèi)容具體報道如下。
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年12月~2014年12月來我院體檢中心進(jìn)行甲狀腺超聲檢查的中老年人220例,男91例,女129例,年齡54~92歲,平均(64.8±11.0)歲;其中,50~60歲的41例,>60~70歲的60例,>70~80歲的52例,>80~90歲的55例,>90歲的12例。本研究所有對象均為本地區(qū)的常住居民,檢查前均無自覺的不適,無主觀要求行甲狀腺檢查者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①檢查前有甲狀腺的臨床癥狀,且較為明顯者。②年齡<50歲者。③具有甲狀腺手術(shù)、外傷以及長期甲狀腺疾病史者。④長期放療、使用碘劑者。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),研究對象均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
采用美國GE彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀對所有體檢者進(jìn)行甲狀腺超聲診斷,線陣探頭,頻率7~8 MHz。取研究對象仰臥位,頭部需要墊上枕頭,使頭部后仰,充分暴露頸前區(qū),涂抹耦合劑,對甲狀腺進(jìn)行橫向、縱向的多切掃查;測量甲狀腺大小、包膜、回聲,一旦有回聲異常的出現(xiàn),即記錄病變的部位、大小和數(shù)量,并記錄甲狀腺內(nèi)部異常病灶的結(jié)構(gòu)、邊界、邊緣、形態(tài);示范受檢者做吞咽運動,觀察記錄甲狀腺的活動度,同時給予探頭加壓感受甲狀腺的質(zhì)地和硬度等;彩色多普勒檢查示病變內(nèi)部及周邊血流分布、頻譜等情況。對甲狀腺疾病超聲診斷困難者應(yīng)安排兩名主治醫(yī)師共同確立,并給出相應(yīng)的診斷結(jié)果,對可疑病例進(jìn)行登記追訪。明確診斷后的患者接受病理診斷。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察研究對象中甲狀腺疾病的患病情況,如有病變,記錄病變部位、數(shù)目、大小、包膜等,查看內(nèi)部的回聲情況,是否有鈣化,頸部是否出現(xiàn)腫大淋巴結(jié)等。利用彩色多普勒血流成像技術(shù)對患者甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)部、周邊血流情況進(jìn)行顯示,記錄血流的分布及其頻譜。占位性病變的診斷依據(jù)為:良性病變:多發(fā)病灶、邊界清晰、形態(tài)較為規(guī)則、實性部分回聲較為均勻、有暈環(huán)、血流周邊分布、粗大鈣化;惡性病變:單發(fā)病灶、邊界模糊、形態(tài)不規(guī)則、內(nèi)部回聲低且表現(xiàn)不均勻、血流呈中心分布狀、細(xì)砂粒樣鈣化表現(xiàn)、頸部淋巴結(jié)可發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,等級資料采用秩和檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 超聲診斷甲狀腺異常的總體檢出情況
220例受檢的中老年人中,檢出甲狀腺異常者96例,陽性率43.6%。其中,女129例,檢出異常60例,占46.5%(60/129);男91例,檢出異常36例,占39.6%(36/91)。50~60歲者41例,檢出異常15例,占36.6%(15/41);>60~70歲60例,檢出異常26例,占43.3%(26/60);>70~80歲者52例,檢出異常22例,占42.3%(22/52);>80~90歲者55例,檢出異常22例,占40.0%(22/55);>90歲者12例,檢出異常11例,占91.7%(11/ 12)。統(tǒng)計學(xué)結(jié)果顯示,不同年齡段甲狀腺異常檢出陽性率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.05),提示年齡越大,發(fā)生甲狀腺異常的概率越大。
2.2 甲狀腺彌漫性病變及占位性病變統(tǒng)計結(jié)果
甲狀腺96例異常者,結(jié)合化驗室檢查確診的具體結(jié)果,甲狀腺彌漫性病變共計11例;甲狀腺占位性病變共計85例,其中29例甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)患者(見表1),其中超聲診斷良性結(jié)節(jié)18例,占62.1%,其中的9例患者未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯的血流信號,其余的患者結(jié)節(jié)周邊均發(fā)現(xiàn)有血流信號的存在;可疑惡性結(jié)節(jié)11例,占37.9%,所有患者均血流豐富。
2.3 超聲檢查與病理診斷結(jié)果的比較
以手術(shù)病理診斷結(jié)果為依據(jù)來判斷超聲檢查結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,結(jié)果顯示,超聲檢查與病理診斷結(jié)果比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示兩者的一致性較好。見表1。
表1 超聲檢查結(jié)果與病理診斷結(jié)果比較[n(%)]
隨著人們生活水平的不斷進(jìn)步及對健康追求的意識不斷升高,健康體檢已經(jīng)受到全社會,尤其是中老年人群的重視,但在臨床檢查中的漏診誤診率也較高,可能的原因為:①人體的機體臟器功能在很大程度上受年齡的影響,中老年人,尤其是老年人,甲狀腺會出現(xiàn)萎縮并伴有一定程度的纖維化,再加之老年人中肥胖者居多,其頸部脂肪的堆積往往會掩蓋甲狀腺疾病本身存在的體表征象[4-6]。②雖然中老年甲狀腺功能減低或亢進(jìn)所出現(xiàn)的臨床癥狀可累及全身的各個系統(tǒng),但其臨床表現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜,起病隱匿,加之中老年人的自主感知能力不高,在各種較為常見的老年性疾病,如高血壓等常見并發(fā)癥的掩蓋下,呈現(xiàn)出的多半不是單一表現(xiàn)的甲狀腺功能減低或亢進(jìn),誤診和漏診的概率較大[5-9]。③一些中老年甲狀腺功能減低的患者本身的生化檢查結(jié)果不典型,只顯示出單純的促甲狀腺激素或其他單一指標(biāo)的升高或降低,使早期診斷的正確率降低。
彩色多普勒超聲作為較為迅速且有效的醫(yī)學(xué)影像檢查手段中的一種,已經(jīng)受到醫(yī)學(xué)影像等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W者及受檢者的廣泛認(rèn)可[10]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,220例受檢的中老年人中,檢出甲狀腺異常者96例,陽性率43.6%。50~60歲者陽性率為36.6%;>60~70歲陽性率為43.3%;>70~80歲者陽性率為42.3%;>80~90歲者陽性率為40.0%;>90歲者陽性率為91.7%,結(jié)果顯示,不同年齡段甲狀腺異常檢出陽性率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示年齡越大,發(fā)生甲狀腺異常的概率越大。另外,本試驗研究者以手術(shù)病理診斷結(jié)果為依據(jù)判斷超聲檢查結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,結(jié)果顯示,超聲檢查與病理診斷結(jié)果比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示兩者的一致性較好。甲狀腺96例異常者,甲狀腺彌漫性病變共計11例,甲狀腺占位性病變共計85例,提示中老年人群甲狀腺疾病以甲狀腺占位性病變居多,其中的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)尤為突出,這可能與體檢者本身的機體免疫、炎癥、退行性變、情緒及飲食等多種因素有關(guān)。甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)是臨床上一種常見的多發(fā)病,患者早期往往不會有特異性臨床癥狀,大部分患者是在進(jìn)行常規(guī)體檢或無意間發(fā)現(xiàn),較少患者會出現(xiàn)咽喉異物感或頸部不適等表現(xiàn)[11-15]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查資料顯示,在非缺碘地,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)女性和男性的比例為5∶1[16]。甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)可以單發(fā),亦可多發(fā)[17]。資料顯示,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)疾病的主要類型有甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)及甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié),其中甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)包括結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫的結(jié)節(jié)性增生和腺瘤,多表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)規(guī)則、邊界清晰、存在包膜、周邊有聲暈,內(nèi)部回聲可呈中、低、高、無及混合型,多數(shù)無血供或者少量血供、鈣化斑片狀[18-22]。甲狀腺超聲檢查在健康體檢中的作用主要體現(xiàn)為首先發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病所在,再針對疾病類型給予相應(yīng)的干預(yù)及更深入的篩選,對疾病的危險性、良惡性等情況做出分析及評估[23]。一般來講,對于良性結(jié)節(jié),多數(shù)患者不需要特殊的治療,采用隨訪的手段即可,每6~12個月進(jìn)行一次復(fù)查[24],重點對甲狀腺超聲與甲狀腺激素譜進(jìn)行檢查,可疑惡性結(jié)節(jié)需要考慮細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,以排除惡性病變或及時進(jìn)行治療。
綜上所述,中老年人群甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)生率較高,主要表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫、甲狀腺腺瘤以及彌漫性甲狀腺腫等。彩色多普勒超聲檢查因具有實時動態(tài)顯像、無掃查盲區(qū)、操作簡便、無創(chuàng)傷性、價價格低、重復(fù)性好等諸多優(yōu)勢,成為中老年人群甲狀腺疾病輔助檢查的首選方式,可作為中老年人健康查體的常規(guī)項目廣泛推廣。
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The aPPlication value of thyroid ultrasound diagnosis in the health checkuP for middle-aged and old-aged PeoPle
CHEN Xiaorong
Division of Health Management,Daping Hospital of Research Institute,the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University,Chongqing 400042,China
Objective To investigate the application value of thyroid ultrasound diagnosis in the health check-up for middle-aged and old-aged people.Methods 220 cases which was accordance with the accepting criteria of middleaged and old-aged people from December 2013 to December 2014 in Daping Hospital physical examination center for ultrasound examination were chosen,and American GE four-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument with linear array probe was used for all medical ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid,frequency was 7-8 MHz.The research object of thyroid disease prevalence was observed,pathological diagnosis after definite diagnosis of patients was accepted.Results In 220 cases of the middle-aged and old-aged people,it checked out that,the thyroid gland was abnormal in 96(43.6%).In 41 cases of 50 to 60 years old,15 cases(36.6%)were detected with abnormal;in 60 cases of>60-70 years old,26 cases(43.3%)were detected with abnormal;in 52 cases of>70-80 years old,18 cases(42.3%) were detected with abnormal;in 55 cases of>80-90 years old,22 cases(40.0%)were detected with abnormal;in 12 cases of>90 years old,11 cases(91.7%)were detected with abnormal.Statistical results showed that the difference of thyroid anomaly detection positive rate between different age groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).In 96 cases of thyroid with abnormal,11 cases were diffuse lesions of the thyroid gland,including 3 cases of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (27.3%),3 cases of hypothyroidism(27.3%),5 cases of primary thyroid function hyperfunction(45.4%);85 cases were thyroid space-occupying lesions,including 29 cases of thyroid nodule(34.1%),2 cases of thyroiditis(2.4%),1 case of thyroid carcinoma(1.2%),20 cases of thyroid cyst(23.5%),33 cases of thyroid adenoma(38.8%).Compared with the pathological diagnosis,the difference of ultrasound had no statistical significance(P>0.05).Conclusion The incidence of middle-aged and old-aged people thyroid disease is high.Color Doppler ultrasound examination can be used as auxiliary examination and preferred way widely applied in the middle-aged and old-aged people for thyroid disease.
Thyroid ultrasound diagnosis;Middle age and old age people;Physical examination;Application value
R445.1
A
1673-7210(2015)11(a)-0101-04
2015-06-26本文編輯:關(guān) 婧)