• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in lung cancer: the role of immune checkpoints

    2015-11-26 07:43:42NikiKarachaliouMariaGonzalezCaoCristinaTeixidSantiagoViteriDanielaMoralesEspinosaMariacarmelaSantarpiaRafaelRosell
    Cancer Biology & Medicine 2015年2期

    Niki Karachaliou, Maria Gonzalez Cao, Cristina Teixidó, Santiago Viteri, Daniela Morales-Espinosa, Mariacarmela Santarpia, Rafael Rosell,,4,5,6

    1Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain;2Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain;3Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy;4Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain;5Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain;6Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain

    REVIEW

    Understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in lung cancer: the role of immune checkpoints

    Niki Karachaliou1, Maria Gonzalez Cao1, Cristina Teixidó2, Santiago Viteri1, Daniela Morales-Espinosa1, Mariacarmela Santarpia3, Rafael Rosell1,2,4,5,6

    1Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain;2Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain;3Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy;4Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain;5Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain;6Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain

    Survival rates for metastatic lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), are poor with 5-year survivals of less than 5%. The immune system has an intricate and complex relationship with tumorigenesis; a groundswell of research on the immune system is leading to greater understanding of how cancer progresses and presenting new ways to halt disease progress. Due to the extraordinary power of the immune system—with its capacity for memory, exquisite specificity and central and universal role in human biology—immunotherapy has the potential to achieve complete, long-lasting remissions and cures, with few side effects for any cancer patient, regardless of cancer type. As a result, a range of cancer therapies are under development that work by turning our own immune cells against tumors. However deeper understanding of the complexity of immunomodulation by tumors is key to the development of effective immunotherapies, especially in lung cancer.

    Lung cancer; immunotherapy; immune checkpoint; program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); program death-1 (PD-1)

    Introduction

    Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death globally. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type, accounting for nearly 85% of all newly diagnosed cases1. Most patients with NSCLC either present with metastatic disease or experience disease recurrence despite undergoing treatment for seemingly localized disease, underscoring the systemic nature of this disease. Cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens developed over the past few decades have produced only modest improvements in survival in metastatic NSCLC. A small subset of patients with tumors driven by activating mutations in the gene encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or rearrangements in the gene coding for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) benefit substantially from specific targeted therapies2-4. However, most of these patients eventually succumb to tumor progression within a few years of diagnosis. Thus therapies that obtain long lasting disease control are urgently needed.

    The immune system plays an important role in controlling and eradicating cancer. Nevertheless, in the setting of malignancy, multiple mechanisms of immune suppression may exist that prevent effective antitumor immunity. Antibody therapy directed against several negative immunologic regulators is currently demonstrating significant success and is likely to become a major component of treatment for patients with a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of immune system in cancer and indeed lung cancer.

    What is an immune checkpoint?

    Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes, T-cells)activation and expansion are necessary for an effective acquired immune response. Spontaneous lymphocytic infiltrates can be consistently observed in a variety of tumors. CD4 T-cells and CD8 T-cells make up the majority of T-lymphocytes. Interferon-γ producing CD8 T cells play an important role in inhibiting and killing tumor cells and impeding tumor growth. Interleukin-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induce the activation of tumor-resident CD8 T effector/memory cells (Tem) followed by cytotoxic CD8 T effector cell expansion, a population that is a potent in situ resource for successful reactivation of systemic antitumor T cell immunity5. Amongst the many factors CD8 T cells produced, interferon-γ seems to be one of most significant cytokines in preventing and suppressing the development of cancers. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of CD8 T cells may also directly mediate death of tumor cells6.

    After being activated and differentiated into distinct effector subtypes, CD4 T-cells play a major role in mediating immune response through the secretion of specific cytokines. These cells have multiple functions, ranging from activation of the cells of the innate immune system, B-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-cells, as well as non-immune cells, and also play a critical role in suppression of immune reaction. Ongoing studies have identified new subsets of CD4 cells besides the classical T-helper 1 and 2 cells, like T-helper 17, follicular helper T-cell, induced T-regulatory cells (Treg), and the regulatory type 1 cells as well as the potentially distinct T-helper 97. Tregs, originally termed suppressive T-cells, were first described in the early 1970s as thymus-derived lymphocytes that tolerized bone marrowderived lymphocytes to antigenic challenge8,9. Subsequent research demonstrated that T-cells expressing CD4 and CD25 [the alpha chain of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor] from tumorbearing mice abrogated tumor rejection10-14. It was 10 years later that Sakaguchi and colleagues ascertained that CD25 could be used to identify these suppressive cells15. Later studies from the same laboratory established the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor as both a key intracellular marker of CD4+CD25+Tregs and a necessary factor for development and proper function of these cells16.

    One of the key attributes is how the T-cells activate and distinguish “self” from “non-self” molecules. A series of positive and negative costimulatory receptors are expressed on a T-cell at variable levels according to the timing and circumstances of the immune response. The efficiency with which CD4 T-cells direct an immune response demands that proper regulatory measures are in place to prevent immune hyperactivation leading to autoimmune disease. This is very important especially for organs like the lungs that have large mucosal and gas-exchanging surfaces which are constantly exposed to the environment17. Such a critical process involves presentation of antigens to T-cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) and is highly regulated by molecules on T-cells and APC as well as tumor and stromal cells, known as immune checkpoints. Recognition of antigenmajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes by the T-cell antigen receptor is not sufficient for activation of na?ve T-cells. Additional costimulatory signals are required and are provided by the engagement of CD28 on the T-cell surface with B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on the APC18,19(Figure 1). The role of immune checkpoints is not only to trigger a sufficient immune response but also to inhibit stimulation to ensure the inductive immune response is not excessive. In fact, these immune checkpoints, usually referred to as molecules of inhibitory pathways in the immune system, are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating physiological immune responses in the periphery, in order to avoid or minimize tissue damage from excess reactions.

    The CD28 family of cell surface receptors [CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), inducible costimulator (ICOS), program death-1 (PD-1), and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA)] plays a critical role in controlling the adaptive arm of the immune response and controlling T-cell activation. The counterpart (ligand) for CD28 is the “B7 family”, containing B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), which are usually present on APC. Although there is structural similarity between members of the CD28 family, functional heterogeneity is observed. For instance, ligation of CD28 and ICOS promotes T-cell activation, whereas engagement of CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA inhibits T-cell activation20. Other regulators of T-cell activation have recently been characterized and may have important roles. These include T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3; also known as HAVCR2), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA)21-23.

    CTLA-4 is expressed exclusively on T-cells and shares identical ligands (CD80 and CD86) with the T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28. When the T-cell receptor (TCR) is engaged by cognate antigen, CD28 induces T-cell activation. CTLA-4 has a much higher overall affinity for both ligands and inhibits the activation of T-cells by outcompeting CD28 in binding CD80 and CD86. At the same time, CTLA-4 activates the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and counteracts kinase signals induced by TCR and CD28, sequestrates CD80 and CD86 from CD28 engagement, and actively removes CD80 and CD86 from the APC surface.

    Figure 1 T-cell interaction with aPC and tumor cells: the immune checkpoints CTLa-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. Depicted are various ligand-receptor interactions between T-cells, aPCs and cancer cells that regulate the T-cell response to antigen. activation of T-cells is a two-step process that requires recognition of specific peptides presented by MHC on the surface of cancer cells through their TCR, as well as a co-regulatory signal delivered by the CD28 family of receptors (the so-called immune checkpoints). The co-regulatory signal promotes T-cell clonal expansion, cytokine secretion, and functional activity of the T-cell. In the absence of this signal (even in the presence of a target peptide), T-cells fail to respond effectively and are functionally inactivated. This is designed as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure that the immune system is activated at the appropriate time in order to limit collateral damage to normal tissue and minimize the possibility of chronic autoimmune inflammation. Checkpoint pathways regulate these coregulatory signals and can be either stimulatory (switching T-cells on) or inhibitory (switching them off). CTLa-4 and PD-1 deliver inhibitor signals. CTLa-4 negatively regulates T-cell activation by binding to B7 molecules (CD80/86) on the surface of aPC or tumor cell. Conversely, when these B7 molecules bind to CD28 they generate the opposite effect, activating signals. When PD-1 binds to either of its ligands (PD-L1 or PD-L2), which are primarily expressed within inflamed tissues and the tumor microenvironment, it results in inhibition of T-cell activity. aPC, antigen-presenting cell (dendritic cell, macrophage or any cell that expresses antigen); TCR, T-cell receptor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex.

    PD-1 signaling involves binding to several discrete ligands, including PD-L1 (also known as B7-H1 and CD274) and PDL2 (also known as B7-DC and CD273), as well as to the costimulatory molecule CD80. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation, survival and effector functions (cytotoxicity, cytokine release), induces apoptosis of tumor-specific T-cell and promotes differentiation of CD4 T-cells into Tregs and tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) attack21. Because many tumors are highly infiltrated with Tregs that probably further suppress effector immune responses, blockade of the PD-1 pathway may also enhance antitumor immune responses by diminishing the number and/ or suppressive activity of intratumoral Tregs. Chemnitz et al.24revealed that the ability of PD-1 to block T-cell activation correlates with recruitment of SHP-1 and SHP-2. Indeed, PD-1 has a cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motif (ITIM), as well as an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM), and has been found to be capable of recruiting the phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Recruitment of SHP-1 and SHP-2 to ITIM within the PD-1 cytoplasmic tail inhibits positive signaling events downstream of the TCR, mainly PI3K/AKT activation25.

    SHP-1 and SHP-2 are highly related tyrosine phosphatases that serve very distinct roles in signal transduction. SHP-1 expression is largely confined to hemopoietic cells and is thought to act as a negative regulator of STAT3 and other signaling pathways. SHP1 is encoded by the PTPN6 gene and the regulatory factor X-1 (RFX-1) is one transcription factor that can activate SHP-1 transcription26. SHP-2, in contrast, is widely expressed and generally acts in a positive manner to transduce signals from receptor protein tyrosine kinases. For instance, an established role of SHP-2 in EGFR or ALK signaling is to mediate ERK1/2 activation. However, SHP-2 also has been shown to inhibit the JAK-STAT signaling pathway27-29.

    Immune response and cancer

    Immunotherapies that boost the ability of endogenous T-cells to destroy cancer cells have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a variety of human malignancies. In 2010, the field was revitalized by a landmark randomized clinical trial that demonstrated thattreatment with ipilimumab, an antibody targeting CTLA-4, improved overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic melanoma30. Recent studies have demonstrated that T-cell–based immunotherapies are also effective in a range of other human malignancies. In particular, clinical trials of antibodies that interfere with PD-1 have shown clinical activity in tumor types as diverse as lung, bladder, stomach, renal cell, and head and neck cancer, as well as melanoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma31.

    T-cells in tumors—the so-called tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been studied intensively over the past years. The first evidence that T-cells could kill tumor cells was provided by L.R. Freedman and colleagues in 197232. Numerous studies suggest a positive prognostic impact of TIL but this still needs to be verified in large multi-center studies33. At present there is very limited knowledge as to why some tumors are heavily infiltrated by T-cells whereas others are not. Studies from the laboratory of Robert Schreiber have suggested the “Three Es of cancer immunoediting”34, or three phases of interaction between tumor and immune system: immune-Elimination of cancer cells, immune Equilibrium between cancer cells and cells of the immune system and immune Escape by cancer cells34. However, this notion is still unclear and TILs display a wide range of different phenotypes. Studies have shown that CD8 T-cells at the tumor site display markers of T-cell exhaustion to a higher extent than T-cells in the blood or from normal adjacent tissue35,36. In melanomas, CD8 and CD4 TILs display high expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4. Furthermore, the PD-1 positive fraction of the TILs displays impaired effector functions35.

    Tumor and PD-L1 expression

    Tumor cells can activate PD-L1 expression via multiple oncogenic signaling pathways involving IFN-γ/JAK2/IFN37, PI3K38, ALK/STAT339, MEK/ERK/STAT1, MYD88/TRAF640or exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ41produced by infiltrating immune cells. In breast cancer, PD-L1 expression is strongly associated with proliferative Ki-67 expression and cell cycle progression independent of host PD-142. In human glioma, loss of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has been correlated with enhanced PD-L1 expression38. Similarly, in colorectal cancer, miR-20b, -21 and 130 inhibited PTEN expression, resulting in PD-L1 overexpression43. T-cell lymphoma cells carrying the oncogenic nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK, involved in malignant transformation, induce high levels of PD-L1 expression via STAT3 and ERK activation39,44.

    Abnormal expression of PD-L1 has been described in 19%-100% of NSCLCs and is associated with poor prognosis45-48. Reliable biomarkers associated with response to PD-1 blockade remain poorly understood49. Simultaneous activation of KRAS and inactivation of serine-threonine kinase 11 (also known as LKB1) induce lung squamous cell carcinoma formation50. Activation of the EGFR pathway might be involved in suppressing the immune response in murine melanoma models either through activating Tregs cells or reducing the levels of the T-cell chemoattractant49. Interestingly, Akbay et al.51found that activation of the EGFR pathway induced PD-L1 expression to help NSCLC tumors to remodel tumor microenvironment to trigger immune escape and link tumor response to PD-1 inhibition. This role of EGFR signaling was independent of its effects on cell proliferation and survival, suggesting that the combination of PD-1 blockade with EGFR TKIs may be a promising therapeutic strategy to extend the duration of treatment response and delay development of resistance to EGFR inhibitors51. D’Incecco et al.52found that PD-L1 positive NSCLC patients had higher sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs, longer time to progression and OS than PD-1 negative patients. They also reported that PD-L1 positive status was significantly associated with presence of EGFR mutations52. In the study of Azuma et al.53, inhibition of EGFR signaling by erlotinib downregulated surface expression of PD-L1 in EGFR mutationpositive NSCLC cells, but not in the EGFR wild-type cells. In contrast, Mu et al.47found no significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and EGFR/KRAS/BRAF/ALK expression in stage I NSCLC patients, similar to Zhang et al.54, who found no significant relationship between PD-L1 expression and EGFR/KRAS expression in lung adenocarcinoma. At the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting, median progression free survival (PFS) and OS for EGFR TKIs were similar between PD-L1 positive and PD-L1 negative patients at baseline. Also, median PFS for ALK TKIs was similar in PD-L1 positive and PD-L1 negative patients at baseline, but median OS was shorter among PD-L1 positive patients. Expression was dynamic, with changes in PDL1 expression and immune infiltrates observed over time and/or following treatment55.

    Cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice

    Three new immune checkpoint agents have now been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of melanoma31. The list of cancers that can be targeted with immunotherapy is growing and there are high expectations that immune checkpoint agents will also be approved for treatment of patients with lung, kidney, bladder and prostate cancer, as well as lymphoma and many other tumor types. Immune checkpoints inhibitors target molecules that regulateT cells rather than the T cells themselves in order to reverse the activation of inhibitory pathways and release antitumor T-cell responses.

    Two phase III clinical trials with anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) were conducted in patients with advanced melanoma and demonstrated improved OS with the drug30,56. Anti-CTLA-4, having more mature survival data than other agents, leads to durable clinical responses that can last a decade and more, but only in a fraction of patients. A recent analysis indicated survival of 10 years or more for a subset of patients57. Ipilimumab was approved in 2011.

    Pembrolizumab and nivolumab, two antibodies against PD-1 were approved in September and December 2014, respectively, for treatment of metastatic melanoma31. A phase I clinical trial with pembrolizumab led to response rates of almost 38% in patients with advanced melanoma, and a subsequent study reported an overall response rate of 26% in patients who had progressive disease after prior ipilimumab treatment58,59. In a phase III trial, nivolumab improved OS of patients with metastatic melanoma in comparison with dacarbazine chemotharpy59. According to the results of the CheckMate 057 trial presented at the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting, nivolumab is the first PD-1 inhibitor to significantly improve OS in comparison with docetaxel, in previously treated patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC with 27% reduction in risk of death and significantly improved overall response rate. Tumor PD-L1 expression was found to be predictive of nivolumab benefit60. Nivolumab was FDA approved in March 2015 for patients with previously treated advanced or metastatic NSCLC based on a phase III clinical trial which reported an improvement in OS for patients treated with nivolumab as compared to patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy31. In addition, nivolumab was recently found to be the first PD-1 inhibitor to demonstrate a survival benefit versus standard-of-care docetaxel in previously treated patients with advanced squamous NSCLC with 41% reduction in risk of death; benefit was independent of PD-1 expression61.

    Biomarkers and response to immunotherapy; neoantigen load as a potential biomarker for cancer immunotherapy

    There are ongoing studies to identify predictive biomarkers to select patients for treatment with a particular agent, but this is complicated by the complexity of the immune response. The expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells is an obvious candidate as it can directly turn off the immune response by inhibiting the activity of cytotoxic T-cells infiltrating the tumor. However, PDL1 expression in tumor cells has little predictive power. Tumeh et al.62established a set of conditions that correlates with good response of patients with melanoma to pembrolizumab therapy. These include the presence of cytotoxic T-cells in the tumor, the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in immune cells in the tumor margin, and less complexity (in terms of antigen receptors) in the tumor T-cell population62. Herbst et al.63also observed that PDL1 expression in immune cells is a good biomarker of response to immunotherapy.

    Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 has resulted in durable responses in many patients30,64. However it remains unclear why some have only transient or no response. A major hurdle in tumor immunotherapy is the fact that mechanisms of selftolerance that prevent autoimmunity also impair T-cell responses against tumors. The nature of the antigens that allow the immune system to distinguish cancer cells from non-cancer cells has long remained obscure. Every tumor contains hundreds or thousands of somatic mutations and certain types of tumors display many more or less mutations. Melanomas and lung cancers are the outliers and contain approximately 200 nonsynchronous mutations per tumor, associated with environmental exposure to ultraviolet light and smoking65. It seems that response to immune-based drugs may be written in tumor DNA. Tumors with a high somatic mutation load are more likely to respond to immunotherapy as, in theory, they would have a higher diversity of neoantigens that can trigger an immune response when the CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibition is bypassed. In NSCLC patients treated with anti–PD-1, mutational load shows a strong correlation with clinical response66. Likewise, in melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab, long-term benefit is also associated with a higher mutational load, although the effect appears less profound in this setting67. In the study of Snyder and colleagues67, mutational burden was higher in patients with a sustained clinical benefit than in those without. While the data indeed show that high mutation load correlates with responsiveness to therapy in many cases, surprisingly some tumors with a high load of somatic mutations fail to respond to checkpoint blockade. Therefore, quality not quantity of mutations has the strongest predictive value. A number of tetrapeptide sequences common to patients with sustained clinical benefit, but completely absent in patients with a minimal or no benefit, were homologous to viral and bacterial antigens67. An interesting interpretation of these data is that the neoantigenspecific T-cell response is preferentially directed toward a subset of mutant sequences, something that could facilitate bioinformatic identification of neoantigens for therapeutic targeting68. However, other studies have not found the profoundbias toward these tetrapeptide signatures that would be predicted if their role was central to the tumor-specific T-cell response, meaning that the identified tetrapeptide motifs may play a different role69.

    Conclusion

    Cancer immunotherapy relies on the ability of the immune system to identify and destroy tumor cells and elicit a longlasting memory of this interaction. Various strategies are being developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, with a recent focus on antagonists of inhibitory signaling pathways to overcome immune checkpoints. Existing therapies are also being investigated for their ability to induce an anti-tumor immune response, something which could lead to administration of combination therapies providing a more efficacious and durable response. However, there are issues that remain to be understood. Soon many cancer immunotherapies will be made available, many combinations will be possible, and this choice will be quite challenging from a clinical, regulatory, and reimbursement perspective. Biomarkers and companion diagnostics may also play a big role in guiding the way, as will a deepening understanding of immunotherapy mechanisms and cancer response.

    Conflict of Interest Statement

    No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.

    References

    1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:9-29.

    2. Rosell R, Bivona TG, Karachaliou N. Genetics and biomarkers in personalisation of lung cancer treatment. Lancet 2013;382:720-731.

    3. Rosell R, Karachaliou N, Wolf J, Ou SH. ALK and ROS1 nonsmall-cell lung cancer: two molecular subgroups sensitive to targeted therapy. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:966-968.

    4. Rosell R. Dynamic Evolution of ALK Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers and Management of Associated Brain Metastases [podcast]. J Clin Oncol 2015. [Epub ahead of print].

    5. Kilinc MO, Gu T, Harden JL, Virtuoso LP, Egilmez NK. Central role of tumor-associated CD8+ T effector/memory cells in restoring systemic antitumor immunity. J Immunol 2009;182:4217-4225.

    6. Zamarron BF, Chen W. Dual roles of immune cells and their factors in cancer development and progression. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7:651-658.

    7. Luckheeram RV, Zhou R, Verma AD, Xia B. CD4+T cells: differentiation and functions. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:925135.

    8. Zou W. Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:263-274.

    9. Kryczek I, Wei S, Gong W, Shu X, Szeliga W, Vatan L, et al. Cutting edge: IFN-gamma enables APC to promote memory Th17 and abate Th1 cell development. J Immunol 2008;181:5842-5846.

    10. Gershon RK, Kondo K. Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology 1971;21:903-914.

    11. Gershon RK, Kondo K. Cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: the role of thymic lymphocytes. Immunology 1970;18:723-737.

    12. Berendt MJ, North RJ. T-cell-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity. An explanation for progressive growth of an immunogenic tumor. J Exp Med 1980;151:69-80.

    13. Bursuker I, North RJ. Generation and decay of the immune response to a progressive fibrosarcoma. II. Failure to demonstrate postexcision immunity after the onset of T cell-mediated suppression of immunity. J Exp Med 1984;159:1312-1321.

    14. North RJ, Bursuker I. Generation and decay of the immune response to a progressive fibrosarcoma. I. Ly-1+2- suppressor T cells down-regulate the generation of Ly-1-2+ effector T cells. J Exp Med 1984;159:1295-1311.

    15. Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 1995;155:1151-1164.

    16. Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 2003;299:1057-1061.

    17. Heikkinen T, J?rvinen A. The common cold. Lancet 2003;361:51-59.

    18. Greenwald RJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. The B7 family revisited. Annu Rev Immunol 2005;23:515-548.

    19. Townsend SE, Allison JP. Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 1993;259:368-370.

    20. Riley JL, June CH. The CD28 family: a T-cell rheostat for therapeutic control of T-cell activation. Blood 2005;105:13-21.

    21. Nirschl CJ, Drake CG. Molecular pathways: coexpression of immune checkpoint molecules: signaling pathways and implications for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:4917-4924.

    22. Ngiow SF, von Scheidt B, Akiba H, Yagita H, Teng MW, Smyth MJ. Anti-TIM3 antibody promotes T cell IFN-γ-mediated antitumorimmunity and suppresses established tumors. Cancer Res 2011;71:3540-3551.

    23. Wang L, Rubinstein R, Lines JL, Wasiuk A, Ahonen C, Guo Y, et al. VISTA, a novel mouse Ig superfamily ligand that negatively regulates T cell responses. J Exp Med 2011;208:577-592.

    24. Chemnitz JM, Parry RV, Nichols KE, June CH, Riley JL. SHP-1 and SHP-2 associate with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif of programmed death 1 upon primary human T cell stimulation, but only receptor ligation prevents T cell activation. J Immunol 2004;173:945-954.

    25. Yokosuka T, Takamatsu M, Kobayashi-Imanishi W, Hashimoto-Tane A, Azuma M, Saito T. Programmed cell death 1 forms negative costimulatory microclusters that directly inhibit T cell receptor signaling by recruiting phosphatase SHP2. J Exp Med 2012;209:1201-1217.

    26. Su JC, Chiang HC, Tseng PH, Tai WT, Hsu CY, Li YS, et al. RFX-1-dependent activation of SHP-1 inhibits STAT3 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2014;35:2807-2814.

    27. Tang TL, Freeman RM Jr, O’Reilly AM, Neel BG, Sokol SY. The SH2-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP2 is required upstream of MAP kinase for early Xenopus development. Cell 1995;80:473-483.

    28. Bennett AM, Hausdorff SF, O’Reilly AM, Freeman RM, Neel BG. Multiple requirements for SHPTP2 in epidermal growth factormediated cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:1189-1202.

    29. Lehmann U, Schmitz J, Weissenbach M, Sobota RM, Hortner M, Friederichs K, et al. SHP2 and SOCS3 contribute to Tyr-759-dependent attenuation of interleukin-6 signaling through gp130. J Biol Chem 2003;278:661-671.

    30. Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363:711-723.

    31. Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015;348:56-61.

    32. Freedman LR, Cerottini JC, Brunner KT. In vivo studies of the role of cytotoxic T cells in tumor allograft immunity. J Immunol 1972;109:1371-1378.

    33. Fridman WH, Pagès F, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J. The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:298-306.

    34. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol 2004;22:329-360.

    35. Ahmadzadeh M, Johnson LA, Heemskerk B, Wunderlich JR, Dudley ME, White DE, et al. Tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells infiltrating the tumor express high levels of PD-1 and are functionally impaired. Blood 2009;114:1537-1544.

    36. Wang QJ, Hanada K, Robbins PF, Li YF, Yang JC. Distinctive features of the differentiated phenotype and infiltration of tumorreactive lymphocytes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2012;72:6119-6129.

    37. Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 2002;8:793-800.

    38. Parsa AT, Waldron JS, Panner A, Crane CA, Parney IF, Barry JJ, et al. Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma. Nat Med 2007;13:84-88.

    39. Marzec M, Zhang Q, Goradia A, Raghunath PN, Liu X, Paessler M, et al. Oncogenic kinase NPM/ALK induces through STAT3 expression of immunosuppressive protein CD274 (PD-L1, B7-H1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:20852-20857.

    40. Liu J, Hamrouni A, Wolowiec D, Coiteux V, Kuliczkowski K, Hetuin D, et al. Plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients express B7-H1 (PD-L1) and increase expression after stimulation with IFN-{gamma} and TLR ligands via a MyD88-, TRAF6-, and MEK-dependent pathway. Blood 2007;110:296-304.

    41. Taube JM, Anders RA, Young GD, Xu H, Sharma R, McMiller TL, et al. Colocalization of inflammatory response with B7-h1 expression in human melanocytic lesions supports an adaptive resistance mechanism of immune escape. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:127ra37.

    42. Ghebeh H, Tulbah A, Mohammed S, Elkum N, Bin Amer SM, Al-Tweigeri T, et al. Expression of B7-H1 in breast cancer patients is strongly associated with high proliferative Ki-67-expressing tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2007;121:751-758.

    43. Zhu J, Chen L, Zou L, Yang P, Wu R, Mao Y, et al. MiR-20b, -21, and -130b inhibit PTEN expression resulting in B7-H1 over-expression in advanced colorectal cancer. Hum Immunol 2014;75:348-353.

    44. Yamamoto R, Nishikori M, Tashima M, Sakai T, Ichinohe T, Takaori-Kondo A, et al. B7-H1 expression is regulated by MEK/ ERK signaling pathway in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2009;100:2093-2100.

    45. Hirahara K, Ghoreschi K, Yang XP, Takahashi H, Laurence A, Vahedi G, et al. Interleukin-27 priming of T cells controls IL-17 production in trans via induction of the ligand PD-L1. Immunity 2012;36:1017-1030.

    46. Konishi J, Yamazaki K, Azuma M, Kinoshita I, Dosaka-Akita H, Nishimura M. B7-H1 expression on non-small cell lung cancer cells and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their PD-1 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:5094-5100.

    47. Mu CY, Huang JA, Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang XG. High expression of PD-L1 in lung cancer may contribute to poor prognosis and tumor cells immune escape through suppressing tumor infiltrating dendritic cells maturation. Med Oncol 2011;28:682-688.

    48. W?lfle SJ, Strebovsky J, Bartz H, S?hr A, Arnold C, Kaiser C, et al.PD-L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT-3. Eur J Immunol 2011;41:413-424.

    49. Pivarcsi A, Müller A, Hippe A, Rieker J, van Lierop A, Steinhoff M, et al. Tumor immune escape by the loss of homeostatic chemokine expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:19055-19060.

    50. Xu C, Fillmore CM, Koyama S, Wu H, Zhao Y, Chen Z, et al. Loss of Lkb1 and Pten leads to lung squamous cell carcinoma with elevated PD-L1 expression. Cancer Cell 2014;25:590-604.

    51. Akbay EA, Koyama S, Carretero J, Altabef A, Tchaicha JH, Christensen CL, et al. Activation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to immune escape in EGFR-driven lung tumors. Cancer Discov 2013;3:1355-1363.

    52. D’Incecco A, Andreozzi M, Ludovini V, Rossi E, Capodanno A, Landi L, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in molecularly selected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2015;112:95-102.

    53. Azuma K, Ota K, Kawahara A, Hattori S, Iwama E, Harada T, et al. Association of PD-L1 overexpression with activating EGFR mutations in surgically resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2014;25:1935-1940.

    54. Zhang Y, Wang L, Li Y, Pan Y, Wang R, Hu H, et al. Protein expression of programmed death 1 ligand 1 and ligand 2 independently predict poor prognosis in surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014;7:567-573.

    55. Gainor JF, Sequist LV, Shaw AT, Azzoli CG, Piotrowska Z, Huynh T, et al. Clinical correlation and frequency of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2015;33:abstr 8012.

    56. Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, O’Day S, Weber J, Garbe C, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2517-2526.

    57. Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, Hamid O, et al. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1889-1894.

    58. Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, Kefford R, et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2013;369:134-144.

    59. Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, Dutriaux C, Maio M, Mortier L, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med 2015;372:320-330.

    60. Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Borghaei H, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready N, et al. Phase III, randomized trial (CheckMate 057) of nivolumab (NIVO) versus docetaxel (DOC) in advanced non-squamous cell (non-SQ) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2015;33:abstr LBA109.

    61. Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crinò L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, et al. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2015. [Epub ahead of print].

    62. Tumeh PC, Harview CL, Yearley JH, Shintaku IP, Taylor EJ, Robert L, et al. PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance. Nature 2014;515:568-571.

    63. Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature 2014;515:563-567.

    64. Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2443-2454.

    65. Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, Aparicio SA, Behjati S, Biankin AV, et al. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature 2013;500:415-421.

    66. Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, Kvistborg P, Makarov V, Havel JJ, et al. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science 2015;348:124-128.

    67. Snyder A, Makarov V, Merghoub T, Yuan J, Zaretsky JM, Desrichard A, et al. Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2189-2199.

    68. Schumacher TN, Schreiber RD. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science 2015;348:69-74.

    69. Schumacher TN, Kesmir C, van Buuren MM. Biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2015;27:12-14.

    Cite this article as: Karachaliou N, Cao MG, Teixidó C, Viteri S, Morales-Espinosa D, Santarpia M, Rosell R. Understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in lung cancer; the role of immune checkpoints. Cancer Biol Med 2015;12:79-86. doi: 10.7497/ j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0029

    Correspondence to: Rafael Rosell

    E-mail: rrosell@iconcologia.net

    april 15, 2015; accepted June 10, 2015.

    available at www.cancerbiomed.org

    Copyright ? 2015 by Cancer Biology & Medicine

    性欧美人与动物交配| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 国产av精品麻豆| 亚洲九九香蕉| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 免费av毛片视频| 国产精品免费视频内射| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三 | 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| avwww免费| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 高清在线国产一区| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 日本三级黄在线观看| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| www.自偷自拍.com| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | a在线观看视频网站| 精品日产1卡2卡| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| av天堂久久9| 国产单亲对白刺激| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 又大又爽又粗| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区 | 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 国产高清有码在线观看视频 | 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 亚洲av美国av| av网站免费在线观看视频| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 露出奶头的视频| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 在线天堂中文资源库| tocl精华| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频 | 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 国产精品野战在线观看| 最好的美女福利视频网| 久久亚洲真实| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 丝袜美足系列| 自线自在国产av| videosex国产| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 国产精品影院久久| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 精品日产1卡2卡| 天天一区二区日本电影三级 | 亚洲第一电影网av| 欧美成人午夜精品| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 99riav亚洲国产免费| xxx96com| av天堂在线播放| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 91麻豆av在线| 一级黄色大片毛片| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 99国产精品一区二区三区| avwww免费| 久久久久国内视频| 成人精品一区二区免费| 欧美在线黄色| 亚洲人成电影观看| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 日本 av在线| 又大又爽又粗| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 亚洲第一av免费看| 性欧美人与动物交配| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av | 午夜免费激情av| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 亚洲av美国av| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 99国产精品99久久久久| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| av视频在线观看入口| 国产精华一区二区三区| 国产三级黄色录像| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 久久国产精品影院| 久久香蕉精品热| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区 | 色av中文字幕| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 久久性视频一级片| 热re99久久国产66热| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区 | 午夜两性在线视频| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 欧美中文综合在线视频| www.自偷自拍.com| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 99re在线观看精品视频| 亚洲成av人片免费观看| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 久久这里只有精品19| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | a在线观看视频网站| 丁香六月欧美| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 很黄的视频免费| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 午夜免费成人在线视频| av网站免费在线观看视频| 怎么达到女性高潮| av在线播放免费不卡| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 久久 成人 亚洲| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 天天一区二区日本电影三级 | 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 99久久国产精品久久久| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 两性夫妻黄色片| 久久人妻av系列| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 在线视频色国产色| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 天天一区二区日本电影三级 | 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 日本欧美视频一区| 日本在线视频免费播放| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 久久精品91蜜桃| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 天天添夜夜摸| 麻豆av在线久日| 99香蕉大伊视频| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 国产激情久久老熟女| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 免费av毛片视频| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 国产亚洲欧美98| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 久久人妻av系列| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆 | 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 在线天堂中文资源库| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 免费观看精品视频网站| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 国产精品九九99| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 99re在线观看精品视频| 中国美女看黄片| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 青草久久国产| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久久热在线av| av视频免费观看在线观看| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 久久人妻av系列| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 国产不卡一卡二| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| av视频在线观看入口| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 久久久久久久久中文| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 美女大奶头视频| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲第一av免费看| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 亚洲最大成人中文| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 香蕉国产在线看| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 此物有八面人人有两片| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 91老司机精品| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 日韩免费av在线播放| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 久久伊人香网站| 国产成人系列免费观看| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | www.999成人在线观看| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 日本欧美视频一区| 久久草成人影院| 黄色 视频免费看| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 亚洲国产欧美网| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 久久精品91蜜桃| 变态另类丝袜制服| 国产亚洲欧美98| 9热在线视频观看99| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| videosex国产| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 不卡一级毛片| 成在线人永久免费视频| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av | 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 一本久久中文字幕| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 久久热在线av| 亚洲精品在线美女| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 黄色成人免费大全| 天堂动漫精品| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 在线观看一区二区三区| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 高清在线国产一区| 18禁观看日本| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 久久伊人香网站| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 极品教师在线免费播放| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 天堂影院成人在线观看| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 黄色视频不卡| 91麻豆av在线| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 久久久久九九精品影院| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 久久精品91蜜桃| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 曰老女人黄片| 亚洲九九香蕉| 久久 成人 亚洲| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 三级毛片av免费| 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 1024视频免费在线观看| 亚洲国产欧美网| 国产三级黄色录像| 国产片内射在线| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 99香蕉大伊视频| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产av精品麻豆| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 亚洲国产看品久久| 午夜久久久久精精品| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 黄片播放在线免费| 在线天堂中文资源库| 看黄色毛片网站| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 69av精品久久久久久| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 国产成人影院久久av| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 9热在线视频观看99| 电影成人av| 久久国产精品影院| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 在线免费观看的www视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 国产成人欧美| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 久久青草综合色| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 成人国语在线视频| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 国产av又大| 欧美成人午夜精品| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 久久香蕉激情| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 亚洲第一av免费看| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 国产精品 国内视频| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 无限看片的www在线观看| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆 | 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 国产成人精品在线电影| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 久久亚洲真实| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 国产单亲对白刺激| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 国产精品 国内视频| 黄色 视频免费看| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 丰满的人妻完整版| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 国产成人系列免费观看| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 两个人看的免费小视频| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 成人手机av| 最好的美女福利视频网| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 欧美性长视频在线观看| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 在线天堂中文资源库| 欧美性长视频在线观看| 制服诱惑二区| 国产在线观看jvid| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 两个人视频免费观看高清| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 国产不卡一卡二| 中文字幕久久专区| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 国产区一区二久久| 黄色女人牲交| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 午夜免费鲁丝| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 国产麻豆69| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 成人欧美大片| 69av精品久久久久久| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| www日本在线高清视频| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 国产亚洲精品一区二区www| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 免费看a级黄色片| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 成在线人永久免费视频| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 岛国在线观看网站| 操出白浆在线播放| 午夜a级毛片| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 亚洲 国产 在线| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区 | 精品人妻1区二区| 在线播放国产精品三级| 色综合站精品国产| 少妇 在线观看| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影 | 久久人人精品亚洲av| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 88av欧美| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 一进一出抽搐动态| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 亚洲人成电影观看| 搡老岳熟女国产| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 国产成人精品无人区| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 国产成人影院久久av| 91成人精品电影| 看免费av毛片| 色播亚洲综合网| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 精品第一国产精品| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 此物有八面人人有两片| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 不卡一级毛片| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 久久久久久大精品| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 亚洲中文av在线| av免费在线观看网站| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 午夜激情av网站| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区 | 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 亚洲国产欧美网| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| avwww免费|