Preliminary Report on Occurrence Regularity of Locusts in Binzhou City

Fei LlU，Zhonghui WU，Jinzhi Ll*，F(xiàn)angwen TlAN.Binzhou City Meteorological Bureau，Binzhou 566，China；.Wudi County Meteorological Bureau，Wudi 5900，China；.Wudi County Agricultural Bureau，Wudi 5900，China

Preliminary Report on Occurrence Regularity of Locusts in Binzhou City

Fei LlU1，Zhonghui WU2，Jinzhi Ll2*，F(xiàn)angwen TlAN3
1.Binzhou City Meteorological Bureau，Binzhou 256612，China；
2.Wudi County Meteorological Bureau，Wudi 251900，China；
3.Wudi County Agricultural Bureau，Wudi 251900，China

Based on the census and analysis on locust occurrence in Binzhou from 1991 to 2010，the locust species that ever occurred in Binzhou were identified.A total of 18 locust species were found.They belong to six families and 15 genera. The identified locust species were distributed in farmland，wasteland，swamp and special environment，four different ecological environments in Binzhou.The dominant species，common species and rare species，as well as floristic characters of different locust species were determined in different ecological environments at different periods.In this paper，the life histories and habits of seven dominant and two rare locust species were described in detail.

Locust；Distribution；Flora；Dominant species；Binzhou

Material and Method

Species investigation

From 1991 to 2010，during the investigation，the locust samples were collected timely to prepare specimens.The random and concentrated investigation was combined together. To find out all the locust species，the ecological environments were all investigated.

lnvestigation in different ecological environments at different periods

The investigation was carried out once in each of May，July and September from 1991 to 2010.A total of four representative ecological environments were selected， farmland，wasteland，swamp and special environment.There were three areas for each ecological environment.In each area，10 sampling points were arranged randomly.Each sampling points represented an area of 20 hm2. In each sampling point，the occurrence of locusts in 1 m2plot was investigat-ed.All the locusts in plots were captured by manual capturing，visual inspection and nettings and cages’capturing.The locust species were identified and their numbers were counted.If the number of locusts in certain area was less than 100，the sampling point number would be in creased.

Life histories and habits of major locust species

In April to May （before the nymphs unearthed）from2001 To 2010，the egg masses of major locust species were dug out and placed in different cages where contained various favorable plants.The cages were then buried underground.There were 10 cages in each area of 0.5 m2，and there were three egg masses in each cage.The hatching，molting and eclosion situation of nymphs were observed and recorded every day.After the eclosion of nymphs，10 pairs of newly-emerged adults were taken out and placed in 10 cages containing various plants.The mating，spawning，eating and dying situation of adults were observed and recorded every day.In each year，two generations of spawning were observed.After the first generation of spawning，the adults were bred，observed and recorded repeatedly until the second-generation spawning.The favorable plants of each locust species were collected every day and placed in the can bottle containing water.The can bottles were then placed in cages.The favorable plants of each locust species were kept fresh.After the major locust species were unearthed，100 locusts of each locust species were captured from each of the ecological environment.The capturing was carried out once every 10 days.The unearthing，age，eclosion，mating，spawning，dying，eating and habits of nymphs were recoded.In addition，the local meteorological data was referred［1］.Each of the locust species was bred up manually.However，their life habits were observed in field for 3-4 years.

Results and Analysis

Species composition

加拿大林間貓頭鷹的鳴聲“呵呵——呵——呵——”，極像老翁冷冷的笑聲，與我記憶中江南的貓頭鷹的叫法“骨碌碌碌……”圓滾而陰森的鳴音，大異其趣。鴟鸮的鳴法會(huì)超過人類的方言上萬種嗎？鳥啼人語，都是天趣。

In the whole city，a total of 18 locust species were found.They belong to 6 families and 15 genera.Oedipodidae had the largest number.It covered 7 genera and 8 species.There were two locust species belonging to Celes. In each of Locusta，Epacromius，Aiolopus， Oedaleus， Gastrimargus and Trilophidia，only 1 locust species was found.The quantity of Catantopidae ranked second.It covered 4 genera and 5 species.The species numbers identified in Calliptamus，Oxya，Patanga and Shirakiacris were 2，1，1 and 1，respectively.The quantity of Acrididae ranked third.It had 2 genera and 2 species，1 species of Gonista and 1 species of Acrida.There was 1 locust species identified in Chorthippus of Arcypteridae［2］.None locust species were found in Chrotogonidae or Gomphoceridae.It is suggested the locust species of the Chrotogonidae and Gomphoceridae are not adapted to the natural conditions in this city（Table 1）.

Flora analysis

Among the 18 locust species，10 locust species were widely distributed in Palaearctic and Oriental realms，accounting for 55.55%；there were 5 Palaearctic species，accounting for 27.77%of the total species；there were 3 locust species belonging to Oriental realm，accounting for 16.68%. There were only 18 locust species distributed in Binzhou City.Among the 18 locust species，Chorthippus shantungensis Chang was only distributed in Jieshi Hill and the Gastrimargus marmoratus（Thunb.）was only distributed in Heban Hill，which might be due to the oneness of environment in Heban and Jieshi hills.The widely-distributed species and Palaearctic species were all dominant，but the oriental species were rare.This was because that the Binzhou City is located in the Huanghuai Plain subregion，North China region，Palaearctic realm of eastern China，of which the climatic characters determines the dominancy of Palaearctic species.However，there is no natural barrier between the Palaearctic and Oriental realms，resulting in the emergence of a broad transition zone caused by species invasion.The results showed 16.68%of the identified locust species were Oriental species.It is suggested that Binzhou City is located in the transition zone.

Occurrence periods and habits of major locust species

In this study，the dominant locust species in Binzhou City were deeply studied，including Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar，Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn，Shirakiacris shirakii（I. Bol.），Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen），Oxya chinensis（Thunb.），Epacromius coerulipis（Ivan.），Acrida cinerea Thunb.，Aiolopus tamulus（Fabr.）and Oedaleus infernalis Saussure.Aiolopus tamulus （Fabr.）is a companion species of Epacromius coerulipis（Ivan.），and Oedaleus infernalis Saussure is a companion species of Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）.The life histories of the major locust species in Binzhou City were shown in Table 2.

Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar

Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar is a dominant locust species in Binzhou.It occurs 2 generations in a year and overwinters as eggs in soil.The nymphs have six instars.The overwintering eggs will be hatched into nymphs in May next year.The incubation period of the first-generation eggs is relatively short（10-20 d）.The duration of nymphs is about 46 d.The life of adults is relatively long（90-150 d）. The female adults will spawn 30 d after the eclosion.The duration of the second-generation nymphs is about 27 d. The lift of the adults is 55-70 d，and the female adults will spawn 24 d after the eclosion. The early-hatched nymphs like to stay in shadow and they usually perch on plant roots and weeds.The feeding peak of Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar occurs during 08:00-10:00 and 16:00-20:00.Its food intake will be greatly increased after the 4th instar.The feed intake after molting is larger than that before molting，and after eclosion is larger than that before eclosion.And the feed intake of adults is much larger than that of nymphs.The adults will start to take food 2-3 h after the eclosion，and then they enter the overeating phase. Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar has a smaller range of activities.It cannot fly long distance.However，it is good at jumping or short-distance migration. The dicots，such as soybean，vegetables，alfalfa，sesame and sweet potato，are its favorable food.

Table 1 Ecological distribution and flora analysis of locust in Binzhou City

Oxya chinensis（Thunb.）Oxya chinensis（Thunb.）is also a dominant locust species.It only occurs one generation in Binzhou in a year.Its eggs overwinter in soil.The overwintering eggs start to be hatched in May next year.The nymphs also has six instars with duration of 75 d.The life of adults is about 70 d.It takes about 16 d from eclosion to mating，while it takes 10-30 d from mating to spawning.Most of the eggs are hatched in morning，and only a little part is hatched in rainy and low-temperature weathers.In leeward and sunny places，such as high-altitude ridges and dams，the eggs will be hatched early.Its molting and eclosion mostly occur in morning，but rarely at night and in rainy weather.The mating is often completed in day.The eggs are mostly laid in the places whichhave both small reed and？Aeluropus litoralis，followed by ditch ridges and field ridges.The adults can fly a long distance.The cluster of Oxya chinensis（Thunb.）like to take food together. It mainly damages graminaceous crops and weeds，such as corn，sorghum，wheat，millet and reed.

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Calliptamus abbreviates lkovnn

Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn is dominant in number.It only has one generation in Binzhou in a year.It overwinters in soil of field ridges，sunny slopes and dams as eggs.The overwintering eggs will be hatched in late May to middle June.The female nymphs have six instars，while the male nymphs have five instars.The whole nymph stage lasts for about 56 d.It takes about 13 d from eclosion to mating.The life of adults is 35-58 d. The eggs are usually hatched from 08:00 to 16:00，especially at 10:00. The molting and eclosion mainly occur in sunny and hot days，but none molting occurs at night or in rainy and lowtemperature days.The optimum temperature for molting and eclosion is 25-30℃.The multi-mating phenomenon may occur in adults.The eggs are usually laid in leeward，sunny，compacted and light saline soil. The adults are poor at flying or long distance migration，but they have great jumping capacity.In general conditions，the adults usually crawl.The optimum temperature for their growth and development is 20-28℃.They like to eat soybeans，alfalfa and other legumes，followed by wheat，maize，millet，sorghum，vegetables，sweet potatoes and Compositae.

Shirakiacris shirakii（l.Bol.）Shirakiacris shirakii（I.Bol.）is also a dominant locust species in Binzhou.It only occurs one generation in a year and overwinters in soil as eggs.Its nymphs have six instars.The overwintering eggs start to be hatched in late May and grow to adults in late July.The mating and spawning are usually started in early and middle August.Thus the life of adults is prolonged to late October.The locust eggs will develop most fastly in high-altitude and dry dams and field ridges.While in the low-lying and wet soil，the eggs will develop slowly.Both nymphs and adults are good at jumping.The adults have certain ability to fly.Shirakiacris shirakii（I.Bol.）often migrate a long distance due to unsuitable environment in autumn.It likes to eat soybeans，red beans，green beans，alfalfa and other legumes.In addition，cabbage，carrots and sweet potato may also be damaged.

Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）Locusta migratoria manilensis （Meyen）is a dominant locust species in Binzhou.It occurs two generations in a year.The nymphs have five instars.The occurrence period of Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）varies due to the changes in temperature.The summer nymphs are usually started to hatch in early May，and they take 30-40 d to grow up to adults.The eggs，laid by summer nymphs，can be hatched as early as 14-20 d after the spawning.The autumn nymphs start to unearth in middle July，and take 20-30 d to grow up to adults.The adults start to mate 8-10 after the eclosion，and the female adults start to spawn 8-10 d after the mating.Most of the eggs are laid from middle and late September to early October.No diapause phenomenon occurs in Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）.If the environmental conditions are suitable，the embryo begins to develop. The incubation mainly occurs during 11:00 to 13:00，but rarely occurs in the morning or afternoon.The eggs are not hatched at night，and only little eggs are hatched in rainy days.Similarly，the molting of nymphs mainly occurs in the morning，but generally doesn’t occur in rainy days.The nymphs have gregarious habit.They often cluster into dots and certain areas.The dots and areas may be overlapped and accumulated.The migration of flocks generally occurs.Most of the nymphs are feathered at day.The adults have habits of flying and migrating.The migration distance of scatteredly-settled adults is only 4 km，but it can be extended as large as 80 km.The gregarious adults will migrate in flocks，and their flying can be lasted as long as 10-18 h.The favorable food of Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）are Gramineae and Cyperaceae plants and weeds.

Epacromius coerulipis （lvan.）

Epacromius coerulipis（Ivan.）is a dom-inant locust species.It has two generations in North Shandong.The eggs overwinter in soil.The first-generation overwintering eggs start to be hatched in early May.The nymphs have five instars.The hatching-death duration is 82-115 d.The second-generation eggs start to be hatched during late July to early August.The hatching-death duration is 89.2 d.When it is sunny，the eggs are hatched in the whole day，especially during 10:00 to 16:00.In the sunny days after rain，most of the eggs are hatched.The molting mainly occurs in sunny days.The eclosion mainly occurs during 10:00 to 16:00，and the mating mainly occurs during 10:00 to 11:00 of sunny days.In cloudy days，only a small number of insects mate.But in rainy days，none insects mate.It takes 9.5 d in average from eclosion to sexual maturity and takes about 5.5 d from mating to spawning.Most of the eggs are laid during 15:00 to 20:00 of sunny days. They like to eat beans （except green beans and lentils）and alfalfa，as well as Gramineae，Cyperaceae，Chenopodiaceae，Brassicaceae，Asteraceae and Portulacaceae plants. But they don’t eat Plantaginaceae，Malvaceae and Umbelliferae plants.

Table 3 Occurrence of locusts in Binzhou City at different periods

Aiolopus tamulus（Fabr.） Aiolopus tamulus （Fabr.）is a companion species of Epacromius coerulipis（I-van.）.In Binzhou City，it occurs two generations in a year.It overwinters in soil as eggs.The nymphs have five instars.In general years，the first-generation nymphs start to be hatched in late April to early May.The first instar takes about 7 d.It takes about 8 d for each of 2nd-4thinstars.The 5thinstar takes about 10 d.The nymphs start to be feathered in early June.In late June，the adults start to mate and spawn.The second-generation eggs start to be hatched during early and middle July.The nymph stage lasts for about 30 d.The eclosion occurs during late July to early August.The mating and spawning occur during late August and early September.When it is sunny，the eggs are hatched in the whole day，especially during 10:00 to 16:00. The molting mainly occurs during 10:00 to 11:00 of sunny days.The eclosion mainly occurs during 10:00 to 16:00 every day.The adults can fly tortuously for short distance，and have strong phototaxis.They mainly damage maize，sorghum，millet，wheat and other Gramineae crops.

Oedaleus infernalis Saussure

Oedaleus infernalis Saussure is a companion species of Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）.It occurs two generations in Binzhou in a year and overwinters in soil as eggs.Thenymphs have five instars.In general years，the first-generation nymphs start to be hatched in middle May.The whole duration is 54.8 d.The female adults start to spawn during middle to late July.The life of first-generation adults is 61.1 d.The second-generation locust eggs start to be hatched in middle August. The duration of nymphs is 46.4 d.The adult stage lasts for 46.1 d.When it is sunny，the eggs are mostly hatched during 9:00 to 16:00.The nymphs will mainly molt in days when it is hot and wet，but has no wind.Then most of the nymphs are feathered.The adults have habit of expanded migration.They like to eat maize，wheat，millet，sorghum and other crops.

Acrida cinerea Thunb.Acrida cinerea Thunb.is a dominant locust species in Binzhou.It occurs one generation in a year.The eggs overwinter in soil.The overwintering period is about 270 d.The eggs start to be hatched in late May next year.The nymphs have six instars.The duration of nymphs is about 60 d.The unearthing，molting and eclosion mainly occur during 08:00 to 10:00，08:00 to 18:00 and 09:00 to 11:00 in a day，respectively.The male insects are feathered earlier，while the male insects are feathered later.It takes 13-14 d to mate after the eclosion and takes 6-23 d，15 d in general，to spawn after mating.They mainly damages Gramineae crops and weeds.Millet，maize，sorghum and wheat are their favorable food.In addition，they also eat beans，cabbage，carrots，sweet potato，etc.

Occurrence regularities of locusts in different ecological environments at different periods

Occurrence regularities of locusts at different periods The investigation results of occurrence regularities of locusts at different periods were shown in Table 3.In May，the dominant locust species were Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.），Oxya chinensis（Thunb.）and Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn.Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）， Haplotropis brunneriana Sauss，Celes skalozubovi akitanus（Shir.）and Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar are common species.In July，Acrida cinerea Thunb.，Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.）and Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn are dominant species，while Oxya chinensis（Thunb.），Shirakiacris shirakii（I.Bol.），Gonista bicolor （Haan）， Celes skalozubovi akitanus （Shir.），Locusta migratoria manilensis （Meyen），Oedaleus infernalis Saussure，Trilophidia annulata （Thunb.）and Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar are common species.In September，the dominant species were Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.）and Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn.And the common species were Acrida cinerea Thunb.，Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar，Oxya chinensis （Thunb.），Gonista bicolor（Haan），Shirakiacris shirakii（I.Bol.），Oedaleus infernalis Saussure，Trilophidia annulata（Thunb.），Locusta migratoria manilensis （Meyen）and Aiolopus tamulus（Fabr.）［3］.

Occurrence regularities of locusts in different ecological environments As shown in Table 4，a total of 1 468 locusts were found in farmland.They belonged to 11 species，while the 11 species belonged to 4 families and 11 genera.They accounted for 61.11%of the total found locust species.The dominant species were Epacromius coerulipis（Ivan.），Acrida cinerea Thunb.and Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar.In wasteland，there were total 2 350 locusts belonging to 12 species，10 genera and 5 families. The identified locust species accounted for 66.67%of the total.Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.），Acrida cinerea Thunb.，Oxya chinensis（Thunb.）and Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn had dominancy in number.In swamp，a total of 2 167 locusts were found.They belonged to 15 species，13 genera and 5 families.The found locust species in swamp accounted for 83.33%of the total locust species.The dominant species included Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.），Oxya chinensis（Thunb.），Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn，Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen），Shirakiacris shirakii（I.Bol.）and Acrida cinerea Thunb.In special environment，2 489 locusts were found.They belonged to 16 species，14 genera and 5families. The identified locust species in special environment accounted for 88.89%of the total.The dominant species were Epacromius coerulipis （Ivan.），Acrida cinerea Thunb.and Calliptamus abbreviates Ikovnn.In terms of diversity index，the four ecological environments

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濱州市蝗蟲發(fā)生規(guī)律研究初報(bào)

劉非1，吳忠輝2，李金枝2*，田方文3（1.濱州市氣象局，山東濱州256612；2.無棣縣氣象局，山東無棣251900；3.無棣縣農(nóng)業(yè)局，山東無棣251900）

通過1991～2010年的系統(tǒng)普查與探討，查明濱州市總科蝗種共18種，隸屬于6科15屬；分布于農(nóng)田、夾荒、荒洼、特殊環(huán)境4個(gè)生態(tài)環(huán)境；明確了各生態(tài)環(huán)境、各個(gè)時(shí)期的優(yōu)勢(shì)種，常見種和少見種，及各蝗種的區(qū)系性質(zhì)；明確了7種優(yōu)勢(shì)蝗種和2種少見種的生活史及習(xí)性。

蝗蟲；分布；區(qū)系；優(yōu)勢(shì)種；濱州

劉非（1988-），男，山東無棣人，助理工程師，從事氣象災(zāi)害防御方面的研究。*通訊作者，本科，從事氣象服務(wù)及管理方面的工作，E-mail：wdqxljz@163.com。。

2014-12-01

2015-02-11

.E-mail:wdqxljz@163.com

December 1，2014Accepted:February 11，2015