曹達(dá)魁 姚揚(yáng)偉★ 王海琴
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征患者T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群 CRP及IMT變化
曹達(dá)魁姚揚(yáng)偉★王海琴
目的 檢測(cè)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)患者血清T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)及頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)變化,旨在探討OSAHS發(fā)病機(jī)制。方法 觀察對(duì)象分為正常對(duì)照組和輕、中、重度OSAHS組,根據(jù)多導(dǎo)睡眠儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果抽取觀察對(duì)象進(jìn)入相應(yīng)觀察組,每組各15例,ELIAS法檢測(cè)CRP、流式細(xì)胞儀測(cè)定淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、超聲測(cè)定IMT,對(duì)比各組相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)變化情況,并分析各組數(shù)據(jù)之間的相關(guān)性,并對(duì)部分OSAHS患者進(jìn)行持續(xù)正壓通氣(CPAP)治療了解各數(shù)據(jù)變化情況。結(jié)果 OSAHS患者CD4+T細(xì)胞比例較正常對(duì)照組水平低,CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT較正常對(duì)照組水平高,伴隨OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度加重,CD4+T細(xì)胞比例下降,CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT上升,各組數(shù)據(jù)比較具有明顯差異性(P均<0.05)。CD4+T細(xì)胞比例與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.924,P<0.01),CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)(r值分別為0.930、0.948、0.569,P均<0.01)。經(jīng)CPAP治療前后IMT輕中重度三組均無(wú)明顯變化,輕度組OSAHS患者T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、CRP治療前后無(wú)明顯變化,中重度組OSAHS患者經(jīng)治療后CD4+T細(xì)胞比例上升,CD8+T細(xì)胞比例及CRP下降。結(jié)論 免疫細(xì)胞特別是T淋巴細(xì)胞及炎癥反應(yīng)參與了OSAHS發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程,并且隨疾病進(jìn)展,可導(dǎo)致心血管疾病發(fā)生率增加,CPAP可作為OSAHS患者臨床有效治療手段之一,并可相應(yīng)增加提高免疫力及抗炎方面治療手段。
T淋巴細(xì)胞 C反應(yīng)蛋白 頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)是指在每晚睡眠過(guò)程中,呼吸暫停反復(fù)發(fā)作>30次或睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)≥5次/h,并伴有嗜睡等臨床癥狀。OSAHS病具體病因尚不明確,目前有關(guān)炎癥因子在OSAHS發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用備受關(guān)注[1]。C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)是一項(xiàng)重要的炎癥標(biāo)志物,可預(yù)測(cè)心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)度[2]。頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)的增加是早期動(dòng)脈硬化的標(biāo)志,且與心血管危險(xiǎn)因素顯著相關(guān)[3]。本資料通過(guò)檢測(cè)OSAHS患者及健康人群T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、CRP及IMT變化情況及其與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)性,以期提高對(duì)OSAHS臨床認(rèn)識(shí),為進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)和更好防治OSAHS提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1一般資料 經(jīng)多導(dǎo)睡眠儀監(jiān)測(cè)診斷為OSAHS的45例患者,其中男38例,女7例;平均年齡(43.63±13.48)歲。根據(jù)AHI將OSAHS組進(jìn)一步分為輕度組(5次/h≤AHI<20次/h)15例,中度組(20次/h≤AHI<40次/h)15例,重度組(AHI≥40次/ h)15例,對(duì)OSAHS組中19例(輕度6例、中度7例、重度6例)進(jìn)行無(wú)創(chuàng)持續(xù)正壓通氣治療(CPAP)3個(gè)月。正常對(duì)照組15例,男13例,女2例;平均年齡(44.12±10.84)歲。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):同期臨床不符合OSAHS且經(jīng)多導(dǎo)睡眠儀檢查AHI<5次/h;年齡、體質(zhì)指數(shù)及吸煙情況與OSAHS組相匹配。兩組均排除高血壓病、冠心病、心力衰竭、糖尿病、急性感染、創(chuàng)傷、手術(shù)者,無(wú)全身性疾病如惡性腫瘤者,無(wú)長(zhǎng)期服用非甾體抗炎藥及抗凝藥病史者。
1.2觀察指標(biāo) (1)多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè):所有受試者當(dāng)日禁止飲酒、咖啡、濃茶,禁服用鎮(zhèn)靜及影響睡眠藥物。采用美國(guó)Embla多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)儀進(jìn)行整夜多導(dǎo)睡眠圖監(jiān)測(cè),記錄時(shí)間>7h,內(nèi)容包括胸口鼻氣流、胸式呼吸、腹式呼吸、動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度、腦電圖、心電圖、眼電圖、體位活動(dòng)等。OSAHS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考2002年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)睡眠呼吸疾病學(xué)組的《阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診治指南草案》[4]。(2)IMT測(cè)定:由本院SIEMENS最新的SEQUOIA512彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀完成,患者仰臥位,平靜休息5min后進(jìn)行,分別測(cè)量各組患者頸動(dòng)脈膨大處、近端1cm及遠(yuǎn)端1cm處IMT,測(cè)量3次取其平均值計(jì)數(shù)。(3)炎癥指標(biāo)及淋巴細(xì)胞亞群測(cè)定:入院后第2天清晨空腹采取肘靜脈血5ml,血清CRP由本院西門子Dimension RXLmax全自動(dòng)生化分析儀完成,T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群測(cè)定由本院美國(guó)Beckman公司EPICS-XL4型流式細(xì)胞分析儀完成。(4)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析:OSAHS組治療3個(gè)月后T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群、CRP及IMT治療前后數(shù)據(jù)變化情況。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,如方差不齊采用多組間Kruskal-Wallis H法的非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);兩變量相關(guān)分析采用Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)及直線相關(guān)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1四組CD4+T細(xì)胞比例、CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT之間比較 見(jiàn)表1。
表1 四組CD4+T、CD8+T、CRP及IMT結(jié)果比較(x±s)
2.2CD4+T細(xì)胞比例、CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT與OSAHS組別相關(guān)性分析 相關(guān)性分析顯示,CD4+T細(xì)胞比例與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.924,P<0.01)。CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)(r值分別為0.930、0.948、0.569,P均<0.01)。
2.3部分OSAHS組患者經(jīng)CPAP治療前后CD4+T細(xì)胞比例、CD8+T細(xì)胞比例、CRP及IMT變化情況 見(jiàn)表2。
表2 OSASH患者經(jīng)CPAP治療前后CD4+T、CD8+T、CRP及IMT變化情況(x±s)
T淋巴細(xì)胞是機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)功能最重要的一群細(xì)胞,由CD4+T細(xì)胞和CD8+T細(xì)胞兩個(gè)亞群組成。Kreger[5]等研究證實(shí)OSAHS患者免疫細(xì)胞及免疫功能有異常,T淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量以及CD4+T/CD8+T的比值均有改變,CD4+T細(xì)胞較正常減少,而CD8+T細(xì)胞高于正常,表明OSAHS患者免疫功能降低。本資料結(jié)果顯示OSAHS患者CD4+T細(xì)胞比例較正常對(duì)照組下降,且CD4+T細(xì)胞比例與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度成反比;而CD8+T細(xì)胞比例較正常對(duì)照組上升,CD8+T細(xì)胞比例與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度成正比,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明OSAHS患者機(jī)體免疫功能下降,且下降程度與病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正比。
本資料顯示經(jīng)CPAP治療后,中重度OSAHS患者CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞比例上升,CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞比例下降,說(shuō)明經(jīng)CPAP治療后淋巴細(xì)胞的失衡狀態(tài)得到緩解,因此CPAP治療可防治OSAHS患者啟動(dòng)免疫反應(yīng)。免疫細(xì)胞特別是T淋巴細(xì)胞已參與OSAHS的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程,但具體OSAHS患者的睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂、慢性炎癥感染、局部損傷等因素與T淋巴細(xì)胞免疫功能降低的關(guān)系則需進(jìn)一步有待研究。
炎癥在OSAHS及其并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生中起重要作用,CRP是炎癥過(guò)程中的重要標(biāo)志,主要在肝臟合成和分泌,正常情況下CRP以微量形式存在于健康人血清中,CRP升高反映了機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài)。本資料結(jié)果顯示OSAHS患者血清CRP水平顯著高于健康對(duì)照人群,血清CRP的水平與OSAHS的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),提示OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度加重,機(jī)體伴隨炎癥反應(yīng)水平增加。有研究報(bào)道OSAHS患者CRP升高與反復(fù)的血氧不足和睡眠障礙引起的組織炎癥有關(guān)[6]??紤]OSAHS存在一個(gè)慢性炎癥過(guò)程,這個(gè)過(guò)程可能增加口咽部吸氣肌的功能障礙,從而增加上氣道狹窄,使其塌陷,加重睡眠中呼吸暫停的次數(shù)和持續(xù)時(shí)間[7],而且OSAHS患者夜間睡眠時(shí)反復(fù)發(fā)生呼吸暫停、間斷缺氧有關(guān),通過(guò)缺血再灌注損傷引起氧自由基產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激,局部和全身炎癥反應(yīng)增強(qiáng),從而促使機(jī)體CRP水平升高。本資料結(jié)果提示經(jīng)CPAP治療后,中重度OSAHS患者CRP下降,治療前后結(jié)果有顯著性差異。
CRP不僅是全身炎癥的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志,而且還是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)程中的危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)志,并且是一個(gè)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的致病因素[8]。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是多種心腦血管疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ),IMT是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的早期表現(xiàn),并且與全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化嚴(yán)重程度平行。IMT是能夠反映早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的良好無(wú)創(chuàng)性指標(biāo)[9],能預(yù)測(cè)心腦血管事件發(fā)生。流行病學(xué)證實(shí)OSAHS是高血壓、冠心病、肺心病和腦卒中等心腦血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[10]。國(guó)外研究報(bào)道OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度與IMT增厚有關(guān)[11]。本資料結(jié)果提示OSAHS患者IMT增厚,且IMT厚度與OSAHS嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),與上述報(bào)道結(jié)果一致。原因考慮OSAHS患者睡眠中由于反復(fù)上氣道阻塞,出現(xiàn)間斷缺氧和再氧合,這種缺氧/再氧合類似于缺血/再灌注過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)多的活性氧,從而引起機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài),而氧化應(yīng)激是導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷的重要因素之一,血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷使血管內(nèi)膜平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和組織損傷,由此引起一系列細(xì)胞因子的釋放,這些細(xì)胞因子釋放的瀑布效應(yīng)觸發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的形成,同時(shí)也是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的始動(dòng)因素。
總之,免疫細(xì)胞特別是T淋巴細(xì)胞及炎癥反應(yīng)參與了OSAHS發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程,并且隨疾病進(jìn)展,可導(dǎo)致心血管疾病發(fā)生率增加。臨床治療OSAHS過(guò)程中,CPAP可作為有效治療手段之一,并且可相應(yīng)增加提高免疫力及抗炎方面治療手段。本項(xiàng)目不足之處在于所選病例持續(xù)正壓通氣治療及結(jié)果未長(zhǎng)期隨訪,可進(jìn)一步行抗炎治療并觀察結(jié)果變化。研究樣本有限,涉及范圍局限(細(xì)胞免疫其他項(xiàng)目及細(xì)胞因子),需多中心、多范圍、大樣本研究。
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Objective To detect changes in T-lymphocyte subsets,C-reactive protein and intima-media thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,to investigate the pathogenesis of OSAHS. Methods Study subjects were divided into normal control group and mild,moderate and severe OSAHS group,observed objects drawn into the corresponding research groups of 15 cases according to polysomnography test Results,detect CRP by the method of ELIAS,lymphocyte subpopulations by fl ow cytometry,IMT measurement with ultrasound,compare the related data changes of each group,and analyze the correlation between each set of data while treat part of OSAHS patients with continuous positive airway pressure(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)to understand the data changes. Results The percentage of CD4+T cells decreased while the percentage of CD8+ T cells、CRP and IMT increased with OSAHS patients in comparison with the control group,moreover,these changes became more signifi cant with the development of OSAHS(P<0.05). The percentage of CD4+T cells was correlated negatively with the development of OSAHS(r=-0.924,P<0.01). The percentage of CD8+T cells、CRP and IMT were correlated positively with the development of OSAHS(r=0.930、0.948、0.569,P<0.01). IMT mild,moderate and severe three groups did not change significantly after treatment by CPAP,and no significant changes in the T lymphocyte subsets and CRP of patients with mild OSAHS group after treatment. The percentage of CD4+T cells increased while the percentage of CD8+T cells、CRP decreased in the moderate and severe group. Conclusions Immune cells,particularly T lymphocytes,and infl ammatory involved in the development and progression of OSAHS,and with the development of OSAHS,They could increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease. It's an effective clinical treatment to the patients with OSAHS by CPAP,So we can improve immunity and anti-infl ammatory in the clinical treatment of OSAHS.
T-lymphocyte CRP IMT
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