曾慶磊 付艷玲 呂君 劉艷民 潘亞杰 余祖江
慢性丙型肝炎持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答后發(fā)生肝癌患者的臨床特征分析
曾慶磊付艷玲呂君劉艷民潘亞杰余祖江
目的研究抗HCV治療后獲得持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答(SVR)發(fā)生肝癌(HCC)患者的臨床特征。方法 收集2006年至2014年鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院感染病科因慢性丙型肝炎入院抗病毒后獲得SVR且未發(fā)生HCC的住院患者192例,SVR后發(fā)生HCC患者11例,分析兩組患者臨床特征的差異。結(jié)果 HCC組隨訪中位時(shí)間為17(10~39)個(gè)月,無(wú)HCC組為50(33~63)個(gè)月。HCC組初始診斷HCV感染時(shí)以及抗病毒時(shí)疾病所處的階段為代償期肝硬化所占比例顯著高于無(wú)HCC組(54.5%比4.2%,P<0.01;63.6%比16.7%,P=0.001);HCC組病毒性肝炎家族史的比例顯著高于無(wú)HCC組(100%比10.4%,P<0.01);HCC組SVR時(shí)白蛋白水平顯著低于無(wú)HCC組[(35.0±6.0)g/L比(41.3±4.7)g/L,P= 0.001];HCC組SVR時(shí)甲胎蛋白水平顯著高于無(wú)HCC組[(29.8±3.2)ng/m L比(5.7±4.4)ng/m L,P<0.01]。結(jié)論
慢性丙型肝炎;肝細(xì)胞癌;危險(xiǎn)因素;持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答
全球范圍內(nèi)有超過(guò)1.6億HCV感染者,感染HCV后80%進(jìn)展為慢性丙型肝炎(CHC),HCV感染是導(dǎo)致肝硬化(LC)、肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)、甚至死亡的主要原因[1,2]。在中國(guó),干擾素α(IFNα)聯(lián)合利巴韋林(RBV)抗病毒治療仍是目前清除HCV的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法,99%的患者抗病毒后獲得持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答(SVR),等同于治愈,提示發(fā)生 SVR 后HCC的概率極低[2,3]。有研究指出,在CHC的晚期獲得SVR,其肝移植和肝臟相關(guān)死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)顯著降低,但是仍然有發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。高齡和酗酒者HCV清除后5年內(nèi)發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能會(huì)增加[4-8]。近期的研究提示,白蛋白、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平與獲得SVR后HCC的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[9,10]。本研究擬探討獲得SVR后發(fā)生HCC和未發(fā)生HCC患者的臨床特征。
一、數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
本研究中的患者均來(lái)自2006年1月至2014年12月鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院感染病科臨床數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),所有被納入的患者均需臨床和隨訪信息完整,接受了IFNα聯(lián)合RBV抗病毒治療,且獲得SVR。IFNα的劑量主要根據(jù)體質(zhì)量和耐受情況,普通IFNα不低于3百萬(wàn)IU、每周3次,PEG-IFNα-2a和α-2b分別不低于135μg和50μg,每周1次;RBV的劑量不低于10.6 mg/kg;療程根據(jù)HCV基因型確定,基因1b型為48周,基因2a型為24周。診斷慢性HCV感染時(shí)疾病所處的階段分為CHC、LC和HCC。CHC的診斷依據(jù)2004年中國(guó)丙型肝炎防治指南[11]和2011年歐洲肝病學(xué)會(huì)丙型肝炎防治指南[2]。LC的診斷依據(jù)肝穿病理檢查確診,或至少兩種影像學(xué)檢查(腹部B超、計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描及核磁共振成像)聯(lián)合臨床表現(xiàn)確診。HCC的診斷依據(jù)肝穿病理檢查確診,或至少上述兩種影像學(xué)檢查確診,或上述一種病理學(xué)檢查聯(lián)合AFP水平>400 ng/m L。
二、分析因素的納入
具有促進(jìn)疾病進(jìn)展的可能、且病例資料中齊全的潛在因素均作為評(píng)估因素進(jìn)行分析;包括診斷慢性HCV感染時(shí)疾病所處的階段、HBs Ag、抗-HBc、抗-HIV、抗病毒治療時(shí)疾病所處階段、高血壓、糖尿病、飲酒、輸血史、吸煙史以及病毒性肝炎家族史[12]。飲酒史的定義為每周至少有4 d飲酒、且至少持續(xù)5年[12,13]。吸煙史的定義為每周至少有4 d吸煙、且至少持續(xù)5年[12,13]。病毒性肝炎家族史定義為直系親屬慢性感染HBV或HCV。收集患者抗病毒治療停藥后24周時(shí)的白蛋白、ALT和AFP水平納入分析。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
分析SVR后發(fā)生HCC組和未發(fā)生HCC組相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比例時(shí)用χ2檢驗(yàn),連續(xù)性變量的比較應(yīng)用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0軟件。所有檢驗(yàn)均為雙側(cè),P<0.05提示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、研究人群的基本特征
本研究共納入203例IFNα聯(lián)合RBV抗病毒后獲得SVR的CHC患者,其中11例發(fā)生HCC。表1顯示HC組和無(wú)HCC組的基本特征。兩組患者年齡、性別、民族、HBs Ag、抗-HIV、HCVRNA以及HCV感染診斷時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,HCC組SVR 與HCC的間隔時(shí)間顯著短于無(wú)HCC組SVR后的持續(xù)時(shí)間。
二、兩組患者臨床特征分析
HCC組初始診斷HCV感染時(shí)以及抗病毒時(shí)為代償期肝硬化所占比例顯著高于無(wú)HCC組;HCC組病毒性肝炎家族史的比例顯著高于無(wú)HCC組;HCC 組SVR時(shí)白蛋白水平顯著低于無(wú) HCC組;HCC組SVR時(shí)AFP水平顯著高于無(wú)HCC組。余納入分析的因素在兩組中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。
表1HCC組和無(wú)HCC組患者的基本特征
表2 兩組患者臨床特征比較[例,比(%)]
有研究提示,即使在LC患者中,IFNα聯(lián)合RBV治療亦能夠降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12,14,15],但這并不意味著SVR后無(wú)HCC的發(fā)生。本研究將13個(gè)潛在因素進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)有5個(gè)差異性因素可能為SVR后HCC的危險(xiǎn)因素,即初始診斷HCV感染時(shí)和抗病毒時(shí)患者為代償期肝硬化、病毒性肝炎家族史、SVR時(shí)低白蛋白水平以及SVR時(shí)較高甲胎蛋白水平。
有研究提示,清除HCV時(shí)年齡在55歲以上是發(fā)生HCC的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[8]。飲酒和肥胖也可協(xié)同增加HCC和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13,16],糖尿病也被認(rèn)為與CHC患者不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[17,18]。有研究提示單純抗-HBc陽(yáng)性與HCV感染預(yù)后無(wú)關(guān)[19],吸煙是否是影響CHC預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素存在爭(zhēng)議[20,21]。近期的研究提示SVR 時(shí)ALT水平與HCC密切相關(guān)。此外,高血壓、傳播途徑及HCV家族史這些變量是否與SVR后HCC相關(guān)尚未可知。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),上述因素在兩組中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。有研究提示CHC晚期階段獲得SVR仍有發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4-7],SVR時(shí)AFP的水平與SVR后HCC的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[9],但也存在一定的爭(zhēng)議[22,23];此外,有研究指出SVR后HCC患者SVR時(shí)的白蛋白水平較低[10]。本研究將這些變量納入分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)上述因素在兩組中均差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本研究中無(wú)HCC組SVR后隨訪時(shí)間顯著長(zhǎng)于HCC組,在一定程度上增加了結(jié)果的可靠性;但也存在一定的局限性。首先,盡管住院抗病毒治療且獲得SVR的CHC患者有203例,而SVR后HCC患者僅有11例,病例數(shù)較少可能會(huì)在一定程度上影響統(tǒng)計(jì)效能。其次,IL-28B SNP基因型對(duì)HCV的清除有預(yù)測(cè)作用[24,25],而本研究并未將HCV基因型和IL-28B SNP納入分析,因?yàn)樯鲜鲋笜?biāo)在預(yù)測(cè)HCV清除和抗病毒療效時(shí)效果顯著,而本研究均為已經(jīng)發(fā)生了SVR的患者。此外,一些非侵入性檢查也有預(yù)測(cè)HCC發(fā)生的作用[26],本研究未將其納入模型,主要因?yàn)闄M跨時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),而有些非侵入性檢查2009年后才在中國(guó)大陸地區(qū)投入使用。
總之,本研究提示初始診斷HCV感染時(shí)和抗病毒時(shí)患者為代償期肝硬化、病毒性肝炎家族史、SVR時(shí)低白蛋白水平以及高甲胎蛋白水平可能是發(fā)生SVR后HCC的危險(xiǎn)因素;在對(duì)LC患者進(jìn)行抗病毒評(píng)估時(shí)需考慮到SVR后HCC發(fā)生的可能性并向患者告知,以便權(quán)衡利弊;獲得SVR后檢測(cè)白蛋白和AFP水平可能有利于SVR后HCC的預(yù)測(cè)。本研究結(jié)果有待后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)和拓展。
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Clinical characteristics analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients with a sustained virologic response
ZENG Qing-lei,F(xiàn)U Yan-ling,LV Jun,LIU Yan-min,PAN Ya-jie,YU Zu-jiang.Department of Infectious Diseases,The First Af filiated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450000,China
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in chronic hepatitis C(CHC)patients who had achieved a sustained virologic response(post-SVR HCC)to antivirus therapy.Methods Two hundred and three SVR-achieving CHC inpatients in first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University from 2006 to 2014,including 192 post-SVR non-HCC cases(control group)and 11 post-SVR HCC cases(case group),were enrolled to analyze their clinical characteristics.Results The median follow-up periods of case group and control group were 17.0 (10.0-39.0)and 50.0(33.0-63.0)months,respectively.When compared to those in control group,there were significantly higher rates of preliminary diagnosis as compensated cirrhosis and antiviral therapy initiated in compensated cirrhosis in case group(54.5%vs.4.2%,P<0.001;63.6%vs.16.7%,P=0.001),higher proportion of family history of hepatitis(100%vs.10.4%,P<0.001),lower post-SVR albumin level(35.0±6.0 g/L vs.41.3±4.7 g/L,P= 0.001),higher post-SVR alpha fetal protein level(AFP)in case group(29.8±3.2 ng/m L vs.5.7±4.4 ng/m L,P<0.001),respectively.Conclusion Preliminary diagnosis as compensated cirrhosis,antiviral therapy initiated in compensated cirrhosis,family history of hepatitis,low post-SVR albumin level and high post-SVR AFP level may be risk factors for the occurrence of HCC in CHC patients who had achieved SVR to anti-HCV therapy.
Chronic hepatitis C;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Risk factor;Sustained virologic response
2015-05-18)
(本文編輯:錢(qián)燕)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81302593);河南省高等學(xué)校重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目(15A320083)
450000 鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院感染病科
余祖江,Email:johnyuem@zzu.edu.cn
初始診斷HCV感染時(shí)和抗病毒時(shí)患者為代償期肝硬化、病毒性肝炎家族史、SVR時(shí)低白蛋白水平以及SVR時(shí)較高甲胎蛋白水平可能是慢性丙肝患者SVR后HCC的危險(xiǎn)因素。