張 晶,趙大力,謝忠偉,劉彥軍,李志君,李 巖,龔守良,齊亞莉
(1. 北華大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病學(xué)教研室,吉林 吉林 132011;2. 吉林(市)出入境檢驗檢疫局,吉林 吉林132012;3. 吉林省長春市人民醫(yī)院腫瘤治療科,吉林 長春 130051; 4.吉林大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院 衛(wèi)生部放射生物學(xué)重點實驗室,吉林 長春 130021)
電離輻射對Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)MCF-7細(xì)胞模型細(xì)胞自噬和凋亡的影響及其調(diào)控機制
張 晶1,趙大力2,謝忠偉2,劉彥軍3,李志君1,李巖1,龔守良4,齊亞莉1
(1. 北華大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病學(xué)教研室,吉林 吉林 132011;2. 吉林(市)出入境檢驗檢疫局,吉林 吉林132012;3. 吉林省長春市人民醫(yī)院腫瘤治療科,吉林 長春 130051; 4.吉林大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院 衛(wèi)生部放射生物學(xué)重點實驗室,吉林 長春 130021)
目的:建立Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)MCF-7細(xì)胞模型,檢測4 Gy照射后細(xì)胞自噬和凋亡的變化,探討B(tài)eclin 1的分子調(diào)控作用機制。方法:實驗分為MCF-7組、MCF-7+4 Gy組、MCF-7-Beclin1+4 Gy組和MCF-7-Belin1 RNAi+4 Gy組。利用分子生物學(xué)方法構(gòu)建Beclin 1過表達(dá)載體pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1,并建立Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)細(xì)胞模型。細(xì)胞經(jīng)4 Gy照射后,采用MDC染色熒光顯微鏡觀察自噬細(xì)胞百分比,AnnexinⅤ-FITC和PI染色流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測凋亡細(xì)胞百分比,Western blotting法檢測Beclin 1、P53、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果:與MCF-7組比較,MCF-7+4 Gy組、MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組和MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi+4 Gy組自噬和凋亡細(xì)胞百分比均明顯升高(P<0.05 或P<0.01),以MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組升高最明顯,且高于MCF-7+4 Gy組 (P<0.05);各組壞死細(xì)胞百分比無明顯差異。4 Gy照射后,MCF-7組和MCF-7-Beclin 1組細(xì)胞中Beclin 1、P53和Bax蛋白表達(dá)水平均升高,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)水平降低,且以MCF-7-Beclin 1組最為明顯。結(jié)論:成功建立Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)MCF-7細(xì)胞模型,電離輻射能夠誘導(dǎo)其細(xì)胞自噬和凋亡,且對Beclin 1過表達(dá)細(xì)胞作用更明顯。Beclin1通過激活P53,進(jìn)而抑制Bcl-2和激活Bax,從而形成以P53為中心的自噬與凋亡分子調(diào)控機制。
自噬;細(xì)胞凋亡;電離輻射;Beclin 1;P53
乳腺癌放射治療是臨床上常用的治療方式。實際上,在放療誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡過程中,常會出現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的輻射耐受現(xiàn)象和腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸凋亡,達(dá)不到理想的治療效果。自噬(autophagy)是另一種程序化細(xì)胞死亡方式,是真核細(xì)胞蛋白降解的重要途徑,受諸如輻射等多種外來因素刺激而發(fā)生[1-4]。自噬涉及到許多調(diào)控分子,形成龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。Beclin 1基因是抑癌基因,可以參與自噬體的形成,有利于吞噬泡的聚集和組裝;同時,還有利于自噬體的成熟,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[5-6]。P53可與Beclin 1相互作用,共同決定腫瘤細(xì)胞的命運[7];并且,P53與Bcl-2家族共同參與細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)控。本研究探討B(tài)eclin 1通過激活P53,進(jìn)而抑制Bcl-2和激活Bax,從而形成以P53為中心的自噬與凋亡分子調(diào)控機制,為乳腺癌放射治療提供新的靶點和思路。
1.1細(xì)胞、主要試劑和儀器人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞系和人源胚胎腎293T細(xì)胞系由本室保存,以10%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM(Gibco公司,美國)培養(yǎng)于37℃、5% CO2環(huán)境中。pSuper-Beclin 1質(zhì)粒(吉林大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院放射生物教研室劉曉冬博士惠贈)。RT-PCR試劑盒為大連寶生物公司產(chǎn)品;轉(zhuǎn)染試劑為Lipofectamine 2000(Inventrogen公司,美國);puromycin用于RNAi穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞模型篩選(Sigma公司,美國);一抗包括GAPDH-、Bcl-2-和Bax-Mouse IgG,Beclin 1- 和p53-Rabbit IgG(Santa Cruz公司,美國);二抗為辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的Mouse IgG和Rabbit IgG(Santa Cruz公司,美國);單丹(磺)酰戊二胺(monodansylcadaverine,MDC)(Sigma公司, 美國);Annexin Ⅴ-FITC試劑盒(BD公司,美國);其他試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。國產(chǎn)X射線深部治療機(XSZ-Z20/20型,丹東),熒光顯微鏡(Olympus公司,日本), 凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(Bio-Rad,美國), 流式細(xì)胞儀(BD公司,美國)。
1.2Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)細(xì)胞模型建立根據(jù)基因克隆中重組載體的方法,采用RT-PCR方法克隆Beclin 1片段(GenBank:003766)、Beclin 1上游引物:5′-GCGAATTCATGGAAGGGTCTA-
AGACGTCCAACAACA -3′(含EcoR Ⅰ酶切位點),下游引物:5′-GCGGATCCTCATTTGTTATAAAATTGTGAGGACACCC-3′(含BamHⅠ酶切位點)。瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后,回收DNA片段,并與pcDNA 3.1載體分別進(jìn)行EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ雙酶切,回收載體片段后,利用T4 DNA ligase在16℃條件下,過夜連接,并轉(zhuǎn)化,挑取單克隆進(jìn)行測序鑒定。將pcDNA 3.1-Beclin 1載體利用Lipofectamine 2000瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染到MCF-7細(xì)胞中,并進(jìn)行G418篩選(濃度為275 mg·L-1),獲得穩(wěn)定Beclin 1過表達(dá)細(xì)胞模型MCF-7-Beclin 1。利用Western blotting法檢測Beclin 1蛋白的表達(dá),與內(nèi)參GAPDH進(jìn)行灰度比較。利用磷酸鈣共沉淀轉(zhuǎn)染法轉(zhuǎn)染293T細(xì)胞,經(jīng)過puromycin(1 mg·L-1)篩選獲得病毒,病毒感染MCF-7細(xì)胞后,進(jìn)行puromycin(1 mg·L-1)篩選,獲得 Beclin 1低表達(dá)細(xì)胞模型MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi。
1.3實驗分組和照射方法實驗分為MCF-7組、MCF-7+4 Gy組、MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組和MCF-7-Belcin 1 RNAi+4 Gy組。應(yīng)用X射線深部治療機進(jìn)行照射,照射條件為電壓200 kV,電流18 mA,劑量率為0.342 Gy · min-1。
1.4MDC染色檢測細(xì)胞自噬將3種細(xì)胞系分別按照0.1 × 106mL-1接種于含有無菌玻片的6孔板中,待細(xì)胞80%~90%融合后進(jìn)行4 Gy照射,12 h后用0.01 mmol·L-1PBS洗2次,加100 μL 的50 mmol·L-1MDC,37℃溫育1 h,棄掉MDC染液后用0.01 mmol·L-1PBS洗2次,4%多聚甲醛固定20 min,取細(xì)胞爬片、封片、晾干,采用熒光顯微鏡進(jìn)行觀察,每個細(xì)胞超過8個自噬小點為細(xì)胞自噬,共觀察150個細(xì)胞,并計算自噬百分比(%)。
1.5流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞凋亡將3種細(xì)胞系分別按照2×105mL-1接種于24孔板,待細(xì)胞80%~90%融合后進(jìn)行4 Gy照射,12 h后收集細(xì)胞,0.01 mmol·L-1PBS洗3次,600 μL的緩沖液重懸細(xì)胞后,再加5 μL Annexin Ⅴ-EGFP和5 μL碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI),充分混合后37℃避光30 min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測凋亡細(xì)胞百分比(%)。
1.6Western blotting法檢測Beclin 1、P53、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表達(dá)將各實驗組按照1 × 106mL-1細(xì)胞接種于60 mm培養(yǎng)皿,待細(xì)胞80% ~ 90%融合后進(jìn)行4 Gy照射,12 h后利用PBS收集細(xì)胞,加入100 μL裂解液RIPA提取總蛋白,上樣10 μL,進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜后采用含5%脫脂奶粉的PBS封閉。1 h后在4℃用一抗孵育過夜。含0.05%Tween 20的TBST緩沖液洗2次以移除未結(jié)合一抗,采用辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗37℃孵育1 h,抗原抗體復(fù)合物采用化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑(electrochemiluminescence,ECL)進(jìn)行顯像,拍照,并與內(nèi)參GAPDH進(jìn)行灰度比較。
2.1pcDNA3.1-Bcelin 1載體酶切鑒定利用RT-PCR法獲得Beclin 1的DNA片段。由圖1可見:瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后,泳道1可見約1 353 bp的片段,回收后經(jīng)過EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ雙酶切后,連到經(jīng)過相同雙酶切的pcDNA 3.1載體上,小提質(zhì)粒后,經(jīng)過EcoRⅠ 和BamHⅠ雙酶切鑒定,泳道2為pcDNA 3.1原質(zhì)粒,而泳道3~6均為pcDNA 3.1-Beclin 1質(zhì)粒,均可見大小為1 353 bp的片段,說明所挑取的4個單克隆均正確,選取其中1個送大連寶生物公司測序,所得序列與GenBank中公布的序列完全一致,質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建正確。
M: DL 2000 marker Lane 1: Beclin 1 PCR production;Lane 2: pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1 plasmid;Lane 3-6: pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1 digested byEcoRⅠ andBamHⅠ.
圖1 Beclin 1片段PCR擴增及pcDNA3.1質(zhì)粒雙酶切鑒定電泳圖
Fig.1Electrophoretogram of Beclin 1 PCR product and pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1 identifid by double enzyme digestion
2.2Beclin 1-MCF-7和Beclin 1 RNAi-MCF-7細(xì)胞系中Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)將獲得的穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞模型Beclin 1-MCF-7和Beclin 1 RNAi-MCF-7細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,利用Western blotting法檢測Beclin 1蛋白的表達(dá)。由圖2可見:泳道2和4分別為過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)空載體對照細(xì)胞,Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)未見明顯改變;而泳道3為Beclin 1過表達(dá)細(xì)胞,Beclin 1表達(dá)增加;泳道6為Beclin 1低表達(dá)細(xì)胞,Beclin 1表達(dá)顯著降低。
Lane 1: MCF-7; Lane 2: MCF-7-pcDNA3.1; Lane 3: MCF-7-Beclin 1;Lane 4: MCF-7; Lane 5: MCF-7-Psuper Retro; Lane 6: MCF-7 -Beclin 1 RNAi.
圖2Western blotting法檢測MCF-7細(xì)胞模型中Beclin 1過表達(dá)和低表達(dá)
Fig.2Beclin 1 over- and low-expressions in MCF-7 cell models detected by Western blotting method
2.3自噬、凋亡和壞死細(xì)胞百分比與MCF-7組比較,MCF-7+4 Gy組、MCF-7-Beclin 1+ 4 Gy組和MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi+4 Gy組自噬細(xì)胞百分比明顯升高(P<0.05 或P<0.01),以MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組升高最明顯,且顯著高于MCF-7+4 Gy組(P<0.01)。與MCF-7組比較,MCF-7+4 Gy組、MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組和MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi+4 Gy組凋亡細(xì)胞百分比均明顯升高(P<0.01),以MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy組升高最明顯,且顯著高于MCF-7+4 Gy組(P< 0.05)。各組壞死細(xì)胞百分比則無明顯差異。見表1。
表14 Gy照射后12 h各組自噬、凋亡和壞死細(xì)胞百分比
Tab.1 Autophygic, apoptotic and necrotic percentages of cells 12 h after 4 Gy irradiation in various groups
±s,η/%)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01vsMCF-7;△P<0.05,△△P<0.05vsMCF-7+4 Gy group.
2.4各組細(xì)胞中P53、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表達(dá)4 Gy照射能夠誘導(dǎo)MCF-7和MCF-7-Beclin 1細(xì)胞Beclin 1表達(dá)增加,且MCF-7-Beclin 1細(xì)胞增加明顯;能夠誘導(dǎo)MCF-7和MCF-7-Beclin 1細(xì)胞P53蛋白表達(dá)增加,但是MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi細(xì)胞P53蛋白表達(dá)降低;同時也能夠誘導(dǎo)MCF-7、MCF-7-Beclin 1和MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi細(xì)胞Bax蛋白表達(dá)增加,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)減少,以MCF-7-Beclin 1細(xì)胞變化最為明顯。見圖3。
Lane 1: MCF-7 group; Lane 2: MCF-7+4 Gy group; Lane 3: MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy group; Lane 4: MCF-7-Beclin1 RNAi+4 Gy group.
圖3Western blotting法檢測4 Gy照射后各組細(xì)胞中Beclin 1、P53、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表達(dá)
Fig.3Expressions of Beclin 1, P53, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in cells in various groups after 4 Gy irradiation detected by Western blotting method
自噬是一種Ⅱ型程序性細(xì)胞死亡,有利于清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)多余蛋白質(zhì),同時對于降解細(xì)胞內(nèi)損害的細(xì)胞器,如內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基體和線粒體具有重要作用。自噬對于腫瘤具有雙重作用,既可以通過清除腫瘤細(xì)胞代謝垃圾起到保護(hù)作用,又在一些腫瘤治療中細(xì)胞逃避凋亡后可以發(fā)生細(xì)胞自噬,有利于增強腫瘤的放射敏感性[8]。目前,已有許多實驗研究[9-10]證實:電離輻射能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬和自噬小體的聚集。電離輻射聯(lián)合mTOR抑制劑雷帕霉素在乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7中可以促使細(xì)胞質(zhì)成分被隔離入自噬性囊泡中,輻射可以改變線粒體代謝引起超極化及促使P53蛋白磷酸化等,直至最終發(fā)生自噬[11]。而凋亡是Ⅰ型程序性細(xì)胞死亡,電離輻射誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA損傷后,可激活毛細(xì)血管擴張失調(diào)癥突變激酶(ATM),可使P53第15位上絲氨酸殘基磷酸化,后者激活后可以通過線粒體和死亡受體2種不同途徑最終引發(fā)caspases 級聯(lián)反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。本研究結(jié)果顯示:4 Gy照射后可以增加MCF-7細(xì)胞自噬和凋亡百分比,而對壞死百分比則無明顯影響,這揭示了電離輻射對乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7殺傷主要以自噬和凋亡形式,而非壞死性死亡。
另外,腫瘤細(xì)胞中自噬和凋亡不是孤立存在的,而是具有某種聯(lián)系,重疊部分在特定條件下可以轉(zhuǎn)化。兩型細(xì)胞死亡之間的具體轉(zhuǎn)化機制還不清楚,只是線粒體可能涉及凋亡和自噬2種作用的整合。自噬誘導(dǎo)蛋白和凋亡相關(guān)蛋白之間存在直接的物理作用,如P53和Beclin 1等。Son等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):Beclin 1可以通過提高caspase-9活性,進(jìn)而增強凋亡誘導(dǎo)劑誘發(fā)的凋亡;Bcl-2家族蛋白既能抑制凋亡又能抑制自噬[13],進(jìn)一步提示了兩者之間的密切關(guān)系。P53可以與Beclin 1相互作用,共同決定腫瘤細(xì)胞的命運[7]。并且,P53與Bcl-2家族共同參與細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)控,Beclin1激活P53,進(jìn)而抑制Bcl-2和激活Bax,從而形成以P53為中心的自噬與凋亡分子調(diào)控通路。本研究結(jié)果顯示:當(dāng)Beclin 1過表達(dá)時,給予4 Gy照射,明顯增加了自噬和凋亡細(xì)胞百分比,并且P53和Bax蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,而Bcl-2蛋白明顯減少;當(dāng)Beclin 1低表達(dá)時,給予4 Gy照射,自噬細(xì)胞百分比和凋亡細(xì)胞百分比雖然較MCF-7明顯升高,但較單純4 Gy照射升高不多,提示Beclin 1過表達(dá)可以顯著影響輻射誘導(dǎo)的自噬和凋亡,是輻射誘導(dǎo)自噬和凋亡的重要分子,并且可以通過P53抑制Bcl-2和激活Bax通路,介導(dǎo)自噬和凋亡。
綜上所述,Beclin 1基因作為重要的自噬調(diào)節(jié)基因之一,能夠介導(dǎo)自噬蛋白定位到前自噬小體,而p53基因作為“分子警察”可能通過促進(jìn)Beclin 1基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)自噬性囊泡的形成,進(jìn)而引起自噬的發(fā)生[14-16]。目前,在臨床上腫瘤放療和化療大多是圍繞誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡展開的,但腫瘤細(xì)胞對放療和化療耐受的問題很棘手。本研究以Beclin 1為靶點,研究電離輻射后其過表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)自噬和凋亡均增加,這為腫瘤放療研究提供一個新的靶點和思路。
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Effects of ionizing radiation on autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells with Beclin 1 over- and low-expressions and their regulating mechanisms
ZHANG Jing1, ZHAO Dali2, XIE Zhongwei2, LIU Yanjun3, LI Zhijun1, LI Yan1, GONG Shouliang4, QI Yali1
(1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin 132001, China; 2. Jilin Province (City) Entry and Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Jilin 132012, China; 3. Department of Radiotherapy,People’s Hospital in Changchun City, Jilin Province, Changchun 130051, China; 4. Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)
ObjectiveTo establish the MCF-7 cell models of Beclin 1 over- and low-expressions, and to detect the autophagic and apoptotic changes after 4 Gy irradiation, and to explore their molecular regulation mechanisms. MethodsMCF-7,MCF-7+4Gy,MCF-7-Beclin 1+4Gy and MCF-7-Belcin 1 RNAi+4Gy groups were set up. Molecular biology method was used to construct Beclin 1 over-expression vector pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1, and to estabilish the Beclin 1 over- and low-expression cell models. After the cells were irradiated with 4 Gy, the autopahgic cell percentages were measured by fluorescence microscope with MDC staining, the apoptotic cell percentages were measured by FCM with AnnexinⅤ-FITC and PI staining, and the expressions of Beclin1, P53, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were measured by Western blotting method. ResultsCompared with MCF-7 group, the autophagic and apoptotic cell percentages in MCF-7+4 Gy, MCF-7 Beclin 1+4 Gy and MCF-7-Beclin 1 RNAi+4 Gy groups were significantly increased (P<0.05 orP<0.001 ), especially in MCF-7 Beclin 1+4 Gy group which was significantly higher than those in MCF-7+4 Gy (P<0.05); while there was significant difference in the necrotic cell percentages between various groups. After 4 Gy irradiation, compared with MCF-7 group, the expression levels of Beclin 1, P53 and Bax proteins in MCF-7+4 Gy and MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy groups were increased, but the expression levels of Bcl-2 protein were decreased, especially in MCF-7-Beclin 1+4 Gy group. ConclusionThe MCF-7 cell models of Beclin 1 over- and low-expressions are successfully established, and ionizing radiation could induce the autophagy and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, which is more obvious in Beclin 1 over-expression MCF-7 cells. Beclin 1 can activate P53, inhibit Bcl - 2 and activate Bax,which forms the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis by P53 .
autophagy; aopotosis; ionizing radiation; Beclin 1; P53
1671-587Ⅹ(2015)06-1139-05
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20150608
2015-09-09
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助課題(30970681);吉林省教育廳“十二五”科學(xué)技術(shù)研究項目資助課題(2014-192)
張晶(1973-),女,吉林省九臺市人,講師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,主要從事細(xì)胞毒理學(xué)方面的研究。
齊亞莉,副教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師(Tel:0432-64608343,E-mail:374494617@qq.com)
R818
A