韓立赤,王雪紅,董 會(huì),汪義菲,張福胤,向 彬
(1.大連大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔醫(yī)學(xué)系,遼寧 大連 116622;2.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,遼寧 大連 116011;3.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,遼寧 大連 116023)
苯腎上腺素對(duì)大鼠成骨細(xì)胞放射損傷的保護(hù)作用
韓立赤1,王雪紅1,董會(huì)2,汪義菲1,張福胤3,向彬1
(1.大連大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔醫(yī)學(xué)系,遼寧 大連 116622;2.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,遼寧 大連 116011;3.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,遼寧 大連 116023)
目的:探討苯腎上腺素對(duì)放射損傷大鼠成骨細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞形態(tài)以及煙酰胺磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶(Nampt)mRNA表達(dá)水平的影響,闡明苯腎上腺素對(duì)其可能的保護(hù)作用機(jī)制。方法:組織塊法培養(yǎng)大鼠顱骨成骨細(xì)胞,隨機(jī)分為空白對(duì)照組、苯腎上腺素組、單純照射組和苯腎上腺素+照射組。苯腎上腺素組在照射前0.5 h以100 mmol·L-1苯腎上腺素孵育成骨細(xì)胞,照射組給予成骨細(xì)胞8 Gy X射線照射。照射后8、16、32和64 h在倒置顯微鏡下觀察并分別收集細(xì)胞,提取細(xì)胞總RNA,應(yīng)用RT-PCR法檢測成骨細(xì)胞Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果:倒置顯微鏡下,與空白對(duì)照組比較,苯腎上腺素組成骨細(xì)胞形態(tài)、數(shù)量未見明顯改變;單純照射組細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生明顯皺縮,尤以8 h明顯,細(xì)胞數(shù)量在8、16、32和64 h時(shí)分別是對(duì)照組的0.82、0.37、0.24和0.21倍;苯腎上腺素+照射組在照射8和16 h后細(xì)胞皺縮,32 h后其形態(tài)恢復(fù),在8、16、32和64 h后其數(shù)量分別為空白對(duì)照組的0.91、0.83、0.72和0.75倍,是單純照射組的1.09、2.24、3.00和3.60倍。RT-PCR法檢測,在照射8、16、32和64 h后,單純照射組、苯腎上腺素+照射組Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平較空白組明顯減少(P<0.01),苯腎上腺素+照射組較單純照射組明顯增加(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:苯腎上腺素可減輕電離輻射導(dǎo)致的大鼠成骨細(xì)胞萎縮,并上調(diào)Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平,其對(duì)成骨細(xì)胞放射損傷的保護(hù)作用可能與上調(diào)Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平有關(guān)。
成骨細(xì)胞;電離輻射;苯腎上腺素;煙酰胺磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶
放射治療為頭頸部惡性腫瘤治療的主要手段之一。放射治療時(shí)X射線在殺傷惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的同時(shí),亦可引起頜骨組織纖維化、放射性骨壞死和病理性骨折等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量[1-2]。臨床對(duì)上述并發(fā)癥多采用高壓氧、藥物及手術(shù)等方法治療[3-4],但療效并不令人滿意。本課題組前期研究[5-6]結(jié)果顯示:苯腎上腺素通過活化α1-腎上腺素受體(α1-adrenoceptor,α1-AR)對(duì)放射損傷的大鼠頜下腺具有細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用;然而,α1-AR對(duì)放射引起骨損傷的作用尚未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。煙酰胺磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,Nampt)是煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)生物合成途徑的關(guān)鍵限速酶,通過調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體或細(xì)胞的NAD+水平以及其他非酶機(jī)制等途徑影響代謝,炎癥反應(yīng),細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡和衰老等諸多過程[7-9]。苯腎上腺素對(duì)放射損傷的頜骨組織中Nampt的影響未見文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。本研究通過研究苯腎上腺素對(duì)放射性損傷大鼠成骨細(xì)胞的作用及其對(duì)Nampt基因表達(dá)水平的影響,為探討防治放射性頜骨損傷的新方法提供依據(jù)。
1.1動(dòng)物、主要試劑和儀器實(shí)驗(yàn)用SD大鼠乳鼠由大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):0001648;胰酶、DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液和優(yōu)質(zhì)胎牛血清(Hyclone公司,美國),Trizol(Invitrogen公司,美國),Revert Aid First Stand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas公司,美國),2×Taq PCR Master Mix(天根生化科技有限公司);低溫高速離心機(jī)(型號(hào):5417R,Thermo公司,美國),倒置顯微鏡 (Olympus公司,日本),直線加速器(型號(hào):23EX,Varian公司,美國),PCR儀(型號(hào):TC-615,TECHNE公司,英國),核酸/蛋白分析儀(型號(hào):3S,Thermo BioMate公司,美國)。
1.2大鼠成骨細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)新生1~2 d齡SD大鼠乳鼠推頸處死,無菌條件下取顱蓋骨,去除骨膜及骨縫軟組織,用PBS緩沖溶液洗3次,剪成1 mm×1 mm×1 mm大小碎片,均勻鋪于培養(yǎng)瓶底,間距約5 mm。輕輕將培養(yǎng)瓶翻轉(zhuǎn),瓶底朝上放于37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi);4 h后將培養(yǎng)瓶緩慢翻轉(zhuǎn)平放,向瓶內(nèi)加入5 mL含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液,靜止培養(yǎng)。倒置顯微鏡下觀察成骨細(xì)胞生長狀況。待細(xì)胞長滿培養(yǎng)瓶底80%以上,用0.25%胰酶消化傳代。
1.3大鼠成骨細(xì)胞鑒定原代成骨細(xì)胞至第7天傳代培養(yǎng),倒置顯微鏡下觀察并攝片。鈣結(jié)節(jié)染色:取第3代大鼠成骨細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)20 d后,于蓋玻片上鏡下見細(xì)胞聚集成不透明區(qū)域,呈結(jié)節(jié)樣。取出蓋玻片,以95%乙醇固定10 min,0.1%茜素紅染色,37℃溫箱孵育30 min,蒸餾水沖洗,干燥,甘油明膠封片。
1.4實(shí)驗(yàn)分組和處理將傳至第3代16瓶成骨細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為4組:空白對(duì)照組、苯腎上腺素組、單純照射組和苯腎上腺素+照射組(照射前0.5 h給予終濃度為100 mmol·L-1苯腎上腺素)。應(yīng)用直線加速器給予單純照射組和苯腎上腺素+照射組成骨細(xì)胞8 Gy X射線照射。
1.5成骨細(xì)胞形態(tài)和數(shù)目觀察在照射后8、16、32和64 h利用倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞生長狀況,比較不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)及數(shù)目差別。
1.6RT-PCR法檢測各組大鼠成骨細(xì)胞Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平分別于照射后8、16、32和64 h時(shí)間點(diǎn)收集成骨細(xì)胞于10 mL EP管中,Trizol法提取細(xì)胞總RNA。取2 μg RNA進(jìn)行RT-PCR法檢測。根據(jù)GenBank中大鼠Nampt全基因序列(基因登錄號(hào):NM-177928)設(shè)計(jì)引物。Nampt:上游引物為5′-GGCTACGTGGACGAC-
GACAC-3′,下游引物為5′-TCTGGTCCGGACGTCCCCTAC-3′,擴(kuò)增片段大小為640 bp。內(nèi)參β-actin:上游引物為5′-TCCTCCCTGGAGAAGAGCTA-3′,下游引物為5′-GTTCTAGTAACGAGGAGGACT-3′,擴(kuò)增片段大小為302 bp。PCR 擴(kuò)增循環(huán):94℃、30 s,54℃、60 s 和72℃、60 s;35個(gè)循環(huán)后72℃、5 min。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,DNA green結(jié)合后于紫外燈下觀察。UVP BioChemi System 熒光凝膠成像系統(tǒng)拍照,用Quantity One 4.6.2 軟件檢測條帶,各樣本RNA表達(dá)水平以吸光度(A)值表示,按照下列公式計(jì)算Nampt RNA表達(dá)水平并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。Nampt RNA表達(dá)水平=每個(gè)樣本條帶A值/β-actin A值。
2.1大鼠顱骨成骨細(xì)胞原代培養(yǎng)和鑒定組織塊法原代培養(yǎng)大鼠成骨細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)2 d后于倒置顯微鏡下觀察可見:有細(xì)胞從組織邊緣爬出,細(xì)胞形態(tài)多樣,呈不規(guī)則形、三角形和梭形等,細(xì)胞有長短不一的突起且相互連接,胞質(zhì)豐富,胞核清晰可見(圖1A,見插頁一)。待細(xì)胞長滿瓶底80%開始傳代,傳代后4~5 d進(jìn)入指數(shù)生長期,呈集落樣生長趨勢,匯合處呈鋪路石狀。細(xì)胞呈復(fù)層式生長,密集處細(xì)胞形態(tài)不明顯,分界模糊。取第3代細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)20 d后,鏡下見細(xì)胞形成集落,聚集成不透光的礦化結(jié)節(jié)(圖1B,見插頁一)。不透明結(jié)節(jié)行茜素紅染色,呈橙紅色著色(圖1C,見插頁一)。
2.2各組大鼠顱骨成骨細(xì)胞形態(tài)及數(shù)目倒置顯微鏡下觀察可見:苯腎上腺素組細(xì)胞形態(tài)、數(shù)量與空白對(duì)照組比較未見明顯改變;單純照射組細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生皺縮,尤以照射8 h后明顯,細(xì)胞數(shù)量在照射8、16、32和64 h后分別是對(duì)照組的0.82、0.37、0.24和0.21倍;苯腎上腺素+照射組在照射8和16 h后細(xì)胞皺縮,較單純照射組輕微,且于照射32和64 h后細(xì)胞形態(tài)恢復(fù)(圖2,見插頁一),在照射8、16、32和64 h后的細(xì)胞數(shù)量分別為空白對(duì)照組的0.91、0.83、0.72和0.75倍,是單純照射組的1.09、2.24、3.00和3.60倍。
2.3各組大鼠顱骨成骨細(xì)胞Nampt基因的表達(dá)在照射8、16、32和64 h后,單純照射組Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平均較空白對(duì)照組減少(P<0.01);苯腎上腺素+照射組Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組減少(P<0.01),但均較單純照射組增加(P<0.01)。見圖3和表1。
Lane 1:Control group; Lane 2:Phenylephrine group; Lane 3:Simple irradiation group; Lane 4:Phenylephrine+irradiation group.
圖3各組大鼠成骨細(xì)胞中Nampt mRNA 表達(dá)電泳圖
Fig.3Electrophoregram of expressions of Nampt mRNA in osteoblasts of rats in various groups
在頭頸惡性腫瘤中應(yīng)用放射治療可產(chǎn)生放射性骨壞死和病理性骨折等嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,這些延遲的放射性損傷造成的創(chuàng)口遷延不愈,給患者帶來極大的痛苦[1-2,10]。尋找行之有效的預(yù)防放射性頜骨損傷的藥物靶點(diǎn)具有重要的理論及臨床意義。
苯腎上腺素是α1-AR特異性激動(dòng)劑,作為血管活性藥物為臨床常用,用于升高血壓、減慢心率及抗休克等治療。越來越多的研究[5-6,11]顯示:苯腎上腺素對(duì)涎腺輻射損傷具有保護(hù)作用。本課題組前期研究[5-6,12]亦發(fā)現(xiàn):苯腎上腺素可以促進(jìn)早期放射損傷大鼠頜下腺細(xì)胞增殖,并抑制頜下腺細(xì)胞凋亡。Vasin等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):苯腎上腺素在放療中對(duì)皮膚具有保護(hù)作用;Fahl[14]發(fā)現(xiàn):放射前局部應(yīng)用苯腎上腺素可以防止口腔黏膜炎的發(fā)生,并且不影響X射線對(duì)癌細(xì)胞的殺傷效果。苯腎上腺素是否對(duì)放射損傷的成骨細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用及其相關(guān)機(jī)制尚無文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用新生大鼠的顱骨分離成骨細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞具有典型的成骨細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)特征。8 Gy X射線照射大鼠成骨細(xì)胞后,單純照射組細(xì)胞發(fā)生明顯皺縮,且成骨細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯減少;而苯腎上腺素+照射組成骨細(xì)胞皺縮減輕,在照射32 h后形態(tài)恢復(fù)正常,數(shù)目也較單純照射組細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯增多。本實(shí)驗(yàn)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)苯腎上腺素可減輕大鼠成骨細(xì)胞的放射性損傷。
表1 大鼠成骨細(xì)胞照射后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)RNA灰度值
*P<0.01 compared with control group;△P<0.01 compared with simple irradiation group.
電離輻射一方面直接作用于DNA、蛋白質(zhì)及酶類物質(zhì)破壞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),另一方面作用于組織中的水分子,使其電離產(chǎn)生自由基,間接致細(xì)胞變性、壞死。Nampt具有煙酰胺磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性,與前B細(xì)胞克隆增強(qiáng)因子或內(nèi)臟脂肪素的cDNA基因序列相同;在許多組織細(xì)胞的生理及病理過程中起到重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,作為具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的炎癥細(xì)胞因子參與急慢性炎癥反應(yīng),也起到NAD+合成中限速酶的作用。NAD作為一種輔酶調(diào)節(jié)眾多的酶活性,以控制一系列的生理過程。Revollo 等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn):在哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中Nampt過表達(dá)可使NAD 水平提高55%。研究者[9,16]認(rèn)為:Nampt通過增加細(xì)胞NAD+水平,進(jìn)而提高SIRT1活性,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞存活。
綜上所述,Nampt促細(xì)胞存活的作用已得到越來越廣泛的關(guān)注。本實(shí)驗(yàn)RT-PCR結(jié)果從基因水平證實(shí)放射損傷可使大鼠成骨細(xì)胞Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平下調(diào),而苯腎上腺素能夠上調(diào)Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平。苯腎上腺素對(duì)放射損傷成骨細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用機(jī)制可能與增加成骨細(xì)胞中Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平有關(guān)。然而,苯腎上腺素上調(diào)成骨細(xì)胞Nampt mRNA表達(dá)水平的相關(guān)受體后信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
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Protective effect of phenylephrine on irradiated injury of osteoblasts in rats
HAN Lichi1,WANG Xuehong1,DONG Hui2,WANG Yifei1,ZHANG Fuyin3,XIANG Bin1
(1. Department of Oral Medicine,College of Medical Sciences,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,China;2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital,Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116011,China;3. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Second Affiliated Hospital,Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116023,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of phenylephrine on the morphology and the expression level of Nampt mRNA in the irradiated osteoblasts of the rats,and to clarify the possible protective effects of phenylephrine on this injury.MethodsThe osteoblasts cultured by conventional tissue were randomly divided into control group, phenylephrine group,simple irradiation group,and phenylephrine+irradiation group.The cells in phenylephrine group were treated with 100 mmol·L-1phenylephrine 30 min before irradiation.The cells in simple irradiation group were irradiated with 8 Gy X-ray.The osteoblasts were observed by microscope and were collected at the time points of 8,16,32 and 64 h after irradiation.The Nampt mRNA expression level in osteoblasts was examined by RT-PCR.ResultsThere was no obviously morphological and number changes of osteoblasts in phenylephrine group compared with control group.The osteoblasts in simple irradiation group were atrophied,especially at 8 h; the number of osteoblasts in simple irradiation group was 0.82,0.37,0.24 and 0.21 times as control group respectively at 8,16,32 and 64 h. Atrophy of osteoblasts was alleviated in phenylephrine+irradiation group; at 8,16,32 and 64 h,the number of osteoblasts was 0.91,0.83,0.72 and 0.75 times as control group,and was 1.09,2.24,3.00 and 3.60 times as simple irradiation group.The expression level of Nampt mRNA in the osteoblasts in simple irradiation group was reduced compared with control group(P<0.01)at 8,16,32 and 64 h. There were significant differernces of the expression levels of Nampt mRNA in the osteoblasts between phenylephrine+irradiation group and control group(P<0.01),and there were significant differernces between phenylephrine+irradiation group and simple irradiation group(P<0.01)at the different time points.ConclusionPhenylephrine could reduce the atrophy of osteoblasts in the rats induced by irradiation and up-regulate the expression level of Nampt mRNA.Its protective effect on irradiated injury may be related to the up-regulation of the expression level of Nampt mRNA.
osteoblast; irradiation; phenylephrine;nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
1671-587Ⅹ(2015)06-1113-05
10.13481/j.1671-587x.20150603
2015-04-13
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助課題(81170978,81371161);遼寧省科技廳自然科學(xué)基金資助課題(201202008);大連大學(xué)本科生創(chuàng)新教育基金項(xiàng)目資助課題(2013112)
韓立赤(1970-),女,遼寧省臺(tái)安縣人,副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主要從事口腔正畸基礎(chǔ)及臨床方面的研究。
韓立赤,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師(Tel: 0411-87412315, E-mail: hanlichi@dlu.edu.cn);
向彬,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師(Tel: 0411-87402916, E-mail: xiangbin@dlu.edu.cn)
R881.7
A
吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2015年6期