劉穎 劉鵬
大部分英語詞組中都有介詞,它是英語詞類大家族的成員之一,也是英語短語或句子結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部分。在一些由同一動詞或形容詞構(gòu)成的英語短語中,由于介詞的不同,其含義差別很大。同學(xué)們對那些介詞不同的英語詞組用法容易混淆,現(xiàn)歸納幾類常見的短語如下:
1. be strict with, be strict in
(1)be strict with意為“對某人要求嚴格”,介詞with之后必須接“人”。如:
As a student, I must be strict with myself. 作為一名學(xué)生,我必須嚴格要求自己。
(2)be strict in意為“對某事要求嚴格”,介詞in之后須跟“物”。如:
We must be strict in our work. 我們必須嚴格要求我們的工作。
2. lie in, lie to, lie on
(1)lie in + 方位,指某地方的位置在介詞in后賓語所指的范圍之內(nèi),前者與后者有所屬關(guān)系。如:
Beijing lies in the north of China. 北京位于中國的北部。
(2)lie to + 方位,指某地的位置在介詞to后賓語所指的范圍之外,兩者并沒有所屬關(guān)系。如:
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國的東邊。
(3)lie on + 方位,表示某地的位置與介詞on后的賓語所指的位置相鄰,兩者無所屬關(guān)系。如:
Shandong lies on the east of Shanxi. 山東位于山西的東部。
3. look for, look at, look up, look out, look over
(1)look for意為“尋找”。如:
He is looking for his pen. 他正在找他的鋼筆。
(2)look at意為“看”。如:
Please look at the blackboard. 請看黑板。
(3)look up意為“查找”。如:
You should look up the new word in your dictionary. 你應(yīng)該在你的字典里查一查這個生單詞。
(4)look out意為“注意;小心”。如:
Look out!Here comes the bus. 小心!公交來了。
(5)look over意為“檢查身體;檢查”。如:
The doctor is looking over the little boy now. 現(xiàn)在,醫(yī)生正在給小男孩檢查身體。
4. be careful with, be careful of
(1)be careful with意為“在……方面認真;在……方面細心”。如:
You must be careful with your homework. 你必須認真做家庭作業(yè)。
(2)be careful of意為“當心;注意”,相當于pay attention to。如:
He warned us to be careful of snake. 他警告我們要當心蛇。
5. by the end of, at the end of, in the end of
(1)by the end of意為“到……末為止”,其后接表示時間的名詞時,如果時間名詞是表示過去的時間,謂語動詞要用過去完成時。如:
By the end of last week, we had learned three English songs. 到上周末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了三首英語歌了。
(2)at the end of意為“在……盡頭、在……結(jié)束的時候”,后可接地點,也可接時間。如果后接表示過去的時間,句中的謂語動詞要用一般過去時態(tài);如果接地點,句中謂語動詞常用將來時態(tài)。如:
I went to see my friend at the end of last week. 我上周末去看望了我的朋友。
You will find the hospital at the end of the road. 在路的盡頭你將找到那所醫(yī)院。
(3)in the end意為“最后”,相當于finally, at last。如:
They have won the football match in the end. 最后他們獲得了足球比賽的勝利。
6. be made of, be made from, be made in
(1)be made of意為“由……制成”,強調(diào)能從產(chǎn)品上看出原料來。如:
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是用木頭制造的。
(2)be made from意為“由……制造”,強調(diào)從產(chǎn)品上看不出原料來。如:
Paper is made from grass. 紙是用草做的。
(3)be made in意為“在……地方制造”。如:
My pen is made in Weifang. 我的鋼筆是濰坊造的。
7. on ones way, in ones way, by the way
(1)on ones way意為“在……途中”。如:
On my way home, I met my friend yesterday. 昨天我在回家的路上遇見了我的朋友。
(2)in ones way意為“擋道”。如:
A truck was in our way yesterday. 昨天一輛卡車擋住了我們的路。
(3)by the way意為“順便說一下”。如:
By the way, do you know where Shaoyang is?順便問一下,你知道邵陽在哪里?
8. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself
(1)by oneself意為“獨自地、無助地”,強調(diào)某人單獨做某事,而不需要別人幫助。如:
You must do your work by yourself. 你必須獨自做你的工作。
(2)for oneself意為“為自己做某事”。如:
They have built a house for themselves. 他們?yōu)樽约航ㄔ炝艘淮狈孔印?/p>
(3)to oneself意為“暗自、在心中”,常與talk, say, think等動詞連用。如:
He said to himself that there was something wrong. 他心想這其中有毛病。
注意: say to oneself意為“在心里想”;talk/ speak to oneself意為“自言自語”。
9. be pleased with, be pleased at
(1)be pleased with意為“對……感到滿意”,相當于be satisfied with。如:
Our teacher said he was pleased with our work. 我們老師說,他對我們的工作很滿意。
(2)be pleased at意為“因……而高興”。如:
I am pleased at hearing what you said. 聽到你說的話我很高興。
10. give in, give up
(1)give in意為“讓步;屈服”,用作不及物動詞,其后不能跟賓語。如:
In the end the teacher had to give in. 最后這位老師不得不讓步。
(2)give up意為“放棄、投降”,可用作及物動詞,也可用作不及物動詞,后接動詞時一般要用動名詞。如:
He didnt pass the exam, but he didnt give up. 盡管他考試沒有及格,但是他沒有放棄。
11. be good at, be good to, be good for, be good with
(1)be good at意為“擅長”。如:
He is good at studying English. 他擅長學(xué)英語。
(2)be good to意為“對……和善”。如:
Our teachers are very good to us. 我們的老師對我們很和藹。
(3)be good for意為“對……有益”。如:
It is good for our heath to eat more vegetables. 多吃蔬菜有益于我們的健康。
(4)be good with意為“和……友好相處”。如:
We are good with our teachers. 我們和老師相處得很好。
12. be angry with, be angry at, be angry about
(1)be angry with意為“生某人的氣”。如:
My mother is often angry with me. 我媽媽經(jīng)常生我的氣。
(2)be angry at意為“對某種行為生氣”。如:
He is angry at what you did last week. 你對你上周所做的事感到生氣。
(3)be angry about意為“為某件事生氣”。如:
He is often angry about something bad. 他經(jīng)常為一些不好的事情感到生氣。
13. be on, be to, be in
(1)be on意為“正在發(fā)生、進行中”。如:
The meeting is on. 會議正在進行中。
(2)be to意為“去、來過某地”,介詞之后接地點,如果是副詞則不需要介詞to。如:
He has been to Beijing. 他去過北京。
She has been there. 她去過那兒。
(3)be in表示“在某地”,強調(diào)動作的狀態(tài)。經(jīng)常和表示時間的狀語連用,介詞之后接地點,如果是副詞則不需要介詞in。如:
My father has been in Shanghai for three years. 我父親在上海呆了三年了。
14. spend on, spend with, spend in
(1)spend on意為“在……花費時間、錢”。如:
I spent five dollars on the pen. 我花了五美元買這只鋼筆。
I spent two hours on TV yesterday. 昨天我看電視看了兩個小時。
(2)spend with意為“和……度過”。如:
I spend two weeks with my friends last month. 上個月我和朋友們一起度過了兩周時間。
(3)spend in意為“做……花費時間”。如:
The boy spent four hours in watching TV last night. 這個男孩昨天晚上看了四個小時的電視。
15. stay at, stay with, stay up
(1)stay at意為“待在……地方”。如:
He always stays at home after school. 他放學(xué)后總是呆在家里。
(2)stay with意為“和……待在一起”。如:
The little girl always stays with her mother. 這個小女孩總是和她的媽媽在一起。
(3)stay up意為“熬夜”。如:
My brother often stays up before exams. 我哥哥在考試前經(jīng)常熬夜。
16. be popular with, be popular among
(1)be popular with意為“受……歡迎、喜歡”。如:
The teacher is popular with her students. 這位老師深受學(xué)生們的喜愛。
(2)be popular among意為“在……中受歡迎”。如:
His song is quite popular among the young. 他的歌在年輕人中相當流行。
17. be famous for, be famous as, be famous to
(1)be famous for意為“以……而著名”。如:
China is famous for the Great Wall. 中國以長城而著名。
(2)be famous as意為“作為……而著名”。如:
The old man is famous as a teacher. 這位老人作為一名教師而出名。
(3)be famous to意為“對……而著名”。如:
The Great Wall is famous to the people all over the world. 長城對全世界的人民來說都很有名。
18. hear from, hear of
(1)hear from意為收到某人的來信”。如:
I often hear from my friend. 我經(jīng)常收到朋友的來信。
(2)hear of意為“聽說”。如:
We ever heard of him. 我們曾經(jīng)聽說過他。
19. think about, think over
(1)think about意為“考慮有關(guān)……”。如:
She is thinking about a math problem. 她正在考慮一個數(shù)學(xué)問題。
(2)think over意為“認真考慮……”。如:
I was thinking a problem over when he came in. 當他進來時,我正在認真考慮一個問題。