胡子龍,張志成,李大偉,帥維正,鄒劍峰
右美托咪定聯(lián)合丙泊酚在機(jī)械通氣患者中的應(yīng)用
胡子龍,張志成,李大偉,帥維正,鄒劍峰
目的 探討在機(jī)械通氣患者鎮(zhèn)靜中應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖、丙泊酚及丙泊酚聯(lián)合右美托咪定的有效性及安全性。方法 納入2012年3月-2014年9月海軍總醫(yī)院ICU機(jī)械通氣時間>24h的患者76例,隨機(jī)分為3組,即咪達(dá)唑侖組(n=23)、丙泊酚組(n=27)和右美托咪定聯(lián)合丙泊酚組(n=26),分別采用相應(yīng)藥物對患者進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)靜。統(tǒng)計各組患者總評估次數(shù)中達(dá)到Richmond煩躁-鎮(zhèn)靜評分(RASS)目標(biāo)分值和達(dá)到非言語疼痛評估表(CPOT)目標(biāo)分值的比例,采用ICU患者意識模糊評估表(CAM-ICU)評估譫妄陽性比例,比較各組機(jī)械通氣時間,分析各組鎮(zhèn)靜有效性,統(tǒng)計心血管不良事件比例、控制通氣比例、每日平均動脈壓以及心率極差。結(jié)果 右美托咪定+丙泊酚組達(dá)到RASS評分目標(biāo)分值的比例(86.54%)高于咪達(dá)唑侖組(69.32%,P<0.05),但與丙泊酚組(79.37%)比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。右美托咪定+丙泊酚組達(dá)到CPOT評分目標(biāo)分值的比例(63.1%)高于咪達(dá)唑侖組(51.2%,P<0.05)和丙泊酚組(49.5%,P<0.05),而后兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。右美托咪定+丙泊酚組譫妄陽性、控制通氣比例、機(jī)械通氣時間均低于咪達(dá)唑侖組和丙泊酚組(P<0.05)。三組心血管不良事件比例、平均動脈壓極差、心率極差等比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 在機(jī)械通氣患者鎮(zhèn)靜治療中應(yīng)用右美托咪定聯(lián)合丙泊酚的有效性及安全性優(yōu)于單獨應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖或丙泊酚。
呼吸,人工;催眠藥和鎮(zhèn)靜藥;二異丙酚;咪達(dá)唑侖
呼吸衰竭是ICU危重癥患者的常見疾病,除了針對原發(fā)病的病因治療外,應(yīng)用機(jī)械通氣進(jìn)行生命支持的對癥治療也是重要措施。由于機(jī)械通氣的非生理性、侵入性,常導(dǎo)致患者與機(jī)械通氣治療的沖突。因此,鎮(zhèn)靜在機(jī)械通氣過程中具有重要作用。然而,當(dāng)前臨床應(yīng)用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物較多,在鎮(zhèn)靜過程中的安全性及有效性各不相同。本研究對3種不同鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的安全性及有效性進(jìn)行評估,以期為機(jī)械通氣患者鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的選擇提供依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對象 納入2012年3月-2014年9月海軍總醫(yī)院ICU收治的年齡>18歲、觀察前機(jī)械通氣時間<12h、預(yù)計機(jī)械通氣時間>24h且需要進(jìn)行持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜治療的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):妊娠、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、急性肝炎或重癥肝病(Child-Pugh分級C級)、癡呆或心理疾病、神經(jīng)肌肉疾病、需進(jìn)行腎臟替代治療的腎功能不全、應(yīng)用血管活性藥物仍無法維持血壓的休克、基礎(chǔ)心率小于55次/min或未安裝起搏器存在Ⅲ度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯的患者。
1.2 一般資料 共納入76例患者,將其隨機(jī)分為3組:咪達(dá)唑侖組(n=23)、丙泊酚組(n=27)、右美托咪定聯(lián)合丙泊酚組(n=26)。各組患者的基礎(chǔ)資料及一般情況見表1。
表1 各組患者的一般資料Tab.1 General data of patients enrolled
1.3 方法 咪達(dá)唑侖組以0.06mg/(kg.h)為維持劑量,調(diào)整劑量0.01~0.05mg/(kg.h);丙泊酚組以2.5~10μg/(kg.min)為維持劑量,調(diào)整劑量5μg/ (kg.min);右美托咪定+丙泊酚組以右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg.h)、丙泊酚2.5μg/(kg.min)為維持劑量,從0.2μg/(kg.h)開始逐步調(diào)整右美托咪定劑量,直至總量為1μg/(kg.h)。若仍無法達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)靜效果,以5μg/(kg.min)增加丙泊酚維持劑量。鎮(zhèn)靜方面,各組目標(biāo)為Richmond煩躁-鎮(zhèn)靜評分(Richmond agitation-sedation scale,RASS)-2~+1[1]。鎮(zhèn)痛方面,以非言語疼痛評估表(critical care pain observation tool,CPOT)評分0~1分為目標(biāo),未達(dá)鎮(zhèn)痛目標(biāo)時應(yīng)用芬太尼50μg/h微量泵入鎮(zhèn)痛,以10μg/h調(diào)整維持劑量。治療期間每日對達(dá)鎮(zhèn)靜目標(biāo)的患者完成一項日常喚醒評估,要求患者完成4項遵囑運動(根據(jù)聲音命令睜眼,眼光追隨研究人員,握拳及伸舌),在此期間應(yīng)用ICU患者意識模糊評估表(CAMICU量表)對患者進(jìn)行譫妄評定[2]。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo) 每4h評估鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛效果,根據(jù)效果增加或減少鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛維持劑量。收集當(dāng)時RASS評分、CPOT評分,機(jī)械通氣是否為控制模式,是否存在心血管不良事件,若評估當(dāng)時患者(平均動脈壓-基礎(chǔ)平均動脈壓)/基礎(chǔ)平均動脈壓和(或)(心率-基礎(chǔ)心率)/心率>15%,即評定為存在心血管不良事件。每日收集患者平均動脈壓、心率極差,是否存在譫妄以及機(jī)械通氣時間。以停用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物、死亡或持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛至研究第7天定義為觀察終點,至觀察終點時,統(tǒng)計每組評估過程中RASS評分及達(dá)到目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)靜評分、CPOT評分達(dá)到目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)痛評分次數(shù),譫妄陽性例數(shù),控制通氣次數(shù)以及心血管不良事件次數(shù)占總評估次數(shù)的比例。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料以±s表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用q檢驗(Newman-Keuls 法);計數(shù)資料以率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 有效性評估 至觀察終點,咪達(dá)唑侖組進(jìn)行RASS評分、CPOT評分、是否為控制通氣模式和心血管不良事件共414次,丙泊酚組378次,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組260次。咪達(dá)唑侖組評估是否存在譫妄共115次,其中因當(dāng)日RASS評分無法達(dá)到目標(biāo)評分,無法評估譫妄18次;丙泊酚組評估是否存在譫妄81次,因上述原因無法評估譫妄11次;右美托咪定+丙泊酚組評估是否存在譫妄52次,因上述原因無法評估譫妄4次。
2.1.1 RASS評分 咪達(dá)唑侖組達(dá)RASS量表目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)靜分值287次,<–2分85次,>+1分42次;丙泊酚組達(dá)到目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)靜分值300次,<–2分42次,>+1分36次;右美托咪定+丙泊酚組達(dá)目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)靜分值225次,<–2分85次,>+1分42次(圖1)。咪達(dá)唑侖組達(dá)目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)靜分值的次數(shù)占總評估數(shù)的69.32%,丙泊酚組為79.37%,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組為86.54%,咪達(dá)唑侖組與其他兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而丙泊酚組與右美托咪定+丙泊酚組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表2)。
圖1 各組RASS評分結(jié)果Fig.1 Comparison of RASS assessment in each group
2.1.2 CPOT評分 3組患者均存在加用芬太尼微量泵入鎮(zhèn)痛的情況,咪達(dá)唑侖組平均每人每日芬太尼微量泵入劑量為24.30±6.70μg/h,丙泊酚組為23.53±6.43μg/h,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組為24.46±7.35μg/h,3組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。3組達(dá)CPOT量表目標(biāo)鎮(zhèn)痛分值的次數(shù):咪達(dá)唑侖組為212次,丙泊酚組為187次,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組為164次,其中右美托咪定+丙泊酚組與前兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而咪達(dá)唑侖組與丙泊酚組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表2)。
2.1.3 譫妄 咪達(dá)唑侖組譫妄陽性次數(shù)42次,丙泊酚組32次,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組10次。右美托咪定+丙泊酚組與前兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而前兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表2)。
2.1.4 機(jī)械通氣時間 咪達(dá)唑侖組機(jī)械通氣時間為105.95±31.71h,丙泊酚組為89.55±24.66h,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組為51.92±27.77h,各組之間差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表2)。
2.2 安全性評估
2.2.1 控制通氣比例 右美托咪定+丙泊酚組控制通氣次數(shù)(92次)明顯少于咪達(dá)唑侖組(201次)和丙泊酚組(176次),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但咪達(dá)唑侖組與丙泊酚組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表2)。
2.2.2 心血管不良事件比例 咪達(dá)唑侖組發(fā)生心血管不良事件52次(12.56%),丙泊酚組33次(8.73%),右美托咪定+丙泊酚組20次(7.92%),3組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。咪達(dá)唑侖組平均動脈壓極差(26.34±7.41mmHg)、心率極差(26.69±4.69 次/min)與丙泊酚組(分別為27.43±8.70mmHg和25.37±5.87次/min)和右美托咪定+丙泊酚組(分別為24.57±8.12mmHg和25.84±5.48次/min)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表2 各組有效性及安全性指標(biāo)評估Tab.2 Assessment of effectiveness and safety data
當(dāng)前人口老齡化問題日漸嚴(yán)重,如何改善甚至糾正多器官功能衰竭已成為重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科面臨的嚴(yán)峻問題。呼吸衰竭是重癥患者常見的器官功能障礙之一,肺部感染、慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性發(fā)作、感染性休克、顱腦損傷等多種肺內(nèi)、肺外疾病均可導(dǎo)致呼吸衰竭。機(jī)械通氣的發(fā)明及進(jìn)步使呼吸衰竭患者的生存率及生存期大為改善,但同時人機(jī)對抗、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺損傷等一系列因應(yīng)用機(jī)械通氣而產(chǎn)生的問題也亟待醫(yī)務(wù)工作者們關(guān)注和解決[3]。
大部分呼吸衰竭患者在應(yīng)用機(jī)械通氣時存在煩躁不合作的情況,其原因主要包括原發(fā)病因素、機(jī)械通氣因素及環(huán)境因素等,從而進(jìn)一步阻礙機(jī)械通氣應(yīng)用的協(xié)同[4-5]。研究顯示,這種煩躁不合作的精神狀態(tài)會導(dǎo)致上述多種機(jī)械通氣并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,并增加脫管風(fēng)險[6-7]。因此,在積極治療原發(fā)病以及應(yīng)用機(jī)械通氣糾正呼吸衰竭癥狀的同時,應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛措施緩解患者的煩躁、疼痛、譫妄亦是機(jī)械通氣治療中不可分割的一部分。
目前臨床上有多種鎮(zhèn)靜藥物應(yīng)用于機(jī)械通氣中,這些藥物可增加患者與機(jī)械通氣的協(xié)同性,減少多種機(jī)械通氣并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,但過量的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物可導(dǎo)致不良反應(yīng)增多,對呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)造成抑制,從而引發(fā)或加重呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎以及循環(huán)灌注不足,影響機(jī)械通氣患者的預(yù)后[8-9]。所以,應(yīng)用各種量表評價鎮(zhèn)靜效果,維持機(jī)械通氣患者處于淺鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài)是鎮(zhèn)靜治療策略中的核心問題[10]。目前臨床常用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物主要有咪達(dá)唑侖、丙泊酚和右美托咪定[11-13],但上述藥物特點各不相同,選用何種鎮(zhèn)靜藥物以及采用怎樣的治療劑量能夠安全有效地達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)靜目標(biāo),至今仍未有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]。
本研究從有效性及安全性方面對咪達(dá)唑侖、丙泊酚及右美托咪定+丙泊酚3組鎮(zhèn)靜策略進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果顯示,丙泊酚組、右美托咪定+丙泊酚組維持淺鎮(zhèn)靜的效果優(yōu)于咪達(dá)唑侖組,其原因為咪達(dá)唑侖半衰期明顯長于其他兩種藥物,量效反應(yīng)周期較長,不易通過鎮(zhèn)靜量表達(dá)到及時調(diào)控。鎮(zhèn)痛方面,有研究顯示在應(yīng)用芬太尼鎮(zhèn)痛劑量無差異的前提下,右美托咪定+丙泊酚組的效果優(yōu)于咪達(dá)唑侖組及丙泊酚組,考慮與右美托咪定獨特的藥理作用及其對鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的協(xié)同作用有關(guān)[12,15-16]。目前文獻(xiàn)明確指出,與譫妄發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)的因素包括預(yù)先存在的老年癡呆癥、高血壓和(或)酗酒史、入院時較高的疾病嚴(yán)重程度,此外,苯二氮類的使用也可能是誘發(fā)譫妄的危險因素[17-20]。雖然目前未有明確證據(jù)提示右美托咪定能預(yù)防譫妄的發(fā)生[21-22],但有研究指出應(yīng)用右美托咪定鎮(zhèn)靜的患者中出現(xiàn)譫妄的概率較低[17,20],與本研究結(jié)果相同。不同于咪達(dá)唑侖和丙泊酚,右美托咪定對呼吸的抑制較輕,減少了鎮(zhèn)靜藥物對患者呼吸功能恢復(fù)的阻礙。因此右美托咪定+丙泊酚組患者機(jī)械通氣時間、控制通氣比例均低于應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖及丙泊酚的患者[17,20-21,23]。有文獻(xiàn)觀察到應(yīng)用右美托咪定會發(fā)生低血壓[24],但在本研究中并沒有觀察到此種現(xiàn)象,本研究中,3組鎮(zhèn)靜藥物對患者的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)均產(chǎn)生了一定影響,但并無明顯差異,這與Venn等[25]關(guān)于右美托咪定應(yīng)用負(fù)荷劑量可能是導(dǎo)致血壓劇烈下降的主要原因的觀點一致。
綜上所述,我們認(rèn)為右美托咪定因其不同于其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的藥理作用,呼吸抑制輕、譫妄發(fā)生少的特點,在以淺鎮(zhèn)靜為目標(biāo)的鎮(zhèn)靜治療策略中具有較好的安全性和有效性。近期較多文獻(xiàn)也闡述了同樣的觀點。但需指出的是,這些文獻(xiàn)的觀察對象多為外科術(shù)后患者,尤其是心血管外科術(shù)后患者,且多為單獨應(yīng)用右美托咪定對比其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥物[24]。由于部分文獻(xiàn)描述應(yīng)用右美托咪定鎮(zhèn)靜的過程中無法達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)靜效果,需要加用其他藥物[26-27],結(jié)合在臨床上對右美托咪定鎮(zhèn)靜作用的觀察,我們認(rèn)為右美托咪定的鎮(zhèn)靜效果低于其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,因此本研究選擇了聯(lián)合丙泊酚進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)靜治療,結(jié)果顯示基于右美托咪定本身的藥物特點,與丙泊酚聯(lián)合應(yīng)用在機(jī)械通氣患者鎮(zhèn)靜治療中的效果優(yōu)于其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥物。
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The use of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in mechanically ventilated patients
HU Zi-long, ZHANG Zhi-cheng, LI Da-wei, SHUAI Wei-zheng, ZOU Jian-feng
Department of Intensive Care Unit, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
ObjectiveTo estimate and compare the efficacy and safety of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in sedation for mechanically ventilated patients.MethodsSeventy-six patients with mechanical ventilation time >24h in ICU of Navy General Hospital of PLA from Mar. 2012 to Sep. 2014 were randomly divided into midazolam group (n=23), propofol group (n=27) and dexmedetomidine combined with propofol group (n=26), and they were given corresponding drugs for sedation. The proportions in each group which reached the target score of Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) and the nonverbal pain assessment scale (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool, CPOT) were accounted and recorded, and the positive rate of delirium was assessed with the confusion assessment method in the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). The mechanical ventilation time and the effectiveness of sedation among the 3 groups were compared, the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events was recorded, and the frequency of controlled ventilation, daily mean arterial pressure as well as the heart rate range were analyzed.ResultsThe proportion of reaching the target score of RASS was higher in dexmedetomidine combined with propofol group (86.54%) than that in midazolam group (69.32%, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference when compared with that in propofol group (79.37%, P>0.05). The proportion of reaching the target score of CPOT was higher in dexmedetomidine combined with propofol group (63.1%) than in midazolam group (51.2%) and propofol group (49.5%, P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between the latter two groups (P>0.05). The positive rate of delirium and the proportion of controlled ventilation were lower, and the time of mechanical ventilation is shorter in dexmedetomidine combined with propofol group than in the other two groups (P<0.05). No significant difference in the proportion of adverse cardiovascular events, mean arterial pressure and heart rate range was found among the three groups (P>0.05).ConclusionThe efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol is higher than the individual use of midazolam or propofol in producing sedation for mechanically ventilated patients.
respiration, artificial; hypnotics and sedatives; propofol; midazolam
R971.3
A
0577-7402(2015)06-0479-05
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.06.12
2015-02-24);
2015-04-13)
(責(zé)任編輯:熊曉然)
胡子龍,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士。主要從事重癥醫(yī)學(xué)的臨床研究
100048 北京 海軍總醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(胡子龍、張志成、李大偉、帥維正、鄒劍峰)