于延勇,趙明泉,陳寶國(guó)
(山東省禹城市人民醫(yī)院骨外科,山東 禹城 251200)
保留髕骨型全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的中期療效
于延勇,趙明泉,陳寶國(guó)
(山東省禹城市人民醫(yī)院骨外科,山東 禹城 251200)
目的 評(píng)價(jià)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎行保留髕骨型全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后膝前痛發(fā)生率、臨床功能及髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)對(duì)臨床療效的影響。方法 回顧分析2006年2月至2009年2月采用保留髕骨型TKA治療151 例(151膝)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的臨床資料。其中男59 例,女92 例;平均年齡72.3 歲(56~82 歲)。髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)采用Outerbridge 分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、術(shù)后膝前痛采用VAS評(píng)分、臨床功能采用美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)分(the knee society scale,KSS)和髕骨評(píng)分(Patellar scores,PS)。結(jié)果 平均隨訪時(shí)間(6.4±1.8)年。所有患者切口達(dá)Ⅰ期愈合。髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)18 例,Ⅱ級(jí)36 例,Ⅲ級(jí)62 例,Ⅳ級(jí)35 例。末次隨訪時(shí),6 例(4.0%)患者有膝前疼痛,其中輕度疼痛4 例,中度2 例,無(wú)重度疼痛?;颊咂骄鵎SS評(píng)分由術(shù)前(82.6±9.3)分提高到術(shù)后(169.8±13.2)分;患者平均PS由術(shù)前(10.5±3.3)分提高到術(shù)后(27.8±4.5)分。不同髕骨軟骨退變不影響術(shù)后膝前痛發(fā)生率(χ2=0.42,P=0.94)、KSS評(píng)分(膝評(píng)分:F=1.83,P=20.14;功能評(píng)分:F=0.56,P=20.64)和PS評(píng)分(F=0.78,P=20.51)。結(jié)論 膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎行保留髕骨型TKA術(shù)可取得滿意的臨床療效,髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)不影響臨床療效。
膝關(guān)節(jié);骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù);膝前痛;髕骨未置換
隨著人口老齡化,膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性疾病逐年增多,對(duì)于保守治療無(wú)效的患者,全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù) (total knee arthroplasty,TKA) 常能獲得滿意的臨床療效,有效緩解疼痛,改善生活質(zhì)量[1]。TKA中,如何處理髕骨目前學(xué)術(shù)界還未形成共識(shí)。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為髕骨置換相比保留髕骨TKA的患者,術(shù)后膝前痛發(fā)生率和再手術(shù)率均較低[2-3];另一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為髕骨置換術(shù)后常并發(fā)諸如髕骨骨折、髕骨缺血性壞死、髕韌帶損傷、髕骨不穩(wěn)、髕骨假體松動(dòng)等并發(fā)癥[4-5];還有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該根據(jù)髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)選擇性置換髕骨,因不同髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)影響膝前痛發(fā)生率[6]。
但是這些學(xué)者研究也存在以下不足,以致可能影響研究結(jié)論的有效性:a)臨床診斷不同;b)所選擇的假體設(shè)計(jì)不同;c)非同一醫(yī)生對(duì)患者實(shí)施手術(shù)。因?yàn)椴煌募膊?,不同的假體,不同的手術(shù)技巧均能影響TKA術(shù)后臨床療效。
有鑒于此,本研究采用一定的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選取采用保留髕骨型TKA治療151 例(151膝)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的臨床資料,并分析術(shù)后膝前痛、臨床功能及髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)對(duì)臨床療效的影響。
1.1 一般資料 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a)術(shù)前診斷均為膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;b)單側(cè)手術(shù);c)采用Gemini MK Ⅱ,骨水泥固定假體;d)同一資深醫(yī)生手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a)同側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)有疾??;b)有下腰痛;c)精神有障礙;d)隨訪時(shí)間小于2年;e)失訪者。自2006年2月至2009年2月按上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共有151 例患者納入研究,男59 例,女92 例;年齡56~82 歲,平均72.3 歲。
1.2 臨床評(píng)估 有獨(dú)立的醫(yī)生記錄所有患者臨床數(shù)據(jù),包括:髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)(采用Outerbridge分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7])、膝前痛(采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法,VAS;0分無(wú)痛,10分嚴(yán)重疼痛)、臨床功能采用美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)分(the knee society scale,KSS)[8]和髕骨評(píng)分[9]。KSS包括膝評(píng)分(knee score,KS,100分)和功能評(píng)分(function score,F(xiàn)S,100分)。
1.3 手術(shù)方法 所有患者均選擇全身麻醉,在止血帶下,由同一資深醫(yī)生手術(shù),采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)膝前手術(shù)入路;分別行股骨遠(yuǎn)端和脛骨近端截骨,切除半月板,平衡屈伸間隙,安裝骨水泥型Gemini MK Ⅱ膝關(guān)節(jié)假體(見圖1);處理髕骨包括切除髕骨周圍骨贅、髕骨周圍電灼術(shù);沖洗縫合包扎切口,放置引流管。
圖1 Gemini MK Ⅱ旋轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng)平臺(tái)膝關(guān)節(jié)假體大體照
1.4 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)前1 d常規(guī)使用抗生素(頭孢一代),術(shù)中再使用一次,術(shù)后使用1 d,低分子肝素鈉皮下注射預(yù)防靜脈血栓。術(shù)后根據(jù)患者疼痛情況,采用氟比洛芬酯靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛。術(shù)后1 d鼓勵(lì)患者活動(dòng)患肢,根據(jù)患者鍛煉情況決定是否用CPM機(jī)鍛煉。3 d后患者在助行器下下地活動(dòng)。
151例患者均獲隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間5~8年,平均(6.4±1.8)年。無(wú)術(shù)中并發(fā)癥,所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)18 例;Ⅱ級(jí)36 例;Ⅲ級(jí)62 例;Ⅳ級(jí)35 例。
末次隨訪時(shí),共有6 例(4.0%)患者出現(xiàn)持續(xù)膝前痛。其中,輕度疼痛4 例,中度2 例,無(wú)重度疼痛;患者平均KSS由術(shù)前(82.6±9.3)分 (31~129分)提高到術(shù)后(169.8±13.2)分 (100~191 分)?;颊咂骄鵓S由術(shù)前(10.5±3.3)分 (6~11分)提高到術(shù)后(27.8±4.5)分 (26~30分)。髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)不影響術(shù)后膝前痛發(fā)生率(χ2=0.42,P=20.94)、KSS(膝評(píng)分:F=1.83,P=20.14;功能評(píng)分:F=0.56,P=20.64)和PS(F=0.78,P=20.51)(見表1~3)。末次隨訪時(shí)假體力學(xué)正常,無(wú)骨溶解及假體周圍透亮線發(fā)生。典型病例為一男性患者,右膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎行保留髕骨型TKA術(shù),手術(shù)前后影像學(xué)資料見圖2~4。
表1 末次隨訪時(shí)患者膝前痛與髕骨軟骨情況的關(guān)系(例)
表2 末次隨訪時(shí)KSS與髕骨軟骨情況的關(guān)系分)
表3 末次隨訪時(shí)PS與髕骨軟骨情況的關(guān)系分)
在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換中髕骨的處理共有三種意見:髕骨置換、從不置換、選擇性置換[10]??瓷先ミx擇性置換較合理,然而什么情況下選擇置換髕骨仍未知,因此有很大主觀性[2,11]。
圖2 TKA術(shù)前正側(cè)位X線片示退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎 圖3 TKA術(shù)后正側(cè)位X線片圖4TKA術(shù)后6年正側(cè)位X線片
最初的全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換假體系統(tǒng),沒有設(shè)計(jì)置換髕骨假體,但是術(shù)后較多的患者出現(xiàn)膝前痛,并認(rèn)為是由于髕骨未置換引起。因此以后的膝關(guān)節(jié)置換假體系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)了髕骨置換假體[12]。但是在應(yīng)用后發(fā)現(xiàn)有較多與髕骨置換相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥,如髕骨骨折 (0.2%~21%)、髕骨壞死 (0.05%~2%)、髕韌帶損傷(1%~2%)、髕骨不穩(wěn) (1%~25%)和髕骨假體松動(dòng)(4.8%)等[13-16]。而且這些并發(fā)癥是引起全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后翻修最主要的原因,約占翻修病例的50%[4],另外行髕骨假體翻修的并發(fā)癥也高達(dá)45%[13],表明髕骨置換療效并不理想。
隨著假體設(shè)計(jì)的改進(jìn)和醫(yī)生手術(shù)技巧的提高,更多的是為了避免髕骨置換引起的并發(fā)癥,一些骨科醫(yī)生更愿意選擇不置換髕骨。有調(diào)查顯示,患者TKA中不置換髕骨在瑞典占90%,挪威占95%,澳大利亞占55%;在醫(yī)生中,總是選擇髕骨置換和從不置換的分別占13%和38%[17]。
然而有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道未置換髕骨的患者有較高的膝前痛(10%~49%)以及由此引起的再手術(shù)率(8.7%)[18-19]。但是膝前痛和再手術(shù)率不能都?xì)w因于髕骨未置換,常為多因素的,如患者個(gè)體特征、假體設(shè)計(jì)及手術(shù)技巧均可導(dǎo)致膝前痛[20-21]。另外,臨床上對(duì)于TKA中未置換髕骨的患者術(shù)后發(fā)生膝前痛,醫(yī)生和患者都更愿意選擇置換髕骨以期緩解疼痛,然而實(shí)踐證明髕骨置換后,膝前痛緩解率僅為45%[22]。本組患者均采用保留髕骨型TKA術(shù),末次隨訪時(shí)膝前痛發(fā)生率僅為4.0%;平均KSS和PS評(píng)分為169.8分和27.8 分,均較術(shù)前明顯提高,無(wú)翻修患者,表明本組患者臨床療效滿意。本組患者取得優(yōu)良臨床療效可能原因?yàn)椋篴)患者均行髕骨周圍電灼術(shù),因?yàn)殡娮菩g(shù)可以損毀髕骨周圍神經(jīng),降低術(shù)后膝前痛的發(fā)生[23];b)我們使用的是Gemini MK Ⅱ假體,股骨假體為解剖型設(shè)計(jì),髕股滑車加深,近側(cè)邊緣加寬,允許正常的髕股關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng),降低髕股關(guān)節(jié)間的接觸應(yīng)力,脛骨假體為旋轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng)平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì),改善髕骨運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,從而降低膝前痛[24-26];c)由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)生手術(shù),良好的手術(shù)技巧也是降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的重要因素。
有些文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為應(yīng)該根據(jù)髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)決定是否置換髕骨,并認(rèn)為Ⅳ級(jí)的患者應(yīng)該行髕骨置換[6]。但本組研究結(jié)果表明,髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)并不影響膝前痛發(fā)生率、KSS評(píng)分及髕骨評(píng)分。因此髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)或許并不是決定髕骨置換與否的因素。
綜上所述,膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎行保留髕骨型全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)可以取得滿意的臨床療效,而髕骨退變等級(jí)不影響臨床療效。本研究有以下不足:a)隨訪時(shí)間較短;b)本組僅涉及到同一疾病、同一假體、同一手術(shù)者,此結(jié)果或許不能推廣到其他疾病,其他假體以及其他手術(shù)者。
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The Intermediate Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty without Patellar Resurfacing
Yu Yanyong,Zhao Mingquan,Chen Baoguo
(Department of Orthopaedics,Yucheng People′s Hospital,Yucheng 251200,China)
Objective To evaluate anterior knee pain and clinical function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without patellar resurfacing for degenerative osteoarthritis,and analyze whether patellar chondromalacia influence on clinical outcome.Methods 151 patients (151 knees) underwent TKA without patellar resurfacing between February 2006 and February 2009 was retrospective studied.There were 59 male and 92 female.The mean age was 72.3 years (range,56~82 years).These data were evaluated,including patellar chondromalacia using Outerbridge classification,anterior knee pain using visual analogue scores (VAS),clinical function using the Knee Society clinical scoring system (KSS) and Patellar scores (PS).Results Mean follow-up time was (6.4±1.8) years (range,5~8 years).All wound obtained healing by first intention.There were grade Ⅰ in 18 patients,grade Ⅱ in 36 patients,grade Ⅲ in 62 patients,and grade Ⅳ in 35 patients.At the final follow-up,there were 6 (4.0%) patients with anterior knee pain (mild pain in 4 patients,moderate pain in 2 patents and none of patients with severe pain).The mean KSS was preoperative (82.6±9.3) points (range,31~129 points) improved to postoperative (169.8±13.2) points (range,100~191 points);the mean PS was preoperative (10.5±3.3) points (range,6~11 points);improved to postoperative (27.8±4.5) points (range,26~30 points).The patellar chondromalacia were not influence on anterior knee pain (χ2=0.42,P=20.94),KSS (KS:F=1.83,P=20.14;FS:F=0.56,P=20.64) and PS (F3=0.78,P=20.51).Conclusion TKA without patella resurfacing for degenerative osteoarthrosis,can obtain good-to-excellent clinical outcomes,and the patellar chondromalacia may not affect the clinical outcomes.
knee;osteoarthrosis;artroplasty;anterior knee pain;patella nonresurfacing
1008-5572(2015)01-0016-04
R687.4+2
B
2014-08-27
于延勇(1977- ),男,主治醫(yī)師,山東省禹城市人民醫(yī)院骨外科,251200。