漢語“把……視為”英語表達(dá)種種

胡瀟逸 李延林

在清華大學(xué)出版社出版的高等學(xué)校教材《新時(shí)代交互英語》第三冊第一單元Reading One的Ethnic Boundary Markers一文中有這樣一句話：“Some native Americans physically appear to be Euro-Americans or African Americans and some African Americans would be identified as Euro-Americans or native Americans on the basis of physical appearance alone.”該小段文字可譯成“一些土著美國人看起來很像美籍歐洲人或美籍非洲人，而僅僅靠體貌來判斷的話，一些美籍非洲人就會被誤當(dāng)成美籍歐洲人或美國土著人?！?/p>

從譯文來看，上述原文中的“be identified as”被譯成了“被誤當(dāng)成”，“被誤當(dāng)成”是譯者根據(jù)上下文的翻譯;其實(shí)，“be identified as”并沒有“被誤當(dāng)成”的意義，而是“被視為”之義，嚴(yán)格來講，該表達(dá)只是廣義上相當(dāng)于漢語的“被視為”，是在寫作及日常生活中人們經(jīng)常使用的一個(gè)重要結(jié)構(gòu)，它的主動式的基本義是“把……看作是”“認(rèn)為……是”“把……說成是”“把……想象成”，等等。從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，英語可以用這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：“主詞+動詞+……+介詞+……”或“主詞+動詞+……+不定式短語+……”，有時(shí)甚至還有其他特殊形式。茲作如下分述：

（一）用于褒義表達(dá)的“l(fā)ook up to…as…”

（1）我們把他視為學(xué)習(xí)的光輝榜樣。

We look up to him as a shining example for them to learn from.

（2）人們視他為活雷鋒。

People look up to him as a living Lei Feng.

（二）褒貶皆可的“l(fā)ook on/upon…as…”

（3）我覺得人家把我們看作是一個(gè)由飛黃騰達(dá)的偽君子組成的家族。

I thought we were looked on as a race of successful hypocrites.（J. Galsworthy）

（4）我們認(rèn)為那很奇怪。

We look upon that as very strange.

（三）普通用法的“l(fā)ook at…as”

（5）你慢慢做吧，不要把它看成是負(fù)擔(dān)。

Just take your time.Dont look it as your burden.

（6）老實(shí)說，我認(rèn)為他是個(gè)有希望的青年。

To be frank with you，I look at him as a promising youth.

（四）多帶貶義色彩的“keep…as…”

（7）他們把黑人視為奴隸（對待）。

They keep the black people as slaves.

（8）他們把公共財(cái)產(chǎn)視為自己的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)。

They keep the public property as their private property.

（五）褒貶皆可的“think of…as…”

（9）我認(rèn)為約翰是個(gè)可悲的人，一輩子很少有什么成功。

I think of John as a sad person with little success in his life.

（10）全班同學(xué)把他視為班上成績最好的學(xué)生。

All his classmates think of him as the best student in the class.

（六）褒貶皆可的“regard…as…”

（11）委員會中的任何一個(gè)成員都被認(rèn)為是能勝任主席這一職位的。

Any member of the committee is regarded as fit to take the chairmanship.

（12）我認(rèn)為他是個(gè)沒有原則的人。

I regard him as being without principles.

（七）褒貶皆可的“consider…as/to be…”

（13）我們認(rèn)為他屬于那類不務(wù)正業(yè)的人。

We considered him as belonging to the group of people who are unmindful of their own work.

（14）他們認(rèn)為我們能干。

They consider us to be able men.

（八）非正式用法且褒貶皆可的“reckon…as/to be…”

（15）他們把她看作是敵人。

They reckoned her as their enemy.

（16）她被當(dāng)作是我們班拼寫最好的。

She is reckoned to be the best speller in our class.

（九）主動形式表被動意義的“pass for…”

（17）狄克皮膚黝黑，很容易被看成是意大利人或西班牙人。

With his dark skin，Dick could easily pass for an Italian or a Spaniard.

（18）這種繁榮被認(rèn)為是不可靠的現(xiàn)象。

This kind of prosperity passes for an unreliable phenomenon.

（十）褒貶皆可的“imagine…to be…”

（19）他總是把自己想象成一位優(yōu)秀演員。

He always imagines himself to be an excellent actor.

（20）她喜歡把自己想象成一名年輕演員。

She likes to imagine herself to be a young actress.

（十一）具有褒義用法的“have…as…”

（21）老師把我們當(dāng)成自己的好朋友。

The teacher has us as his good friends.

（22）她把她的母親當(dāng)成自己的啟蒙老師。

She has her mother as her first teacher.

（十二）褒貶皆可的“take…as/to be…”

（23）前幾部書可以看成是整部著作的模式。

The first few books can be taken as the pattern of the whole work.

（24）他把該項(xiàng)工作看成是自己的義務(wù)。

He took this work as his duty.

（十三）誤將甲當(dāng)成乙的“take…for…”（或“mistake…for…”）

（25）他德語說得很好，常被人誤以為是德國人。

She speaks German so well that she is often taken（或“mistaken”） for a native German.

（26）他誤將那個(gè)穿紅衣服的姑娘當(dāng)成他的女朋友。

He mistook/took the girl in red as his girl friend.

（十四）錯(cuò)把某物當(dāng)成別的東西的“read…as…”

（27）不能老將沉默誤以為是默許。

Silence cannot always be read as agreement.

（28）援助東歐的主張被認(rèn)為完全正確。

The proposal for aid to eastern Europe is read as absolutely right.

（十五）把某人想象成某種人的“see…as…”

（29）我實(shí)在無法想象他是騙子。

I simply cannot see himself as a crook.

（30）當(dāng)?shù)厝税阉暈橛⑿邸?/p>

The local people see her as a heroine.

（十六）把某人當(dāng)作某種人對待的“treat…as…”

（31）處理酗酒的人的最好辦法是把他/她當(dāng)成病人對待。

The best way to deal with someone who is drunk is to treat him as sick.

（32）大家都把他視為貴賓。

Everybody treats him as a distinguished guest.

（十七）表示看法的“view…as…”

（33）老師們把學(xué)習(xí)英語視為輕而易舉的事情。

Teachers viewed the study of English as a thing like eating a piece of cake.

（34）他們把導(dǎo)彈看作是一種防衛(wèi)和威懾力量。

They viewed their missiles as a defensive and deterrent force.

（十八）表示思想認(rèn)識的“deem…（to be）…”

（35）他們還可設(shè)立具有其認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)穆毮艿钠渌瘑T會.

They may also establish such additional Committees with such functions as it may deem appropriate.

（36）你認(rèn)為這一計(jì)劃明智嗎？

Do you deem this plan to be sensible/advisable？

（十九）表示普遍認(rèn)為但有所懷疑的“repute…as…”

（37）他被認(rèn)為是中國最好的外科醫(yī)生。

He is reputed as the best surgeon in China.

（38）她被視為一不怕苦二不怕死的人。

She is reputed as the one who is afraid of neither hardship nor death.

（二十）用于褒義的“greet…as…”

（39）當(dāng)他返回中國時(shí)，人們把他當(dāng)作英雄來歡迎。

Upon her return to China， people greeted him as a hero.

（40）大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，她為何受到英雄般的歡迎？

Why was she greeted as a hero after the war？

研究漢語字詞的譯法不容易，研究漢語字詞的多種譯法更不容易，其中藏著許許多多的酸甜苦辣。誠然，翻譯工作是個(gè)“熬紅眼”的工作，做該工作的人得有一種恒心與毅力，要刻苦地學(xué)，堅(jiān)持不懈地練，學(xué)貫中西，博古通今，練就一身富有再創(chuàng)作精神的本領(lǐng)，只有這樣，才能成為駕馭兩種語言、兩種文化的專家或大師，成為各學(xué)科、各領(lǐng)域的翻譯大才。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]何炳威.容易誤譯的英語[M].北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2002.

[2]陳中繩，吳娟.英漢新詞新義佳譯[M].上海：上海翻譯出版公司，1990.

[3]陳忠誠.詞語翻譯叢談[M].北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1983.

[4]單其昌.漢英翻譯技巧[M].北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1990.

（胡瀟逸，李延林 ?湖南長沙 ?中南大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 ?410083）