陳學(xué)斌,王國春
(中日友好醫(yī)院 a.醫(yī)學(xué)工程處,b.風(fēng)濕免疫科,北京 100029)
miRNA在特發(fā)性炎性肌病中的作用
陳學(xué)斌a,王國春b
(中日友好醫(yī)院 a.醫(yī)學(xué)工程處,b.風(fēng)濕免疫科,北京 100029)
皮肌炎、多發(fā)性肌炎和散發(fā)型包涵體肌炎是臨床較為常見的炎性肌病,其發(fā)病過程涉及不同的免疫過程。目前的研究認(rèn)為皮肌炎的發(fā)病與補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的免疫過程相關(guān),多發(fā)性肌炎和包涵體肌炎的是T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒免疫過程,除此之外由于MHCI高表達(dá)所造成的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激也與多發(fā)性肌炎和包涵體肌炎的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。miRNA是在基因轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平起調(diào)控作用的長度約為21~25 nt的非編碼小RNA,miRNA能夠調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的多種生理過程,其與疾病發(fā)生過程有密切相關(guān)。本文總結(jié)了皮肌炎、多發(fā)性肌炎和散發(fā)型包涵體肌炎中miRNA的特異性表達(dá)情況,并分析了不同miRNA對三種特發(fā)性炎性肌病發(fā)病過程中重要蛋白的調(diào)控作用,為臨床進(jìn)一步探討miRNA在炎性肌病中的診斷和治療提供幫助。
特發(fā)性炎性肌?。?miRNA;發(fā)病機(jī)制
特發(fā)性炎性肌病(idiopathic inflamamatory myopathies,IIMs)臨床上主要包括皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)、多發(fā)性肌炎(polymyositis,PM)和散發(fā)型包涵體肌炎(sporadic inclusion body myositis,sIBM)等亞型。DM是一類亞急性發(fā)作的IIMs,其臨床表現(xiàn)為近端肌無力且常常伴有皮膚的病理性改變,該疾病的發(fā)病人群包括成人和兒童。目前認(rèn)為DM是一種補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)調(diào)控的微血管疾病,患者的肌肉組織的毛細(xì)血管表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮性增生,毛細(xì)血管形成網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),空泡化并發(fā)生壞死,導(dǎo)致肌肉局部缺血和肌纖維的損傷。參與DM炎癥反應(yīng)的細(xì)胞主要位于肌纖維血管周圍的區(qū)域,或者位于叢生隔膜的束間區(qū)域,而不是位于肌纖維束當(dāng)中。PM也是一種亞急性發(fā)作為主的疾病,主要在成人中發(fā)病,在兒童中鮮有發(fā)病,表現(xiàn)為近端肌肉無力。sIBM發(fā)病緩慢,是年齡超過50歲的患者中最常出現(xiàn)的一類肌炎,sIBM能影響患者近端和遠(yuǎn)端的肌肉,因?yàn)榕cPM的發(fā)病機(jī)制相似,因此它的診斷常常與PM相混。PM和sIBM都是T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒免疫過程。兩種疾病的肌肉纖維細(xì)胞都表達(dá)MHCI類分子和共同刺激因子,這些分子與侵潤在肌細(xì)胞周圍的CD8+T細(xì)胞的表面受體TCR結(jié)合,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞毒性CD8+T細(xì)胞的增殖及激活。激活的細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞向肌纖維中釋放穿孔素顆粒,通過穿孔素信號通路促使肌纖維細(xì)胞的凋亡。除了T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作用外,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激在PM和sIBM發(fā)病過程中也發(fā)揮著作用。在患者的肌肉纖維中有空泡的形成,空泡內(nèi)的包含物含有15~21nm的微管纖維絲的聚集物,以及細(xì)胞質(zhì)中淀粉樣蛋白與其抗體發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng)的沉積物。出現(xiàn)空泡化的肌肉細(xì)胞雖然有MHCI抗原表達(dá),但是幾乎不出現(xiàn)T細(xì)胞的侵潤,這暗示MHCI分子誘發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的非炎癥過程可能與T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作用是影響PM和sIBM的兩個(gè)相對獨(dú)立的過程[1,2]。
微小RNA(miRNA)是一類具有轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控作用的內(nèi)源性小分子RNA,它可以與靶基因的3’UTR區(qū)域相結(jié)合,通過降解靶基因mRNA或抑制mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄等方式調(diào)控靶基因的表達(dá)。miRNA的成熟需要經(jīng)歷兩個(gè)過程,首先在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)RNaseIII Droasha和RNA結(jié)合蛋白DGCR8將miRNA的初始轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物primiRNA剪切成60~70 nt的premiRNA。當(dāng)premiRNA被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞質(zhì)以后被另一種RNase Dicer剪切成21~25 nt的成熟的miRNA,成熟的miRNA與Argonaute2(Ago2)等蛋白構(gòu)成能與靶基因miRNA結(jié)合的RNA沉默復(fù)合體,進(jìn)而從轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平對靶基因進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。研究表明miRNA在生物體的很多生理過程中發(fā)揮著作用,特異性表達(dá)的miRNA可以控制細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、凋亡。一些miRNA的表達(dá)與疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展也有著密切的關(guān)系,例如癌癥的發(fā)生以及免疫系統(tǒng)失調(diào)等等[3]。目前雖然關(guān)于miRNA與IIMs的報(bào)道較少,但已有的研究顯示miRNA與IIMs的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切的關(guān)系。
特異性表達(dá)的miRNA與疾病的發(fā)病過程中有密切的聯(lián)系,IIMs中特異性表達(dá)的miRNA可能對IIMs的發(fā)病起重要的調(diào)控作用。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道我們總結(jié)了目前在幾種IIMs中表達(dá)較為特異性表達(dá)的miRNA(表1)。在Eisenberg等的研究中研究者分析了428種miRNA在十種肌肉疾病(包括DM、PM和sIBM)中的表達(dá)情況。與正常組織相比,DM中有35個(gè)miRNA發(fā)生變化,PM中有37個(gè)發(fā)生變化,sIBM中有20個(gè)發(fā)生變化。在這些發(fā)生變化的miRNA中,有七個(gè)miRNA在DM、PM和IBM當(dāng)中的表達(dá)均增多,分別是hsa-miR-146b、hsa-miR-221、hsa-miR-155、hsa-miR-214、 hsa-miR-222、hsa-miR-34a 和hsa-miR-21[4]。Zhu等用芯片技術(shù)比較了淋巴細(xì)胞侵潤的IIMs患者的肌肉組織與正常的肌肉組織miRNA的表達(dá)譜,結(jié)果顯示有69個(gè)miRNA出現(xiàn)表達(dá)差異,其中5個(gè)miRNA表達(dá)增多,分別是miR-146a/b、 miR-155、 miR-21和miR-432,剩余的64個(gè)miRNA的表達(dá)下降,其中下降比較明顯的miRNA是miR-133a/b、miR-1、miR-29c[5]。已有報(bào)道顯示miR-146a和miR-155在淋巴細(xì)胞有較高的表達(dá),在免疫應(yīng)答中有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[6~8]。在另一篇報(bào)道中,Robert等也比較了DM、PM和sIBM患者肌肉活檢組織與正常對照組的miRNA表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)了25個(gè)差異表達(dá)的miRNA,其中有8個(gè)表達(dá)增高的miRNA,17個(gè)表達(dá)下降的miRNA,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)控制肌肉分化的幾個(gè)miRNA,如miR-146、miR-221、miR-378是幾種組織與對照組表達(dá)差異最明顯的幾個(gè)miRNA;與肌肉分化和維持相關(guān)的幾個(gè)miRNA如miR-133a/b、miR-1的表達(dá)在幾種疾病的組織樣本中都明顯下降。同時(shí)研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)在DM患者的肌肉中miR-206的表達(dá)也明顯下降[9]。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)的表達(dá)與幾種表達(dá)下降的miRNA如miR-133a/b、miR-1及miR-206的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)性。TNF能夠通過NF-κB依賴途徑抑制C2C12細(xì)胞向肌肉細(xì)胞的分化,而在C2C12細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)miR-133a/b、miR-1及miR-206這幾種miRNA,能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)TNF的這種作用。
表1 IIMs中常見的miRNA表達(dá)情況及功能
除此之外,有研究比較了DM患者皮膚組織與正常組皮膚組織中miRNA的表達(dá)差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)在DM患者中有5種過表達(dá)的miRNA和27種表達(dá)降低的miRNA。作者重點(diǎn)觀察了下降很明顯的miR-7的表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)在DM組織和血清的檢測中miR-7的表達(dá)都明顯下降,作者認(rèn)為miR-7可能成為檢測DM的一種血清學(xué)的標(biāo)志物[10]。Kim等分析了青少年DM患者肌肉活檢組織中841個(gè)miRNA的表達(dá)情況,共檢測到195個(gè)有變化的miRNA,其中miR-126是下降最明顯的miRNA。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)在青少年DM患者發(fā)病早期,miR-126的表達(dá)明顯下降,而血管粘附因子I(VACM-I)的表達(dá)增高,在長病程的患者中miR-126的表達(dá)回升,而VACM-I的表達(dá)也下降。這提示miR-126的表達(dá)負(fù)向調(diào)控了VACM-I的表達(dá)[11]。Tang等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-206在DM患者發(fā)病過程中的表達(dá)下降,同時(shí)患者肌肉中會有TH17細(xì)胞的侵潤。KLF4是TH17細(xì)胞的正向調(diào)控因子,同時(shí)KLF4是miR-206的一個(gè)多位點(diǎn)靶基因,作者認(rèn)為miR-206通過影響KLF4的表達(dá)而對TH17起負(fù)向調(diào)控作用,進(jìn)而對DM的發(fā)病起作用[12]。Shimada等分析了30位DM患者血清中miR-21的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示miR-21在DM患者血清中的表達(dá)增加,因此作者認(rèn)為miR-21可能成為DM的診斷分子[13]。
目前關(guān)于miRNA在IIMs中的功能的報(bào)道還相對較少,本文將分別從目前公認(rèn)的IIMs的免疫過程中來探索miRNA在DM、PM和sIBM中的功能。
3.1 DM的免疫病理學(xué)發(fā)病的過程 當(dāng)前研究認(rèn)為DM的發(fā)病機(jī)理是由C3補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的。在該過程中C3被針對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的抗體通過經(jīng)典補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)或補(bǔ)體旁路系統(tǒng)激活,導(dǎo)致C3b的形成,C3b新抗原和補(bǔ)體膜溶攻擊復(fù)合物圍繞在毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞層的周圍,補(bǔ)體膜溶攻擊物的沉積導(dǎo)致毛細(xì)血管的解體和減少,導(dǎo)致肌纖維束周圍局部缺血或形成微小血栓。最終肌纖維束周圍毛細(xì)血管數(shù)量減少,管徑增大,引發(fā)肌纖維束的萎縮。在此過程中內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受外圍細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控而使得VCAM-1和ICAM-1表達(dá)增多,這些表達(dá)增多的分子能與淋巴細(xì)胞的表面分子intergrin結(jié)合激活LFA-4和LFA-1,促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞、CD4+T細(xì)胞以及吞噬細(xì)胞等淋巴細(xì)胞從體循環(huán)向肌纖維束部位遷移。激活的T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子又進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了這個(gè)過程。在此過程中有多種蛋白分子參與,目前已有研究證實(shí)miRNA對該過程的一些重要蛋白有調(diào)控作用,如miRNA能調(diào)控該免疫過程的C3,LFA-1和ICAM-1等蛋白分子(圖1)。
圖1 DM發(fā)病過程參與調(diào)控免疫過程的miRNA[1]
DM是受C3調(diào)控的一種免疫性疾病,C3的激活對該疾病的發(fā)生起重要的作用。Yang等的研究顯示miR-92d[14]能通過靶向抑制C3的表達(dá)而對免疫過程其調(diào)控作用。同時(shí)miR-3021也能夠調(diào)控C3的表達(dá)[15],miR-221和 miR-222的表達(dá)與血清中C3的含量有相關(guān)性[16]。LFA-1的表達(dá)水平與CD4+T細(xì)胞向內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移過程相關(guān),研究證實(shí)miR-21、miR-148a的高表達(dá)能夠通過調(diào)控甲基化酶的活性來調(diào)控LFA-1的表達(dá)[17]。研究表明miR-221[18]、miR-222[19]、miR-21[20]、miR-146a[21]、miR-29b[22]、miR-320b[23]等miRNA能夠靶向調(diào)控ICAM-1的表達(dá),ICAM-1在DM發(fā)病過程中與CD4+T細(xì)胞的激活相關(guān),這提示這些miRNA可能通過調(diào)控ICAM-1的表達(dá)參與到疾病的發(fā)病過程。
3.2 PM和sIBM的免疫病理學(xué)發(fā)病過程 目前認(rèn)為PM和sIBM的免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)理相似。在此過程中肌肉纖維的壞死是由激活的自身侵蝕T細(xì)胞釋放的穿孔素介導(dǎo)的,同時(shí)T細(xì)胞分泌的interferon-γ、interleukin-1和TNF-α的釋放也能促進(jìn)這種作用。CD8+T細(xì)胞表達(dá)的LFA-1與ICAM-1的結(jié)合促進(jìn)了肌肉纖維與抗原接受的T細(xì)胞之間免疫突觸的形成,激活CD8+T細(xì)胞。CD80、ICOS和CD40等共刺激因子與其相應(yīng)的配體CD28,CTLA4(細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞相關(guān)蛋白4)、ICOSL和CD40L等結(jié)合能夠促進(jìn)和增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞的激活效應(yīng)。金屬蛋白酶能夠促進(jìn)了T細(xì)胞的遷移以及其與肌肉細(xì)胞表面受體的結(jié)合。在PM和sIBM中CD8+T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒過程中的多種蛋白的表達(dá)受到了miRNA水平的調(diào)控(圖2)。
圖2 PM和IBM發(fā)病過程中參與調(diào)控免疫過程的miRNA[1]
CD8+T細(xì)胞的LFA-1和VLA-4分子能分別與肌肉纖維細(xì)胞表達(dá)的ICAM-1和VCAM-1結(jié)合促進(jìn)免疫突出的形成,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞毒性CD8+T細(xì)胞的激活。miRNA對LFA-1和ICAM-1的調(diào)控在DM發(fā)病過程中已闡述,研究證實(shí)VLA-4分子與miR-17-92家族miRNA有密切關(guān)系[24],而VCAM-1蛋白的表達(dá)受到了miR-126的負(fù)向調(diào)控[25]。在激活細(xì)胞毒CD8+T細(xì)胞的過程中,CTLA4、CD40、ICOS等的信號分子與其配體結(jié)合能增強(qiáng)這種激活作用。研究顯示CTLA4、ICOS以及CD40的配體CD40L都受到了miRNA水平的調(diào)控。MiR-15b、miR-16[26]、miR-145[27]及miR-155[28]都能夠負(fù)向調(diào)控CTLA-4的表達(dá)。Yu等的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101能與ICOS蛋白mRNA的3’UTR靶向結(jié)合,ICOS表達(dá)受到了miR-101的靶向調(diào)控[29]。同時(shí)有研究也證實(shí)CD40L的表達(dá)受到miR-155[30]和miR-146a[31]的靶向調(diào)控。激活的CD8+T細(xì)胞能分泌一些細(xì)胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-1、IFN-γ等,這些細(xì)胞因子也受到了相關(guān)miRNA的調(diào)控。目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道m(xù)iR-149[32]能夠靶向調(diào)控TNF-α和IL-1的表達(dá),miR-146a[33]、miR-223[34]等能抑制IL-1的表達(dá),而miR-155[35]能促進(jìn)IL-1的表達(dá)。MiR-524-5P的高表達(dá)能夠促進(jìn)IFN-γ的表達(dá)[36],而miR-24、miR-181[37]、miR-29家族[38]、miR-155[39]等都可以抑制IFN-γ的表達(dá)。在T細(xì)胞的遷移并與肌纖維細(xì)胞結(jié)合的過程中,金屬蛋白酶發(fā)揮著重要的作用。目前已知有較多的miRNA能夠靶向調(diào)節(jié)金屬蛋白酶的表達(dá),如miR-520[40]、miR-29[41]、miR-21[42]等,這些miRNA可能通過對金屬蛋白酶的抑制,進(jìn)而調(diào)控了免疫過程中T細(xì)胞的遷移。miR-155對該過程的很多蛋白有調(diào)控作用,這也提示miR-155可能在PM和IBM的發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。
3.3 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激對多發(fā)性肌炎和包涵體肌炎的影響 除了CD8+T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作用外,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡也被認(rèn)為是多發(fā)性肌炎和包涵體肌炎的一個(gè)重要的非免疫學(xué)發(fā)病過程。在包涵體肌炎患者的肌肉纖維中會有空泡的結(jié)構(gòu),空泡中含有15~21 nm的微管纖維絲的聚集物以及細(xì)胞質(zhì)中淀粉樣蛋白與其抗體發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng)的沉積物,這些沉積的蛋白能引發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激。在肌肉纖維細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中MHCI分子的重鏈相關(guān)的分子calnexin和β2 microglobulin能和5種分子伴侶蛋白(ERp57,glucose-regulated proteins GRP78 and GRP94,calreticulin,transporterassociated protein and tapasin),形成MHCI載肽復(fù)合物。細(xì)胞質(zhì)中降解的蛋白,以及由免疫蛋白酶體合成的MHCI編碼的亞單位、LMP2及LMP7通過轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)自相關(guān)蛋白被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中并與MHCI肽遞呈復(fù)合物結(jié)合。高親和性抗原肽誘發(fā)了MHCI分子構(gòu)象的改變,促進(jìn)了它們從遞呈復(fù)合物上的釋放。組裝的MHCI分子被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到肌肉纖維細(xì)胞的表面,使得及纖維細(xì)胞成為CD8+T細(xì)胞能夠識別的抗原遞呈細(xì)胞。如果當(dāng)MHCI合成過多而缺少合適的抗原肽或者抗原肽的構(gòu)象無法結(jié)合到MHCI復(fù)合物上時(shí),MHCI抗原遞呈復(fù)合物就變得不穩(wěn)定,MHCI分子的重鏈會發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤折疊,并且會從ER中轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中被分解。當(dāng)過多的沉積物發(fā)生時(shí)就會引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,促使細(xì)胞的凋亡。
影響PM和IBM發(fā)病的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激中的多種蛋白也受到miRNA的調(diào)控(圖3)。MHCI的組成分子calnexin和β2 microglobulin都受到了miRNA的調(diào)控。研究表明miR-455的過表達(dá)能夠?qū)е耤alnexin的表達(dá)下降,而抑制miR-455的表達(dá)能夠增加calnexin的表達(dá)[43]。β2 microglobulin的表達(dá)受到miR-320a/b[44]、miR-204/miR-211[45]、miR-21[46]的負(fù)向調(diào)控。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的分子伴侶GRP78能夠促進(jìn)miR-335和miR-363[47]的表達(dá),而miR-30能夠通過靶向抑制GRP78的表達(dá)降低ER效應(yīng)[48]。
圖3 PM和IBM發(fā)病過程中參與調(diào)控內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激過程的miRNA[1]
雖然目前關(guān)于miRNA在IIMs方面的研究較少,但是越來越多的證據(jù)顯示miRNA通過調(diào)控其靶基因的表達(dá)參與了對DM、PM和IBM免疫病理過程的調(diào)控。但miRNA能否作為一種分子標(biāo)記物或干預(yù)措施對疾病進(jìn)行診斷和治療,需要進(jìn)一步深入的研究。
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The role of miRNA in inflamamatory myopathies
CHEN Xue-bin,WANG Guo-chun
(a.Department of Clinical Engineering,b.Department of Rheumatology & Immunology,China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China)
WANGGuo-chun
Dermatomyositis,polymyositis and sporadic inclusion body myositis are the most common subtypes of idiopathic inflamamatory myopathies(IIMs),which are underlying different inflammatory processes.Although the pathogenesis of IIM,the occurrence and development of dematomyositis is associated with complement-mediated immunologicprocess,Polymyositis and inclusion-body myositis are T-cell-mediated cytotoxic processes,and ER stress due to upregulation of MHC class I antigen expression is also involved in the progresses.MiRNAs,a class of 21~25 nt noncoding small RNAs,can regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level.Dyregulated miRNAs may play important roles in the development of many diseases.In this review we summerized the specific expressed miRNAs in different subtypes of inflamamatory myopathies and analyzed the relationships between miRNAs and key proteins in the processes of these muscular disorders,which may be useful in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for inflamamatory myopathies.
Inflamamatory myopathies; miRNA; Pathogenesis
王國春,男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士研究生導(dǎo)師。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會風(fēng)濕病分會委員。主要研究方向:特發(fā)性炎性肌病的臨床及基礎(chǔ)研究。
R593.2
A
1672-6170(2015)05-0017-06
2015-07-08)