古建新衣
——?dú)W洲城市如何通過創(chuàng)新性建筑系統(tǒng)翻新實(shí)現(xiàn)改變New Skin – Old Building: How European Cities are Changing そrough Innovative Retro fi t Building Systems

西爾維婭·賈梅塔/Silvia Giammetta尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

古建新衣
——?dú)W洲城市如何通過創(chuàng)新性建筑系統(tǒng)翻新實(shí)現(xiàn)改變New Skin – Old Building: How European Cities are Changing そrough Innovative Retro fi t Building Systems

西爾維婭·賈梅塔/Silvia Giammetta尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

在過去的10年中，歐洲關(guān)于戰(zhàn)后建筑節(jié)能改造的設(shè)計(jì)討論在城市的再生過程中具有重要意義。事實(shí)上，低能效是影響城市和郊區(qū)大部分建筑的一個嚴(yán)重問題，并已成為學(xué)者和技術(shù)人員科學(xué)研究的對象以及建筑構(gòu)件制造商的一大業(yè)務(wù)。無論是伯納德·魯?shù)婪蛩够^的“非正統(tǒng)”還是“正統(tǒng)”建筑，這都是一個重要問題。對于“非正統(tǒng)”建筑來說，這些新技術(shù)也有助于從定性的角度推動城市空間再生，將平凡的老建筑改造得更具吸引力、更加豐富多彩。這就是建筑師在需要干預(yù)大師杰作時的責(zé)任：一般來說，這些建筑承載著它們時代的形式特征以及創(chuàng)造它們的文化社會語境的內(nèi)在價值。改變它的外觀就意味著改變一種難以挽回的記憶：因此本文將展示在對普通建筑立面進(jìn)行翻新美化的同時，為何會出現(xiàn)深入的建造史研究。除了深入對20世紀(jì)大師之作的具體知識之外，本文還有重新審視某些理性主義或野獸派杰作的目的。從文化和建筑場地實(shí)踐的角度看，一些極為精細(xì)的工作最近出現(xiàn)在弗朗茲編纂的《20世紀(jì)建筑的建筑環(huán)境與宜居室內(nèi)：認(rèn)識問題和制定保護(hù)策略》中并非巧合：記憶的知識作為建筑與城市遺產(chǎn)再生的一種工具無疑是一條特殊的原則。在未來的數(shù)年中，它會在法律的強(qiáng)制性之外、或者通過巧妙利用某種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品，對建筑師干預(yù)“正統(tǒng)”與“非正統(tǒng)”建筑的設(shè)計(jì)原則和從業(yè)道德予以指導(dǎo)。（A.B.）

歐洲城市正在經(jīng)歷一個變化的新紀(jì)元。與1950-1980年代的住房激增相比，我們現(xiàn)在看到的變化要小得多，但這仍代表了這些年的各種現(xiàn)象。尤其是關(guān)于可持續(xù)性的環(huán)境問題與房地產(chǎn)危機(jī)和化石燃料危機(jī)的加劇，使人們對翻新的關(guān)注與日俱增。

事實(shí)上，大部分20世紀(jì)建成的歐洲建筑今天都需要翻新。歐洲建筑的存量高達(dá)240億m2,分布在近4500萬km2的土地上，其中居住著5.01億人。根據(jù)歐洲建筑性能研究院（BPIE）在2011年進(jìn)行的研究[1]，全歐洲65%的建筑面積集中在德國、法國、英國、意大利和西班牙。盡管如此，這些國家的建筑大多是在最早的節(jié)能法律頒布之前建成的。事實(shí)上，根據(jù)Eurostat的估算，歐洲能耗總量的40%來自建筑，即歐洲碳排放的1/3。到2050年實(shí)現(xiàn)歐盟制定的節(jié)能目標(biāo)，就意味著要以年均3%的速率對低能效建筑進(jìn)行改造。

歐洲建筑不只是能效低，而且難以滿足舒適度、聲效、健康和無障礙等方面的實(shí)際需求。翻新能通過達(dá)到新建筑的定量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)延長現(xiàn)存建筑的生命周期。審美與空間需求自1950年代以來也一直在變化，同時新的需求取代并超越了舊的需求。結(jié)果就需要越來越整體性的方法來分析和解決城市與建筑的問題。

此外，建筑翻新給歐洲建筑行業(yè)整體帶來了一個復(fù)興的機(jī)會。事實(shí)上，由于房地產(chǎn)危機(jī)的影響，對新建筑的投資從2008年起就一直在減少，而進(jìn)行翻新的建筑在不斷增加[2]。

為了促進(jìn)建筑翻新市場的發(fā)展，就需要有針對性的政策及為這一應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域?qū)ｉT開發(fā)和測試的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。由此一來，許多歐洲項(xiàng)目應(yīng)運(yùn)而生（例：ECBCS IEA Annex 50, IEE Renew School, TES Energy Fa?ade, e803Geb?ude, Energiesprong,REHA, Holzbau der Zukunft, BERTIM），開發(fā)以輕型預(yù)制木模塊為基礎(chǔ)的創(chuàng)新性過程和系統(tǒng)。

1a 翻新前的建筑/The building before the retro fi t

盡管每個項(xiàng)目都源自不同的背景，但在過程上都有一些共同點(diǎn)。這是利用輕型預(yù)制模塊進(jìn)行的翻新所特有的，并且在諸多方面都比傳統(tǒng)的翻新都更具挑戰(zhàn)性。從初步方案到預(yù)制構(gòu)件生產(chǎn)的各個階段都要比傳統(tǒng)的翻新更加精確、耗時，而這些時間將會在裝配階段得到彌補(bǔ)。TES節(jié)能立面項(xiàng)目表明，進(jìn)行這種翻新所需的總時間最終要比傳統(tǒng)翻新少大約20%[3]。

在節(jié)能之外，這些系統(tǒng)使整體性方法的應(yīng)用和對整個過程進(jìn)行全面的控制成為可能。這將保證建筑的品質(zhì)，并節(jié)約時間和成本。

從技術(shù)問題出發(fā)，在上述項(xiàng)目框架中實(shí)施的很多案例都帶來了城市的更新，并提高了房地產(chǎn)的價值。例如，法國的REHA項(xiàng)目（集體住宅高能效再評價）是由PUCA開展的政府項(xiàng)目。項(xiàng)目于2007年啟動，并與法國主要的政府和私人住宅供應(yīng)商合作。其目標(biāo)是為1960-1980年代建成的集體住宅的翻新進(jìn)行技術(shù)、社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的創(chuàng)新和檢驗(yàn)，使之達(dá)到新建筑的性能水平，并給建筑的拆除提供有效的替代方案。但這些目標(biāo)不只在技術(shù)性能上：建筑和使用質(zhì)量、城市品質(zhì)和人居環(huán)境的多樣化也是它的目標(biāo)。該項(xiàng)目通過號召對公共建筑的翻新，促進(jìn)了技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和對創(chuàng)新性過程的探索。這一號召讓參與方按多學(xué)科專長以及不同的專業(yè)人士成立工作組，以制定解決城市環(huán)境各方面問題的整體性方法。其結(jié)果是一舉多得的翻新方案：生活空間經(jīng)擴(kuò)展達(dá)到了當(dāng)代社會的需求，新的圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)中加入了樓梯以控制熱損失，增加的電梯保證了無障礙交通，并更新了形式語言。例如，在夏爾·勒納爾工作室的圖爾寬歐幾里得大樓的翻新方案中，建筑的一部分被拆除，以帶來更好的城市通透性。這座

1b 翻新過程中：現(xiàn)有的圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)被拆除，并替換一新/During the retro fi t: the existing envelope is demolished and replaced by the new one.

Memory and Regeneration

Column Editors: Alberto Bologna, Michele Bonino,Pierre-Alain Croset

In the last decade, in Europe, the design topic of the energy adaptation of buildings built in the post-war period is really of great relevance within urban regeneration processes. Energy inefficiency is, in fact, a serious problem affecting most of the buildings that make up cities and suburbs and has become both the object of scientific studies of scholars and technicians and, as a result, a large commercial business by manufacturers of building components. This is a problem that characterises both "non-pedigreed" and "pedigreed" architectures,to use a definition so dear to Bernard Rudofsky.If, in the case of "non-pedigreed" architectures,these new technologies also help to regenerate the urban space from a qualitative point of view by transforming old and anonymous buildings into more attractive ones, more complex becomes the role of the architect when called upon to intervene on Masters' architectures: normally, these are buildings that carry with them as well as formalism of their time also values intrinsic to the cultural and social contexts in which they were born.Changing its appearance would mean altering a memory hardly to reconstruct: so here is how, in parallel with the operations of maquillage aimed at refurbishing mainly the facades of ordinary buildings are also born sophisticated construction history studies that, in addition to contributing to the material knowledge of certain works by the Masters of the 20th Century, are aimed at requalifying some masterpieces of rationalism or brutalism. It is no coincidence that some examples of these extremely refined operations both from a cultural point of view as well as from the practice of the building site have recently found space in the volume edited by Franz Graf and Giulia Marino Building Environment and Interior Comfort in 20th Century architecture: Understanding Issues and Developing Conservation Strategies (Lausanne:PPUR, 2016): the knowledge of the memory as a tool for regenerating architectural and urban heritage is certainly a principle that, in the years to come, it should guide the design principles, as well as the consciences, of architects called upon to intervene both on "pedigreed" and "non-pedigreed"architectures, beyond the legislative imposition or by the convenience of the use of a certain commercial product. (A.B.)

European cities are going through a new era of changes. Compared to the housing boom which characterised the years between the 1950s and the 1980s, we are now witnessing much smaller transformations, but still very representative of the reflections carried out during these years. In particular, the rise of environmental considerations on sustainability combined to the real estate crisis and to the fossil fuel crisis, led to a growing interest in retro fi tting.

Actually, most of the European buildings realised during the twentieth century is now in need of a retro fi t.The European building stock covers 24 billion m2on a land area of nearly 4.5 million km2for a population of 501 million inhabitants. According to a research[1]carried out by BPIE in 2011, 65% of the whole European floor space is gathered in Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. Though, the building stock of these countries was mainly built before the fi rst laws on energy performances. In fact, according to Eurostat estimates, around 40% of the total amount of the European energy consumption is due to its building stock, which is also responsible for one third of the European CO2emissions. Meeting the energetic goals set by the EU by 2050 means to improve the ineきcient building stock at a rate of 3% per year.230m長的建筑原有168間公寓，現(xiàn)在被分為有30間和72間公寓的兩座建筑，并增加了一個新的廣場。雖然少了66間公寓，但實(shí)現(xiàn)了更高的生活和城市品質(zhì)。其中最小的那座建筑的短邊全部進(jìn)行了重新設(shè)計(jì)，并將無窗的立面改造得錯落有致，從而成為該區(qū)入口優(yōu)美的展示空間。對這座建筑的擴(kuò)建增加了130m2的建筑面積。原來冗長而重復(fù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)立面被改造為最新式的，其設(shè)計(jì)滿足了各方面需求。

1c 翻新后的建筑/The retro fi tted building

1d 原來無窗的立面被改為新的陽臺/The new terraces where there once was a blind fa?ade

2 e803大樓項(xiàng)目，約翰·伯姆大街，卡普芬貝格，奧地利/e803 Geb?ude Program, Johann B?hm Stra?e, Kapfenberg, Austria（照片版權(quán)/Photo Credits: AEE Intec）

3 Annex 50項(xiàng)目，狄塞耳韋格，格拉茨，奧地利/Annex 50,Dieselweg, Graz, Austria（照片版權(quán)：GAP方案有限公司/Photo Credits: GAP Solutions GmbH）

創(chuàng)造新城市品質(zhì)的另一個翻新實(shí)例是奧地利項(xiàng)目e803大樓。這是“未來城市”技術(shù)性研究項(xiàng)目的一部分，其中包含專門用于“未來住宅”的特殊類型。該項(xiàng)目自2013年以來一直在實(shí)施，其目標(biāo)是為城市環(huán)境的環(huán)境與能源可持續(xù)性研究新的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)并加以實(shí)施。該項(xiàng)目由AEE Intec（可持續(xù)技術(shù)研究院）實(shí)施，目標(biāo)是對1950-1980年代用預(yù)制系統(tǒng)建成的多戶住宅進(jìn)行翻新。該系統(tǒng)將以主動和被動方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)能源的獨(dú)立。藉此設(shè)計(jì)了三類模塊：一種基本的、一種結(jié)合了太陽能板的主動式的，還有一種HVACR模塊的。在奧地利卡普芬貝格的約翰·伯姆大街進(jìn)行的翻新結(jié)果令人印象深刻：不僅能效得到了提高，而且建筑煥然一新。事實(shí)上，太陽能板一部分與建筑表皮融為一體，另一部分構(gòu)成了新增陽臺的遮陽板。新的生活空間使住戶獲益，而翻新徹底改變了建筑與環(huán)境的關(guān)系，成為不分彼此的一體。

在Annex 50項(xiàng)目的框架中，創(chuàng)新性的GAP墻板被用到格拉茨Dieselweg(A)的案例中。在這個例子中，一座由204間公寓組成的住宅樓群被整體翻新。這些建筑是1950、1960年代建成的，保溫很差，冷橋很多。這次翻新提高了保溫性能，并讓建筑群煥然一新。

這些翻新立面不只是提高建筑能效的技術(shù)方案，還給建筑帶來了又一次機(jī)會。這是通過改造規(guī)整、甚至是重復(fù)性的立面給城市環(huán)境帶來復(fù)雜性和多樣性的機(jī)會。那些立面體現(xiàn)著1950-1980年代歐洲各地建造的預(yù)制混凝土建筑的典型特征。這是提升城市環(huán)境認(rèn)同和居民歸屬感的機(jī)會。我們機(jī)不可失！□

/References

[1] B. Atanasiu et all. Europe's Buildings under the Microscope. A Country-by-country Review of the Energy Performance of Buildings, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE). 2011: 27-28.

[2] 80th Conference EUROCONSTRUCT-CRESME.Budapest, December 2015.

[3] M. Teibinger, F. Lattke. "Modernisierung mit vorgefertigten Holzelementen", att. Zuschnitt –Thermische Sanierung und Modernisierung von Bestandsgeb?uden. proHolz Austria, 2013: 2-5.

The European building stock is not only energetically inefficient, but also inadequate to actual requirements with regard to comfort,acoustics, health and accessibility. Retrofitting allows to extend the life cycle of an existing building by meeting the qualitative standards of new ones.

Aesthetical and spatial requirements have been changing too since the 1950s and new necessities go over and above old ones. As a result, a more and more holistic approach is necessary to analyse and solve urban and building issues.

Moreover, retrofit of the building stock is a recovering opportunity for the European building sector as a whole. In fact, investments on new buildings have been decreasing since 2008 due to the real estate crisis, while the ones in retro fi t have been raising[2].

In order to strengthen the retrofit market,targeted policies and cutting-edge technologies specifically developed and tested for this field of application are necessary. For this purpose,some European programmes (ECBCS IEA Annex 50, IEE Renew School, TES Energy Fa?ade, e803Geb?ude, Energiesprong, REHA, Holzbau der Zukunft, BERTIM) were born to develop innovative processes and systems based on timber lightweight prefabricated modules.

Even though every programme originates from different backgrounds, they all share some points in the process, which is peculiar for retro fi ts with light prefabricated modules and much more challenging than traditional refurbishment from many points of view. The phases from the preliminary draft to the production of the prefabricated elements have to be much more accurate and precise than in a traditional refurbishment, though this time will be recovered in the assembly phase. The TES Energy Fa?ade programme reveals that, in the end, the total amount of time needed to carry out this kind of retrofit is around 20% less than in traditional refurbishments[3].

In addition to energy savings, these systems offer the possibility to apply a holistic approach and to have a complete control over the whole process, which guarantees quality and savings in time and costs.

Starting from technical issues, many of the case studies carried out in the framework of the programmes mentioned above produced an urban regeneration that enhanced the value of the real estate assets. The French REHA programme (Requalification à haute performance énergétique de l'habitat collectif), for example, is a governmental programme by PUCA, founded in 2007 and undertaken in partnership with major French public and private housing providers. The aim of the project is the development and testing of technical, social and economic innovations for retrofitting collective usage buildings built from the 1960s to the 1980s so that they can achieve the performance levels of new buildings, in order to give a strong alternative to demolition. But the goals are not only technical performances but also include architectural and usage qualities, urban qualities and diversifying the habitat are the other targets.The programme promotes technological innovation and experimentation of innovative processes through calls for retrofitting public buildings. The calls ask participants to build working groups based on multidisciplinary competences and different professionals in order to promote a holistic approach to the issues of the urban environment.The results are retrofit actions which tackle more issues at once: living spaces are expanded to meet the requirements of contemporary society,staircases are incorporated into the new envelope in order to tackle heat losses, lifts are added in order to guarantee accessibility and the formal language is updated. In the case of the retro fi t action designed by Atelier Charles Renard on the Euclide building in Tourcoing, for example, part of the building was demolished in order to achieve more urban permeability. The 230 metres long building, housing 168 apartments, was split into two buildings of 30 and 72 apartments and a new square was realised.66 apartments were lost, but a higher living and urban quality was achieved. The short side of the smallest building was completely redesigned and transformed from a blind facade to a terraced one,becoming a beautiful showcase at the entrance of the district. In the same building, extensions were introduced which allow to enlarge by 130m2 the fl oor space. A long, repetitive, standard facade was transformed into an up-to-date building, designed to meet various requirements.

Another example of retro fi t programme which created a new urban quality is the one carried out by the Austrian programme e803Geb?ude. This is part of the programme for technological research Stadt der Zukunft, which has a specific category dedicated to the Haus der Zukunft (the house of the future). The programme has been running since 2013 and aims at studying and realising new technological systems for the environmental and energy sustainability of the urban environment.The e803Geb?ude programme was carried out by AEE Intec (Institut für Nachhaltige Technologien)and the aim was retro fi tting multifamiliar buildings built between the 1950s and the 1980s by realising a prefabricated system which works in active and passive ways in order to reach energy independence.Three types of modules were designed: a basic one, an active one incorporating solar panels and a HVACR module. The result of the retrofit action carried out at the Johann B?hm Stra?e in Kapfenberg (A) is impressive: the energy eきciency was improved and the building got a new appeal.In fact, solar panels are in part incorporated in the building skin and in part build a new shading sail which covers newly added balconies. The inhabitants benefit from new living spaces and the retrofit action completely changed the relationship between the building and the environment which now seeps through the building and becomes part of it.

In the framework of the Annex 50 programme,the innovative GAP solutions panels were applied to the case study in Dieselweg, Graz (A). In this case an entire housing complex composed by 204 apartments was retrofitted. The buildings had been realised between the 1950s and the 1960s and had poor insulation, presenting many thermal bridges. The retrofit allowed to improve thermal performances and gave a new shine to the buildings.

These retrofit fa?ades aren't only technical solutions to enhance energy performances of buildings, they represent a second chance for architecture. It's the chance to bring complexity and variety to the urban environment by transforming the regular and almost repetitive fa?ades which are typical for the prefabricated concrete buildings realised all around Europe between the 1950s and the 1980s. It's the chance to work on the identity of the urban environment and on the sense of belonging of the people who live in it. We shall not miss this chance.□

記憶與再生

欄目主持：阿爾韋托·博洛尼亞，米凱利·博尼諾，皮埃爾-阿蘭·克羅塞特

都靈理工大學(xué)

2017-10-13