不同秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻株型的影響

呂騰飛， 周偉，2， 孫永健， 朱懿， 嚴(yán)奉君， 楊志遠(yuǎn)， 馬均*

(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水稻研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，成都 611130；2.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院，成都 611130)

不同秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻株型的影響

呂騰飛1， 周偉1，2， 孫永健1， 朱懿1， 嚴(yán)奉君1， 楊志遠(yuǎn)1， 馬均1*

(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水稻研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，成都 611130；2.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院，成都 611130)

為探究秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交稻一些主要株型因子的影響，以四川主推雜交秈稻品種F優(yōu)498為材料，采用2因子裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，主區(qū)為35、50和65 d 3種移栽秧齡，副區(qū)為占總施氮量0%、20%、40%和60%的4種穗肥比例運(yùn)籌.結(jié)果表明：隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，齊穗期水稻葉面積指數(shù)(leaf area index，LAI)不斷降低，且65 d秧齡的平均LAI顯著低于35 d和50 d秧齡，但由于65 d秧齡上3葉的葉片長(zhǎng)而寬，其高效葉面積率顯著高于35 d和50 d秧齡；隨穗肥比例的加大，50 d和65 d秧齡齊穗期水稻LAI則呈先增后降的趨勢(shì)，穗肥比例40%時(shí)葉面積最大；隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，上3葉的長(zhǎng)、寬和夾角整體表現(xiàn)為變大趨勢(shì)，比葉質(zhì)量則是65 d>35 d>50 d秧齡，且65 d秧齡的劍葉、倒2葉長(zhǎng)及上3葉夾角顯著高于35 d和50 d秧齡，倒3葉長(zhǎng)和上3葉寬也顯著高于35 d秧齡；在65 d秧齡下，隨著穗肥比例的加大，劍葉夾角明顯增大，倒2葉和倒3葉夾角也呈先增后減的趨勢(shì)(以40%最大).上3葉的長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度及夾角均與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和單穗質(zhì)量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系；而且延長(zhǎng)秧齡，減少基蘗肥施用比例，株高顯著降低.秧齡對(duì)水稻株型的影響與穗肥運(yùn)籌密切相關(guān)，延長(zhǎng)秧齡和加大穗肥施用比例可以提高F優(yōu)498的耐肥和抗倒伏能力，而且在長(zhǎng)秧齡下重施穗肥還可使其具有較優(yōu)群體質(zhì)量和較強(qiáng)光合生產(chǎn)能力，但是上部葉片過大且披散，勢(shì)必對(duì)下層葉片造成遮光，降低水稻群體的光合效率，使長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻產(chǎn)量難以進(jìn)一步提高.

雜交稻; 長(zhǎng)秧齡; 穗肥; 葉面積; 株型

Summary Transplanting seedling age is an important factor that may greatly affect the population quality and grain yield formation of rice. Related researches have showed that by extending the transplanting seedling ages, the tillering growth rate would slowed down; the growth duration would get shorted; peak seedling stage would occur in advance; leaf area index (LAI) at full heading stage, the numbers of effective panicle per plant and grains per panicle would decreased, resulting in obvious reduction of grain yield. Due to the special landscape of the hilly area in China, the old transplanting seedling age still exist in those areas. The rice plant type is closely associated with the formation, growth and development of panicle, thus a good individual plant is essentially important for improving the quality of the population. Besides, nitrogen and its management are also important factors affecting the growth and grain yield formation of rice.

To investigate the effect of seeding ages and nitrogen managements on some plant type characteristics of hybrid rice, F you 498 was used as test material in this experiment. Split plot was conducted with transplanting seedling ages (35 d, 50 d and 65 d) as main plot and nitrogen application strategy (0% panicle fertilizer, 20% panicle fertilizer, 40% panicle fertilizer and 60% panicle fertilizer) as sub-plot. The aims were to provide the theoretical and practical data for improving the grain yield of old transplanting seedling age in hilly areas.

The results showed that the LAI at full heading stage decreased with the extension of seedling age, and the average LAI of 65 d seedling age was significantly lower than 35 d and 50 d, but due to the larger and wider of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age, its high effective leaf area ratio was significantly larger than that 35 d and 50 d. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application ratio at panicle differentiation stage, the LAI of 50 d and 65 d seedling age at full heading stage increased first and then decreased, and the LAI reached its maximum when the panicle fertilizer ratio was 40%. With the extension of seedling age, the length, width and angle of top 3 leaves increased gradually, and the specific leaf mass of 65 d seedling age was the largest, followed by 35 d and 50 d; the length of the 1st and 2nd leaves from top and the angle of top 3 leaves of 65 d seedling age were significantly higher than those of 35 d and 50 d, and its length of the 3rd leaf from top and the width of top 3 leaves were also higher than 35 d. The length, width, thickness and angle of top 3 leaves were positively correlated with the number of spikelets, filled grains and grain mass per panicle; and either extending the seedling age or decreasing base-tiller fertilizer ratio could reduce the plant height significantly. The effect of transplanting seedling ages on plant type of hybrid rice was closely related with earing fertilizer managements, and extending the transplanting seedling age or increasing the panicle fertilizer ratio could improve fertilizer tolerance and lodging resistance of F you 498, and applying more earing fertilizer under long seedling age could make rice have better population quality and strong photosynthetic capacity, while too large and loosely top leaves would reduce transmittance and photosynthetic efficiency of rice population, and making the yield of long seedling age hard to improve further.

It is concluded that long seedling age of rice has large and thick leaves, and applying 40% total nitrogen fertilizer at panicle differentiation stage will be beneficial to expand leaf areas and increase the number of spikelets per panicle. But the oversize of upper leaves can lead to leaf drooping, lower leaves shading, thus will reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of rice groups after flowering, and decrease the setting percentage and 1 000-grain mass, causing production reduction. In addition, the extension of the transplanting seedling age and the reduction of the base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer application ratio can obviously reduce the plant height, improve the ability of resistance to lodging and improve plant type.

秧齡是影響移栽水稻群體構(gòu)建和產(chǎn)量形成的重要因素[1]，確定適宜移栽秧齡是水稻生產(chǎn)中必須解決的關(guān)鍵問題之一.近年來，雖然水稻機(jī)械化種植不斷推進(jìn)，但在不少丘陵山區(qū)，由于稻田灌溉無保障，田塊分散且面積小，機(jī)耕道缺乏使插秧機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)移困難[2]，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)插秧難度仍然很大，且由于這些地區(qū)灌溉條件差、茬口遲、天氣等[3]原因，大秧齡移栽仍是丘陵山區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)的主要形式.水稻株型好壞與單穗形成、產(chǎn)量高低及品質(zhì)優(yōu)劣有著密切聯(lián)系.程式華等[4]研究認(rèn)為，水稻高產(chǎn)的前提是具有高質(zhì)量的群體，而良好的個(gè)體株型是提高群體質(zhì)量的必備條件.相關(guān)研究表明：延長(zhǎng)移栽秧齡，栽后分蘗增長(zhǎng)速度漸緩，增長(zhǎng)時(shí)間縮短，高峰苗期提前[5]，齊穗期葉面積指數(shù)下降[6]，單位面積有效穗數(shù)減少，每穗總粒數(shù)和實(shí)粒數(shù)降低，導(dǎo)致水稻產(chǎn)量明顯降低[7-8].氮素是影響水稻產(chǎn)量形成最敏感的元素[9]，同時(shí)又是調(diào)控株型的有效手段[10].曾勇軍[11]的研究表明，基蘗肥與穗肥比例按早稻7∶3，晚稻大穗型品種6∶4，小穗型品種7∶3，最宜塑造高產(chǎn)株型.前人對(duì)水稻株型已做了大量的研究，但有關(guān)不同秧齡與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)水稻株型的影響還鮮有報(bào)道.為此，本文以四川主推雜交秈稻品種F優(yōu)498為試驗(yàn)材料，設(shè)置不同移栽秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌方式，研究齊穗期水稻株型特征，旨在為提高丘陵地區(qū)長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻產(chǎn)量和制定合理栽培措施提供理論和實(shí)踐依據(jù).

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)及供試品種

試驗(yàn)于2013年在四川省成都市溫江區(qū)四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水稻研究所試驗(yàn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行.前茬作物為大蒜，試驗(yàn)田耕層土壤質(zhì)地為砂壤土，含有機(jī)質(zhì)79.97 g/kg、全氮1.64 g/kg、速效氮175.45 mg/kg、速效鉀72.18 mg/kg、速效磷83.29 mg/kg.供試材料為四川省近年水稻主推品種之一的中秈遲熟雜交稻組合F優(yōu)498(正季播種，全生育期145 d左右，主莖葉數(shù)17葉，耐肥性中等).

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)采用2因子裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，主區(qū)為秧齡，副區(qū)為氮肥運(yùn)籌.設(shè)3個(gè)秧齡：35 d、50 d和65 d，分別記為T1、T2和T3；總施氮量為180 kg/hm2，設(shè)4種氮肥運(yùn)籌方式：基蘗肥∶穗肥=10∶0、8∶2、6∶4和4∶6，分別記為N1、N2、N3和N4.隨機(jī)排列，重復(fù)3次，共36個(gè)小區(qū)，小區(qū)面積為3 m×5 m=15 m2，小區(qū)間以田埂分隔，并用塑料薄膜包埋，單排單灌，以防肥水串灌.育秧方式為旱育秧，播種密度為13 g/m2，按試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)秧齡移栽，移栽密度33.3 cm×16.7 cm，每穴單株.試驗(yàn)中氮肥基肥∶蘗肥=7∶3，基肥在移栽前1天施用，蘗肥在移栽后7 d施用；穗肥分2次(5∶5)施用，即促花肥在第一苞分化期施用(倒4葉)，?；ǚ试诨ǚ奂?xì)胞減數(shù)分裂期稍前施用(倒2葉).磷鉀肥按照w(N)∶w(P2O5)∶w(K2O)=2∶1∶2的比例施用.磷肥(P2O5)90 kg/hm2作為基肥一次性施入，鉀肥(K2O)180 kg/hm2，按基肥∶穗肥=7∶3的比例施用.分蘗期淺水勤灌，達(dá)到夠苗數(shù)的80%時(shí)自然斷水，落干曬田，反復(fù)多次曬田至田中裂小口.孕穗、抽穗期間歇灌水，收獲前7 d斷水.其他田間管理按水稻高產(chǎn)栽培方式進(jìn)行.

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.3.1 群體葉面積 在齊穗期每小區(qū)分別取樣3株，用葉面積儀測(cè)定上3葉和下部葉片綠葉面積.

1.3.2 株型 始穗期每小區(qū)隨機(jī)選取30穴長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、株高、穗大小一致且無病蟲害的植株標(biāo)記其莖蘗，于齊穗期選取10株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)基本一致的標(biāo)記莖蘗，測(cè)定其株高，穗長(zhǎng)，劍葉、倒2葉和倒3葉葉片長(zhǎng)寬、葉開角(與主莖間的夾角)及各葉葉枕距地面的高度.

1.3.3 產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子 成熟時(shí)每小區(qū)取樣3株考察總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)、空粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒質(zhì)量等.除去小區(qū)四周邊行，按實(shí)收穴數(shù)計(jì)產(chǎn).

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Microsoft Excel 2007進(jìn)行匯總，并用DPS 7.05軟件進(jìn)行方差和相關(guān)性分析.

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 齊穗期葉面積指數(shù)

從表1可見，秧齡、氮肥運(yùn)籌及其二者的交互作用對(duì)齊穗期葉面積指數(shù)(leaf area index，LAI)、上3葉LAI、上3葉葉面積率的影響均達(dá)到極顯著水平.在同一氮肥運(yùn)籌措施下，齊穗期的LAI隨著秧齡的增大而變小，且35 d和50 d秧齡的平均LAI顯著高于65 d秧齡.在同一秧齡處理下，不同氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)齊穗期LAI的影響并不一致：在35 d秧齡處理下，隨著穗肥用量的增加，LAI呈降低趨勢(shì)，且無穗肥處理顯著高于20%和40%穗肥處理，后二者顯著高于60%穗肥處理；在50 d和65 d秧齡下，LAI均表現(xiàn)為40%穗肥處理顯著高于0%和20%，后二者顯著高于60%穗肥處理.

水稻上3葉是水稻抽穗后主要的光合器官和籽粒灌漿所需的同化產(chǎn)物的主要來源，又稱為高效葉面積[12].從表1可知，隨著移栽秧齡的增大，上3葉LAI略有降低，而高效葉面積率(上3葉葉面積率)呈增大趨勢(shì).從氮肥運(yùn)籌來看，在35 d和50 d秧齡處理下，隨著穗肥比例的增加，上3葉LAI顯著或極顯著降低，在65 d秧齡下40%穗肥處理顯著高于其他處理；而高效葉面積率在35 d和65 d秧齡下均表現(xiàn)為20%>0%>60%>40%穗肥處理，且在35 d秧齡處理下各氮肥運(yùn)籌間差異顯著，65 d時(shí)20%處理顯著高于其他處理，在50 d秧齡下則表現(xiàn)為0%>20%>60%>40%穗肥處理，且0%和20%穗肥處理顯著高于60%，后者也顯著高于40%處理.

2.2 上部葉片的長(zhǎng)度、寬度和厚度

從表2可見，除氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)齊穗期劍葉長(zhǎng)的影響不顯著外，秧齡、氮肥運(yùn)籌及其二者的交互作用對(duì)上3葉葉長(zhǎng)和葉寬均有顯著或極顯著影響.就秧齡而言，65 d秧齡的劍葉和倒2葉葉長(zhǎng)顯著高于35 d和50 d秧齡，而35 d和50 d秧齡間差異不顯著；倒3葉長(zhǎng)為50 d和65 d秧齡顯著高于35 d，而50 d和65 d秧齡間無顯著差異.上3葉葉寬均為65 d秧齡最大，50 d次之，35 d最小，且65 d和50 d秧齡的上3葉寬度顯著高于35 d秧齡，而65 d和50 d秧齡間差異不顯著.就氮肥運(yùn)籌而言，其對(duì)劍葉長(zhǎng)度無顯著影響；隨穗肥比例的增大，倒2葉和倒3葉長(zhǎng)度呈下降趨勢(shì)，且均是穗肥比例0%和20%顯著高于40%，后者又顯著高于60%處理.上3葉寬與倒2、3葉長(zhǎng)的變化規(guī)律基本一致，且在35 d和50 d秧齡處理下表現(xiàn)最為明顯.

表1 齊穗期葉面積指數(shù)和比葉質(zhì)量

T1：35 d秧齡；T2：50 d秧齡；T3：65 d秧齡；N1：基蘗肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘗肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘗肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘗肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌的交互作用.同列數(shù)據(jù)后的不同大寫和小寫字母分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(n=4或n=3)；*和**分別表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

從比葉質(zhì)量(表1)來看，整株葉片的比葉質(zhì)量在齊穗期整體表現(xiàn)為35 d和65 d秧齡顯著大于50 d，而前二者間差異不顯著；就氮肥運(yùn)籌而言，隨穗肥比例的增大，比葉質(zhì)量也呈增大趨勢(shì)，且穗肥比例60%處理顯著高于其他穗肥處理，并且其在各秧齡處理下均為最高.

表2 齊穗期上3葉葉片大小和張角

T1：35 d秧齡；T2：50 d秧齡；T3：65 d秧齡；N1：基蘗肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘗肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘗肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘗肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌的交互作用.同列數(shù)據(jù)后的不同大寫和小寫字母分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(n=4或n=3)；*和**分別表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

通過對(duì)齊穗期水稻上3葉葉片大小及厚度與穗部性狀的相關(guān)分析(表3)發(fā)現(xiàn)，上3葉長(zhǎng)度、寬度、葉面積均與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和單穗質(zhì)量呈正相關(guān)，而與有效穗數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量呈負(fù)相關(guān).其中，劍葉的長(zhǎng)度、寬度和葉面積與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量的相關(guān)系數(shù)均達(dá)到顯著或極顯著水平；倒2葉長(zhǎng)度和葉面積與總粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量的相關(guān)性也都達(dá)到了極顯著水平，倒2葉寬度與總粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量也有顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系；倒3葉葉長(zhǎng)、葉寬和葉面積與有效穗數(shù)和產(chǎn)量均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)，其葉長(zhǎng)還與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量呈顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系.比葉質(zhì)量與有效穗數(shù)、總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)、單穗質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量都呈一定的正相關(guān)關(guān)系.說明增加上3葉葉片的大小和厚度有利于提高穗粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和單穗質(zhì)量，且適當(dāng)增加葉片厚度和倒2葉長(zhǎng)度、減小倒3葉長(zhǎng)度和寬度有利于提高水稻產(chǎn)量.

表3 上3葉葉片特征與穗部性狀及單穗質(zhì)量的相關(guān)關(guān)系

*表示相關(guān)性顯著(P<0.05);**表示相關(guān)性極顯著(P<0.01).

Single asterisk (*) and double asterisks (**) indicate significant and highly significant correlations at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

2.3 上3葉葉片與主莖的夾角

從表2可見，除倒2葉夾角外，秧齡、氮肥運(yùn)籌及其二者的交互作用對(duì)上3葉與主莖的夾角均有顯著或極顯著影響.隨著移栽秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，上3葉與主莖的夾角也呈增大趨勢(shì)，除35 d與50 d之間的劍葉夾角差異不顯著外，其余相互間均有顯著差異，尤其是在65 d秧齡下上3葉葉角大幅度增加.氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)35 d和50 d秧齡的劍葉與主莖夾角無顯著影響，而在65 d秧齡下隨著穗肥比例的增加，劍葉與主莖夾角明顯變大，且60%穗肥比例顯著大于40%與20%處理，后二者也顯著高于無穗肥處理.氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)倒2葉夾角的影響表現(xiàn)為在35 d秧齡下，20%最大，0%最小，且二者與另2個(gè)處理均有顯著差異；在50 d秧齡下仍是20%最大，且顯著大于40%，其余無顯著差異；在65 d秧齡下則是40%顯著高于60%處理，后者顯著高于另2個(gè)處理.氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)倒3葉夾角的影響表現(xiàn)為在35 d和50 d秧齡下均是0%最大，60%最小，且二者均有極顯著差異；在65 d秧齡下40%處理最大，0%次之，60%仍最小，且前二者顯著大于后者.

從齊穗期水稻上3葉葉片夾角與穗部性狀的相關(guān)分析(表3)可以看出，上3葉與主莖的夾角與穗粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān)；與結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)；劍葉、倒2葉與主莖的夾角與單穗質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量也有一定的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，倒3葉與主莖的夾角只與單穗質(zhì)量呈正相關(guān)，而與產(chǎn)量呈一定的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系.

2.4 水稻上3葉葉片的空間分布

秧齡、氮肥運(yùn)籌及其二者的交互作用對(duì)株高、上3葉葉位和相對(duì)葉位、劍葉—倒2葉的葉枕距及倒2葉—倒3葉的葉枕距均有顯著或極顯著影響(表4).隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，株高極顯著降低，上3葉葉位和相對(duì)葉位也呈降低趨勢(shì)，且35 d和50 d秧齡的上3葉葉位、劍葉和倒2葉的相對(duì)葉位顯著高于65 d，35 d秧齡的倒3葉相對(duì)葉位則顯著高于另2個(gè)時(shí)期；秧齡對(duì)葉枕距的影響整體表現(xiàn)為劍葉—倒2葉35 d>50 d>65 d處理，且35 d的葉枕距顯著高于65 d，其他差異不顯著；倒2葉—倒3葉則是50 d>35 d>65 d處理，且50 d的葉枕距顯著高于35 d和65 d.隨著穗肥比例增加，株高、上3葉葉位和相對(duì)葉位均有降低趨勢(shì)，且0%顯著高于20%和40%，后二者顯著高于60%.氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)葉枕距的影響整體表現(xiàn)為劍葉—倒2葉在60%穗肥處理下顯著高于其他處理，倒2葉—倒3葉則表現(xiàn)相反.

表4 上3葉葉片的空間分布

T1：35 d秧齡；T2：50 d秧齡；T3：65 d秧齡；N1：基蘗肥∶穗肥=10∶0；N2：基蘗肥∶穗肥=8∶2；N3：基蘗肥∶穗肥=6∶4；N4：基蘗肥∶穗肥=4∶6.T×N:秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌的交互作用.同列數(shù)據(jù)后的不同大寫和小寫字母分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(n=4或n=3)；*和**分別表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

(T1-T3): Transplanting seedling age of 35 days, 50 days and 65 days respectively; (N1-N4): The proportions of base and spike fertilizer are 10∶0, 8∶2, 6∶4 and 4∶6 respectively. T×N shows the interaction of transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen treatments. The values within a column followed by different capital and lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels,n=4 orn=3. * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

3 討論

3.1 不同秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)齊穗期水稻光合葉面積的影響

葉片是水稻進(jìn)行光合作用的主要場(chǎng)所，葉面積大小和單位葉面積的光合效率是決定光合作用的關(guān)鍵因素[12].蘇祖芳等[13]研究表明，水稻群體在適宜的葉面積指數(shù)范圍內(nèi)，隨著葉面積指數(shù)的增加，光合速率和光能利用率都增加.吳漢平等[14]研究認(rèn)為，從4葉齡到8葉齡移栽，水稻齊穗期和成熟期LAI呈先增后降的拋物線趨勢(shì)；高軍等[6]研究表明，分蘗盛期后，隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，各時(shí)期LAI不斷降低.本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，齊穗期水稻LAI不斷降低，且65 d秧齡的平均LAI顯著小于35 d和50 d秧齡，這可能是由于延長(zhǎng)移栽秧齡，大田分蘗時(shí)間短所致；LAI的降低，導(dǎo)致群體的總光合能力減弱，品種的高產(chǎn)特性得不到發(fā)揮.但是由于65 d秧齡上3葉的葉片長(zhǎng)而寬，所以其高效葉面積率顯著高于35 d和50 d.前人研究表明，高效葉面積率與群體后期光合生產(chǎn)力及產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)，是衡量群體發(fā)展合理與否的重要指標(biāo)[15-16].本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，上3葉葉長(zhǎng)、葉寬、比葉質(zhì)量雖與結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒質(zhì)量呈比較顯著的負(fù)相關(guān),但卻顯著提高了單穗穎花量和結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)，最終使單穗質(zhì)量顯著提高.因此，高效葉面積率的顯著提高表明在旱育稀植技術(shù)下，長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻后期仍具有較優(yōu)的群體質(zhì)量和較強(qiáng)的光合生產(chǎn)能力.

氮肥是影響水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成的主要因素之一[17].已有研究認(rèn)為，適量增加穗肥比例，有利于擴(kuò)展葉面積，增大高效葉面積率[18-19]；齊穗期LAI和高效葉面積率隨著穗肥比例的加大逐漸增大，且LAI下降速率隨穗肥的增加而減緩[20-22].本研究結(jié)果表明，穗肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)葉面積的影響與移栽秧齡關(guān)系密切，隨穗肥比例的加大，在35 d秧齡下群體LAI不斷降低，50 d和65 d秧齡則呈先增后降的趨勢(shì)，原因可能是在較短秧齡下，加大基蘗肥施用比例促進(jìn)了本田分蘗早生快發(fā)，形成了較多的分蘗數(shù).而長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻栽后分蘗增長(zhǎng)速度漸緩，增長(zhǎng)時(shí)間縮短，主要依靠秧田分蘗和大田前期分蘗形成有效穗，基蘗肥比例過大，導(dǎo)致后期無效分蘗數(shù)增加、優(yōu)勢(shì)分蘗所占比例下降，高光效葉面積率低，不利于抽穗后非結(jié)構(gòu)碳水化合物貯備，抽穗后有效莖蘗的個(gè)體變小，結(jié)實(shí)率低，每穗實(shí)粒數(shù)少；穗肥比例過大，造成前期營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足，不利于源和庫的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展.因此，在長(zhǎng)秧齡下，40%的穗肥施用比例最有利于擴(kuò)展葉面積，并協(xié)調(diào)好源庫關(guān)系.

3.2 不同秧齡和氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)齊穗期水稻上部葉片形態(tài)和空間分布的影響

葉片形態(tài)是影響株型的主要因素，冠層葉片大小是理想株型的關(guān)鍵因素.早在1973年松島省三[23]就提出了理想株型稻的上3葉應(yīng)以短、寬、厚和直立為宜；之后隨著高產(chǎn)雜交稻品種的不斷推出和產(chǎn)量的不斷提高，認(rèn)為高產(chǎn)株型的上3葉要長(zhǎng)、挺、直且較厚[24-25].本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，隨著移栽秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，上3葉的長(zhǎng)、寬和夾角整體表現(xiàn)為變大趨勢(shì)，比葉質(zhì)量則是65 d>35 d>50 d，且65 d秧齡劍葉、倒2葉長(zhǎng)及上部3葉夾角顯著高于35 d和50 d，倒3葉長(zhǎng)和上3葉寬也顯著高于35 d.這說明65 d秧齡處理不僅上3葉面積增大，而且葉片較厚，而上3葉的長(zhǎng)度、寬度與厚度均與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和單穗質(zhì)量呈一定的正相關(guān)，所以上3葉的增大有利于單穗質(zhì)量的提高.穗肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)65 d秧齡的上3葉長(zhǎng)、寬影響不大，但是隨著穗肥比例的加大，劍葉夾角明顯增大，倒2葉和倒3葉夾角也呈先增后減的趨勢(shì)(40%最大)，雖然上3葉夾角與總粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)和單穗質(zhì)量也呈一定的正相關(guān)，但上部葉片過長(zhǎng)、過寬將會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉片披垂(表2)，勢(shì)必對(duì)下層葉片造成遮光，降低了水稻花后群體的光合效率，從而使結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量有所降低，這可能就是長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻難以進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)量的重要原因之一.說明在增加上3葉的同時(shí)必須注重其葉片的直立性.

株高及水稻葉片的空間配置對(duì)產(chǎn)量有重大影響.已有研究[3,26-27]認(rèn)為，株高在一定范圍內(nèi)與產(chǎn)量呈正比.袁隆平[28]認(rèn)為雜交秈稻的理想株高在1 m左右，張利華等[29]認(rèn)為株高1～1.1 m最好；萬靚軍[30]研究認(rèn)為，上3葉的相對(duì)高度與產(chǎn)量也呈正相關(guān).本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，隨著秧齡的延長(zhǎng)，株高呈顯著降低趨勢(shì)，這與楊東等[31]的研究結(jié)果一致，且65 d秧齡的平均株高為119.99 cm，比50 d秧齡降低2.11 cm，比35 d秧齡降低4.96 cm；且隨著基蘗肥比例的減少，株高也呈降低趨勢(shì)，這與萬靚軍[30]的研究結(jié)果一致；上3葉的相對(duì)高度與株高的規(guī)律表現(xiàn)一致.但是株高偏高，產(chǎn)量反而會(huì)不斷下降[32]；適當(dāng)降低株高，不僅可提高水稻耐肥、抗倒伏能力，而且可提升收獲指數(shù)，從而提高單產(chǎn)[33]；這說明大秧齡移栽和輕施基蘗肥有利于提高F優(yōu)498的抗倒伏能力，改善株型.

4 結(jié)論

長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻葉片大而厚，配合施用40%穗肥比例最有利于其擴(kuò)展葉面積，增加單穗穎花量，但上部葉片過長(zhǎng)、過寬將會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉片披垂，勢(shì)必對(duì)下層葉片造成遮光，降低水稻花后群體的光合效率，從而使結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量有所降低，這可能是長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻產(chǎn)量難以進(jìn)一步提高的重要原因之一.說明生產(chǎn)中在增加上3葉的同時(shí)必須注重其葉片的直立性，同時(shí)可結(jié)合旱育稀植技術(shù)，培育帶蘗壯秧，移栽時(shí)帶蘗數(shù)5～6個(gè)，穴插雙苗，通過增加有效穗數(shù)來彌補(bǔ)結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量的不足，或許可進(jìn)一步提高長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻產(chǎn)量.另外，延長(zhǎng)移栽秧齡和減少基蘗肥施用比例可明顯降低株高，提高抗倒伏能力，改善株型.總之，生產(chǎn)上長(zhǎng)秧齡水稻(秧齡50～65 d)的最佳N肥運(yùn)籌方案應(yīng)為基蘗肥比例40%～60%，穗肥施用比例為40%～60%，更有利于產(chǎn)量的提高.

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Effects of different transplanting seedling ages and nitrogen managements on plant type ofindicahybrid rice. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agric. & Life Sci.), 2015,41(2):169-178

Lü Tengfei1, Zhou Wei1，2, Sun Yongjian1, Zhu Yi1, Yan Fengjun1, Yang Zhiyuan1, Ma Jun1*

(1.KeyLaboratoryofCropPhysiology,Ecology,andCultivationinSouthwestChina,MinistryofAgriculture/RiceResearchInstitute,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China; 2.CollegeofAgronomy,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China)

hybrid rice; long seedling age; earing fertilizer; leaf area; plant type

國(guó)家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011BAd16B05；2012BAd04B13；2013BAd07B13)；四川省育種攻關(guān)專項(xiàng)(2011NZ0098-15).

聯(lián)系方式：呂騰飛，E-mail：1018914967@qq.com

2014-05-12；接受日期(Accepted)：2014-09-22；網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期(Published online)：2015-03-20

S 511

A

*通信作者(Corresponding author)：馬均，E-mail：majunp2002@163.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20150320.1916.004.html