席祥
定語從句是高中英語教學(xué)中的一個(gè)非常重要的語法,也是高考的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn),它在閱讀中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,尤其是科普類文章,由此可見,定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)和掌握在英語學(xué)習(xí)中有著重要的意義。
1.定語從句的定義:修飾某一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句;用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。
3.定語從句的位置:緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之后。
4.引導(dǎo)詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞(包括關(guān)阿系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)。
(1)關(guān)系代詞:that/ which /who/whom /whose/ as
(2)關(guān)系副詞:when/where/why
5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置:位于定語從句之前(先行詞之后)。【as除外】
6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能(作用):
(1)連接先行詞和定語從句。
(2)在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語,關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型:
(1)限制性定語從句:限制性定語從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約的作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確,所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開,也不可將其省略,否則句意就不完整。
①直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
The man who youre talking to is my friend.
②由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)
The man to whom youre talking is my friend.
介詞的選用是高考的重點(diǎn),可采用還原法,把定語從句的關(guān)系代詞還原到句子里面,在該詞的前面加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,就很容易判斷。例如:
The man ( ) whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
還原:Italked the man at the meeting .(about)
The palace ( ) which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
還原:I often pay a visit the place.(to)
③由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which) ,some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has seven children, three of whom are abroad.
We have many books, none of which is/are interesting.
(2)非限制性定語從句: 非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對(duì)其作一些附加說明,不起限定制約作用,如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍完整。
He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.
A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
8.定語從句注意事項(xiàng):
(1)如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關(guān)系代詞一般只用that,不用which。
(2)如果先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, very等詞修飾,關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who或whom。
(3)非限制性定語從句中,不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.
(4)which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語、賓語、表語,多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似。例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5)先行詞既指人又指物,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。
(6)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
(7)定語從句中主謂一致問題。
This is one of the rooms that are free now.
one of +可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)+關(guān)系代詞(做主語)+V +其他,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)決定,如果one之前有限定詞,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則由one決定。
He was the only one of the boys who was late for class.
(8)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,代替整個(gè)主句,對(duì)其進(jìn)行說明,常用于as we all know, as is known to all, as is it, as is said above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中,通常由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開,as 有“正如……”,“就像……”之意。
As we all know, the earth is round. (as 在從句中作賓語)。