蔣圣早 陳東祥
[摘要] 目的 探討血脂及載脂蛋白與乳腺癌的相關(guān)性。 方法 取2012年3月~2014年3月在我院確診為乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌的82例患者及健康體檢對照者80例的血清,分析血清總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、載脂蛋白A(Apo-A)、載脂蛋白B(Apo-B)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平,并根據(jù)腫瘤的大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、組織分化程度等情況進(jìn)行分組,比較各組的測定值。 結(jié)果 乳腺癌組TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B分別為(6.20±0.24)mmol/L、(2.45±0.12)mmol/L,(4.58±0.20)mmol/L、(1.25±0.15)g/L,對照組為(4.00±0.20)mmol/L、(0.67±0.17)mmol/L、(2.14±0.22)mmol/L、(0.86±0.24)g/L,乳腺癌組明顯高于對照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);乳腺癌組HDL-C、Apo-A分別為(0.90±0.11)mmol/L、(1.20±0.22)g/L,對照組為(1.98±0.21)mmol/L、(1.36±0.20)g/L,乳腺癌組低于對照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。大小≥2 cm組TC顯著高于<2 cm組(P<0.05)。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo-A、Apo-B與無轉(zhuǎn)移者比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。乳腺癌低分化組血清TG水平高于高分化組,而高分化組血清HDL-C、Apo-A水平低于低分化組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B異常升高,HDL-C、Apo-A的異常下降與乳腺癌的發(fā)生及惡變有相關(guān)性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳腺癌;血脂;載脂蛋白
[中圖分類號] R737.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2015)14-0017-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation between serum lipids, apolipoprotein and breast cancer. Methods A survey on the prevalence of breast cancer was conducted in out hospital from March 2012 to March 2014. The data of 82 subjects with histologically confirmed breast cancer and 80 healthy control subjects were analyzed. Serum TC, TG, Apo-A, Apo-B, HDL-C, LDL-C were tested at the same time. The grouped according to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, the degree of tissue differentiation, measured values were compared. Results The levels of serum TC,TG,LDL-C, Apo-B in the breast cancer group were (6.20±0.24) mmol/L, (2.45±0.12) mmol/L, (4.58±0.20) mmol/L, (1.25±0.15)g/L respectively, while those in the control group were (4.00±0.20) mmol/L, (0.67±0.17) mmol/L, (2.14±0.22) mmol/L, (0.86±0.24) g/L respectively.All above parameters of the breast cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of serum HDL-C, Apo-A in the breast cancer group were (0.90±0.11) mmol/L and (1.20±0.22) g/L, and those in the control group were (1.98±0.21) mmol/L and (1.36±0.20) g/L, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The serum TC level were significantly higher in the lump≥2 cm group than that of < 2 cm group (P<0.05). There was not significant difference between patients with lymph node metastasis and non-metastasis for the levels of serum TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo-A and Apo-B. The levels of serum TG in the breast cancer poorly differentiated group were higher than those in the well differentiated group (P<0.05). And in the well differentiated group, but the serum HDL-C, Apo-A were significantly lower than in poorly differentiated group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Abnormal elevated of the serum TC, TG, LDL-C, Apo B and HDL-C, Apo-A decline is related to the tumors accruing and development of breast cancer.
[Key words] Breast cancer; Serum lipid; Apolipoprotein
乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。目前,發(fā)病呈上升趨勢,但其病因尚不清楚。近年來研究顯示:生活方式、飲食因素與乳腺癌的發(fā)病有一定關(guān)系。本研究擬通過檢測乳腺癌患者血清總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、載脂蛋白A(Apo-A)、載脂蛋白B(Apo-B)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平,探討乳腺癌發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,為乳腺癌的預(yù)防和治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
選擇2012年3月~2014年3月在我院經(jīng)病理學(xué)確診的乳腺癌患者82例為研究對象,均為女性;年齡25~81歲,平均(53.7±12.3)歲。根據(jù)乳腺腫塊的大小分為<2 cm組(60例)和≥2 cm組(22例);另按淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,將其分為轉(zhuǎn)移組(50例)和無轉(zhuǎn)移組(32例);根據(jù)組織分化程度分為低分化組(60例)、中分化組(14例)和高分化組(8例)。隨機(jī)抽取同期行健康體檢者為對照組,共80例,均為女性,年齡25~76歲,平均(55.2±14.6)歲。入組者均已排除乳腺癌手術(shù)史、原發(fā)性高血脂癥及影響血脂代謝的相關(guān)疾病和藥物。兩組平均年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
清晨收集受檢者靜脈血2 mL,將其置于枸椽酸鈉抗凝液試管中,3000 r/min離心10 min。取血清,采用直接法測定HDL-C、LDL-C,全自動(dòng)生化分析儀酶比色法測定TC、TG,免疫透射比濁法測定Apo-A、Apo-B。試劑及試劑盒均由上海復(fù)星長征醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)有限公司提供。為了避免誤差均采用雙管測定后取其平均值。儀器為西門子advia-2400生化分析儀。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,相關(guān)分析采用Logistic回歸等方法進(jìn)行分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 乳腺癌組及對照組、乳腺癌臨床病理特征與血脂水平的比較
乳腺癌組TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B分別為(6.20±0.24)mmol/L、(2.45±0.12)mmol/L、(4.58±0.20)mmol/L、(1.25±0.15)g/L,對照組為(4.00±0.20)mmol/L、(0.67±0.17)mmol/L、(2.14±0.22)mmol/L、(0.86±0.24)g/L,乳腺癌組明顯高于對照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);乳腺癌組HDL-C、Apo-A分別為(0.90±0.11)mmol/L、(1.20±0.22)g/L,對照組為(1.98±0.21)mmol/L、(1.36±0.20)g/L,乳腺癌組低于對照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。腫塊大小≥2 cm組TC[(6.50±0.15)mmol/L]顯著高于<2 cm組[(4.65±0.21)mmol/L](P<0.05)。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo-A、Apo-B與無轉(zhuǎn)移者比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。乳腺癌低分化組血清TG水平高于高分化組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而高分化組血清HDL-C、Apo-A水平低于低分化組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 乳腺癌與血脂水平的相關(guān)性分析
乳腺癌與TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B的相關(guān)系數(shù)(r)分別為0.866(P<0.05)、0.877(P<0.01)、0.867(P<0.05)、0.741(P<0.05),呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系;乳腺癌與HDL-C、Apo-A相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.867(P<0.05)、-0.617(P<0.05),呈負(fù)相關(guān)。見表2。
2.3 乳腺癌發(fā)生與相關(guān)因素的Logistic回歸分析
以乳腺癌作為因變量,將TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo-A和Apo-B作為自變量,用Logistic回歸分析,逐步剔除作用不顯著的變量,結(jié)果顯示TC、TG、HDL-C、Apo-A和Apo-B是乳腺癌發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見表3。
3 討論
乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在我國占全身各種惡性腫瘤的7%~10%,并呈逐年上升趨勢,其病因尚不清楚。但營養(yǎng)過剩、肥胖、脂肪飲食,可加強(qiáng)或延長雌激素對乳腺上皮細(xì)胞的刺激,從而增加發(fā)病機(jī)會[1]。有關(guān)血脂與乳腺癌發(fā)生的關(guān)系,國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少,且結(jié)論不一。Psaltopoulou等[2]2011年系統(tǒng)回顧分析了13800例患者和23340例對照的橄欖油攝入量結(jié)果認(rèn)為其與乳腺癌呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Smith-Warner等[3]認(rèn)為膳食脂肪攝取量與乳腺癌無相關(guān)性,而Boyd等[4]認(rèn)為高脂肪攝入量與乳腺癌密切相關(guān)。國內(nèi)的相關(guān)報(bào)道多與高脂血癥相關(guān),認(rèn)為血脂與乳腺癌的發(fā)生有密切關(guān)系[5]。本研究顯示,乳腺癌組血清TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B高于對照組,而血清HDL-C、Apo-A則低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與李國靜等[5]的研究一致。腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長需要膽固醇,這就會導(dǎo)致內(nèi)源性膽固醇合成增加。有研究表明,惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的LDL-C受體常呈下調(diào)狀態(tài),這導(dǎo)致羥甲基戊二酞輔酶A(HMG-CoA)還原酶的活性增高,而HMG-CoA還原酶通路重新合成的內(nèi)源性膽固醇可以激活腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[6]。抑制內(nèi)源性膽固醇合成的藥物如洛伐他汀或辛伐他汀在體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中也證實(shí),它們可以顯著降低腫瘤細(xì)胞的穿血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞移行能力[7],Ahern等[8]對18769例丹麥Ⅰ~Ⅲ期浸潤性乳腺癌女性患者進(jìn)行的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究也同樣證實(shí)親脂類他汀藥物的使用能明顯降低乳腺癌患者的復(fù)發(fā)率。同時(shí)通過HDL-C受體信號通路活性提高來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)膽固醇的積累,從而導(dǎo)致血清HDL-C水平降低[9]。提示脂質(zhì)代謝水平在乳腺癌的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過程中可能發(fā)揮著重要作用。
李國靜等[5]認(rèn)為乳腺癌患者血清TC水平升高,高脂血癥與乳腺癌密切相關(guān)。而潘巨龍等[10]研究認(rèn)為乳腺癌患者血清TC水平降低,在伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移的患者中更加明顯。劉煦禾等[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌晚期患者TC水平較早期明顯增加。Bahl等[12]認(rèn)為高水平的TC患者復(fù)發(fā)率增加。本研究結(jié)果顯示,腫塊≥2 cm組的TC較腫塊<2 cm組明顯升高,提示TC與乳腺癌生長有一定關(guān)系。其機(jī)制可能是高濃度的TC及其前體物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞異常過度增殖,羥甲基戊二酰輔酶 A(HMG-CoA)還原酶的活性增高,其作為是乳腺癌患者TC合成的限速酶會加速合成TC以滿足癌細(xì)胞合成細(xì)胞膜的需要。
在對脂類水平和乳腺癌的相關(guān)性的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),TG水平與乳腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)。研究證實(shí)高TG比率乳腺癌患者易遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。Lipscombe等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌組織中TG的代謝明顯比周圍組織快,Han等[14]也發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌患者血清TG水平升高。本研究顯示乳腺癌低分化組血清TG高于高分化組,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。其原因可能是乳腺癌細(xì)胞的過度增殖需消耗大量的能量,脂質(zhì)代謝異?;钴S,大量脂肪動(dòng)員,血清 TG 水平升高。而高分化組血清HDL-C、Apo-A低于低分化組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示TG、HDL-C、Apo-A可能與乳腺癌的惡性程度有關(guān)。
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組與淋巴結(jié)無轉(zhuǎn)移組TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo-A、Apo-B水平無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,考慮可能與病例數(shù)少有關(guān)。目前,血脂與乳癌關(guān)系的研究機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與乳腺組織的發(fā)育受雌激素的控制有關(guān)[15],研究表明,膳食脂肪增加內(nèi)源性雌激素的生產(chǎn)可能會導(dǎo)致乳腺癌[16,17]。當(dāng)脂肪代謝紊亂時(shí),高濃度游離脂肪酸可導(dǎo)致血液游離雌激素增加,刺激乳腺上皮細(xì)胞增生及分化。血液中高濃度不飽合脂肪酸容易被氧化,生成脂質(zhì)過氧化物,產(chǎn)生過多自由基,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞突變[18],而減少脂肪攝入量有可能降低患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。
綜上,乳腺癌患者存在一定程度的血脂代謝改變,TC、TG、Apo-B升高及HDL-C、Apo-A下降與乳腺癌具有相關(guān)性,應(yīng)引起臨床重視,能否可以作為預(yù)測乳腺癌發(fā)生的有效指標(biāo),尚需進(jìn)一步的研究。
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(收稿日期:2014-12-25)