如何做好閱讀理解中的推理判斷題

劉柏清

【摘要】推理判斷題是屬于閱讀理解中層次較高的題目，是學(xué)生失分比較多的題型，本文以近幾年的各省市的高考閱讀理解為例，探討推理判斷題的策略，以期為推理判斷題的教學(xué)和解題提供借鑒。

【關(guān)鍵詞】閱讀理解 推理 判斷

一、細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌挥姓_把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，才可能作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。題干主要包括六個(gè)動(dòng)詞：infer（推斷），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出結(jié)論）和assume（假定，設(shè)想）。常見(jiàn)的命題形式有：

It can be inferred from the passage/text that .

The author strongly suggests that .

It can be concluded from the passage that .

The writer implies but not directly states that .

The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that .

Which of the following statements does the passage support？

二、預(yù)測(cè)推理判斷題

有些內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明，要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下一段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行猜測(cè)推理。做這類題時(shí)考生應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路，從而作出比較科學(xué)的、合情合理的猜測(cè)。常見(jiàn)的命題形式有：

What do you think will happen when/if…？

At the end of this passage，the writer might continue to write .

Which of the following is the most likely reply the doctor gave the woman patient at the end of the story？

三、推測(cè)文章來(lái)源或讀者對(duì)象題

推測(cè)文章的來(lái)源或者推測(cè)讀者對(duì)象要求讀者本身要具備一定的常識(shí)，這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身已經(jīng)具備的常識(shí)結(jié)合起來(lái)。比如讀者本身要對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說(shuō)、童話、廣告、教材、說(shuō)明書(shū)、旅游指南、藥品說(shuō)明、操作指南等有基本的了解，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座，選出最佳答案。

常見(jiàn)的命題形式有：

This passage would most likely be found in .

In which of the following publications would this passage most

likely be printed？

The passage is probably taken out of .

Where does this text probably come from？

真題范例

The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.Sheis

quiet but alert（警覺(jué)）.Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze（凝視）starts to lose its focus—until a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world？

63 .Where does this text probably come from？

A.Science fiction.

B.Children's literature.

C.An advertisement.

D.A science report.

答案解析

D 推理判斷題。本文介紹了對(duì)嬰兒進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)過(guò)及結(jié)果等，因此本文可能來(lái)自于一份科學(xué)報(bào)告。

四、寫(xiě)作意圖推斷題

寫(xiě)作意圖推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫(xiě)作意圖及運(yùn)用某種寫(xiě)作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時(shí)還要具備對(duì)作者闡述問(wèn)題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。常見(jiàn)的命題形式有：

What is the main purpose of the author writing the text？

The purpose of the text is to get more people to .

The fact… is mentioned by the author to show .

The writer talks about…in order to .

The author writes the last paragraph in order to .

五、態(tài)度傾向推斷題

態(tài)度傾向推斷題考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識(shí)別的能力，有時(shí)也要求考生對(duì)文章所交代的人或事進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，此時(shí)要注意作者對(duì)相關(guān)人或事的細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)。態(tài)度傾向推斷題的選項(xiàng)一般分為以下三類：

1.中性詞：uninterested（不感興趣的），neutral（中立的），indifferent（無(wú)關(guān)緊要的），sympathetic（同情的），humorous（幽默的）等。

2.褒義詞：positive（積極的），disinterested（無(wú)私的），supportive（支持的），useful，enthusiastic（熱情的），admiring（贊賞的）等。

3.貶義詞：disgusted（厭惡的），critical（批評(píng)的）， impassive（無(wú)動(dòng)于衷的），negative（否定的，消極的），disappointed（失望的）等。

常見(jiàn)的命題形式有：

The attitude of the author towards something is ？

The writer of the passage seems to think that .

What is the author's opinion on cramming？

What's the writer's attitude towards ？

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]賴朝輝.高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解訓(xùn)練的行動(dòng)研究[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)（中學(xué)篇），2013.

[2]楊紅麗，陳旭遠(yuǎn).課標(biāo)中閱讀期待的獨(dú)特性及其教學(xué)意義[J].課程·教材·教法，2013.