同現(xiàn)、復(fù)現(xiàn)

楊富章

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的連貫離不開詞匯銜接，而英語(yǔ)的詞匯銜接關(guān)系分為兩種：同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)。因而對(duì)于解決完形填空中的語(yǔ)境理解題，巧用同現(xiàn)復(fù)現(xiàn)法尤為有效。

詞語(yǔ)同現(xiàn)

“詞語(yǔ)同現(xiàn)”，也有人稱之為“詞場(chǎng)”。一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇一定是圍繞某個(gè)話題進(jìn)行的，同一話題就會(huì)有一些相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯共同出現(xiàn)。如一篇談學(xué)校生活的文章，有可能共同出現(xiàn)的單詞有：teacher，classmate，student，classroom，library，laboratory，computer，score，maths，physics，study，desk，chair，holiday等，這種詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的指向性，就叫同現(xiàn)。同現(xiàn)詞之間有同義、反義或相對(duì)關(guān)系，或者同類互補(bǔ)關(guān)系等，如differently與in difference，different與same/similar，cruel與friendly，ill與pale/patient/doctor/operation等。我們可以根據(jù)這類相關(guān)信息確定答案。

例1 Although these wide modern roads are generally and well maintained， with little sharp curves and many straight sections， a direct route is not always the most enjoyable one.

A.stable B.smooth

C.splendid D.complicated

解析 B。本題涉及形容詞和名詞的同現(xiàn)。與寬闊的現(xiàn)代化公路（wide modern roads）同現(xiàn)的形容詞應(yīng)是“平坦的”。

例2 “Hooray！” shouted the crowd. It was the loudest I had ever heard at a meet. The firstplace runner was two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.

A.cheer B.shout

C.cry D.noise

解析 句中Hooray， runner， finishing line和 cheer， shout是因果同現(xiàn)詞匯，都是體育比賽中的常用詞。盡管選項(xiàng)中有shout一詞，但由下文two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line可知，cheer（喝彩聲）最為貼切，故選A。

詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)

“詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)”是指某一個(gè)詞以原詞或同義詞等方式在同一語(yǔ)篇中“重復(fù)出現(xiàn)”。詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)又可分為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（又叫同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）、上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。了解詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)這種銜接手段， 有助于快速準(zhǔn)確地解答完形填空題。

1.原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

有時(shí)為了表達(dá)需要，在上下文中同一個(gè)單詞會(huì)重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

例3 One man left and the other stayed， but they did not the bird... It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were finally able to fool the crow. （2013年高考廣東卷）

A.fool B.hurt

C.catch D.kill

解析 A。答案與下文fool the crow中的fool是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。這里說(shuō)的是之前fool the bird沒有成功，直到不斷增加實(shí)驗(yàn)的人數(shù)才最終成功地fool the crow。這里bird和crow則屬于同現(xiàn)。

2.同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指借助意思相同或相近的表達(dá)方式或解釋性的語(yǔ)言使上下文的語(yǔ)義得以連接起來(lái)。

例4 We all know that some things are obviously right. For example， it is right to be kind to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are wrong， too. For instance， we should not hurt or bully （欺負(fù)） others， nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.

A.equally B.slightly

C.clearly D.increasingly

解析 C。與第一句some things are obviously right相對(duì)應(yīng)，與obviously近義復(fù)現(xiàn)的是clearly。

例5 For example， babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a small group. But when the number goes beyond three or four， the children are fooled.

A.seldom B.temporarily

C.merely D.often

解析 D。由but可知，后文是表示與always notice相對(duì)的意思，當(dāng)數(shù)字超過(guò)三四個(gè)以后，就“常?！蹦芷垓_這些嬰兒了。often與always近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

3.反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

語(yǔ)意的連貫有時(shí)是通過(guò)采用反義復(fù)現(xiàn)形成對(duì)比的手段體現(xiàn)的，或者是以反義的方式對(duì)前文加以解釋，同學(xué)們可以從反義的角度判斷正確的選項(xiàng)。

例6 A man trying to take a photo of a crow（烏鴉） that had a nest in a tower， but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not until the man left the tower. （2013年高考廣東卷）

A.relax B.recover

C.react D.return

解析 D。與上句中l(wèi)eft相對(duì)，選return，兩者是反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

4.同源（根）詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

上下文語(yǔ)義復(fù)現(xiàn)的表達(dá)，還可借助復(fù)現(xiàn)信息的同源詞或同根詞。（2011年高考廣東卷）

例7 Many are concerned that gifted children become bored and lose interest in learning. However， this is more often from parents and teachers than from students.

A.concern B.conclusion

C.reflection D.interest

解析 A。concern （n.擔(dān)心）與上文的concerned （adj.擔(dān)心的）是同源（根）詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

5.上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，作者會(huì)先概述再分述。概述時(shí)用的是上義詞，上義詞具有概括的作用。分述則用比較具體的下義詞，兩者為總分關(guān)系。如：instrument是piano/violin/drum等的上義詞；adult是parents/teachers/professor等的上義詞；occupation是lawyer/doctor/policeman/worker等的上義詞。

例8 However， this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students， and some of these simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are talented.

A.students B.adults

C.scholars D.teachers

解析 B。因adults是上文parents and teachers的上義詞，只有adults能概括parents and teachers，即這是上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)， 故選B。