潘起晨,王明昊,班允超,崔曉,王運(yùn)杰(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,沈陽(yáng)110001)
Diversin在人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中的表達(dá)及其對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲的影響
潘起晨,王明昊,班允超,崔曉,王運(yùn)杰
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,沈陽(yáng)110001)
摘要:目的觀察人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中Diversin表達(dá)及其對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲的影響,并探討其作用機(jī)制。方法采用免疫組化法檢測(cè)105例人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中的Diversin。通過siRNA沉默技術(shù)調(diào)控星形細(xì)胞瘤U87細(xì)胞中Diversin的表達(dá),并以MTT、Transwell、Western blot、實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR等方法檢測(cè)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移能力及細(xì)胞Diversin、p-JNK、MMP-9的表達(dá)。結(jié)果Diversin在星形細(xì)胞瘤的組織學(xué)分級(jí)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ級(jí)中的表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率分別為0、19.2%、48.9%,P均<0.01。對(duì)照組與干擾組U87細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)分別為2.01±0.42、1.62±0.14,P<0.05;穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(57±6)、(39±6)個(gè),P<0.05; Diversin、p-JNK、MMP9 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)均下降,P均<0.05。結(jié)論Diversin可隨星形細(xì)胞瘤組織學(xué)分級(jí)而升高,可作為判斷其生物學(xué)行為的標(biāo)記物; Diversin能夠通過JNK途徑促進(jìn)人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤的增殖與侵襲,并可能成為治療該腫瘤的新靶點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:錨蛋白重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白;免疫組織化學(xué);神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤;生物學(xué)行為
星形細(xì)胞瘤的預(yù)后除與腫瘤發(fā)生部位、大小、組織學(xué)類型和分級(jí)有關(guān)外,也與腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為(增殖、侵襲等)密切相關(guān)[1,2]。Diversin又稱錨蛋白重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白6(ANKRD6),是果蠅屬Diego蛋白在哺乳動(dòng)物中的同源異構(gòu)體[3]。研究表明,Diversin在小鼠神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞和成熟的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中有表達(dá),且能夠促進(jìn)神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞的增殖[4]。但是,其在正常的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形細(xì)胞瘤中的表達(dá)情況及作用仍不清楚。本研究檢測(cè)了人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中Diversin的表達(dá),分析其與臨床病理因素之間的關(guān)系;通過siRNA調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞中Diversin的表達(dá),觀察其對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲的影響,并探討其作用機(jī)制。
1.1材料2007~2012年中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院手術(shù)切除的人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織蠟塊105例,患者中男63例,女42例;年齡35~70歲,平均53.4歲?;颊咝g(shù)前均未行放化療,病理診斷和分型(分級(jí))參照2003 WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn),研究獲得了倫理委員會(huì)的同意及許可。
1.2方法
1.2.1人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中Diversin表達(dá)檢測(cè)
采用免疫組化法。將石蠟組織塊切成4 μm厚的切片,脫蠟、脫水,按S-P法和抗體說明操作。一抗:小鼠抗人單克隆抗體Diversion(1∶150,Santa Cruz Biotechnology,USA),以PBS為空白對(duì)照。選腫瘤細(xì)胞陽(yáng)性染色集中區(qū)域,每張切片計(jì)數(shù)400個(gè)腫瘤細(xì)胞,由兩名病理醫(yī)師雙盲觀測(cè)。Diversion陽(yáng)性表達(dá)位于細(xì)胞核。按陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分率分為陰性(<5%)、陽(yáng)性(5%~25%)、強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性(≥26%)[5]。
1.2.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及轉(zhuǎn)染選擇ATCC細(xì)胞庫(kù)星形細(xì)胞瘤U87細(xì)胞(Manassas,USA),用含10%熱滅活新鮮小牛血清DMEM(Invitrogen,USA)、100 U/mL青霉素、100 U/mL鏈霉素的培養(yǎng)基,在37℃、5% CO2的條件下培養(yǎng)待用。轉(zhuǎn)染前24 h將細(xì)胞按50%密度接種于24孔板。質(zhì)粒: ON-TARGETplus diversin siRNA 和ON-TARGETplus Non-Targeting siRNA購(gòu)自Dharmacon公司(USA)。轉(zhuǎn)染試劑: DharmaFECT1(Qiagen,USA)。同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染空質(zhì)粒作為對(duì)照。轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后采用Western blot方法檢測(cè)干擾效率。
1.2.3細(xì)胞增殖觀察采用MTT法。將單細(xì)胞懸液接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板中,每孔體積200 μL含1× 103個(gè)細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)24 h;每孔加入MTT(5 mg/mL,Sigma,USA)培養(yǎng)4 h,吸去上清液;加入150 μL DMSO(Sigma,USA),振蕩10 min; 490 nm波長(zhǎng)下測(cè)定各孔光吸收值,以不含細(xì)胞的等體積培養(yǎng)基作對(duì)照。繪制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線,計(jì)算增殖指數(shù)(PI)。
1.2.4細(xì)胞侵襲能力觀察采用Transwell細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)[6]。用預(yù)冷無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基以1∶5稀釋Matrigel(BD Biosciences,USA),將轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后的細(xì)胞制成細(xì)胞懸液,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為3×105/mL,取100 μL加入上室(孔徑8 μm,Costar,USA),下室加600 μL含10%小牛血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基。37℃、5% CO2孵箱中培養(yǎng)18 h后吸盡培養(yǎng)基,PBS清洗后以甲醇室溫固定15 min;用棉簽輕擦掉上表面的細(xì)胞,蘇木素染色,室溫干燥過夜。取下微孔膜,至載玻片上,鏡下計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞數(shù),實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,取均值。
1.2.5Diversin、P-JNK、MMP-9蛋白檢測(cè)采用Western blot法。收集培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,加入裂解液充分裂解; 4℃下12 000 r/min離心30 min,提取上清。上樣蛋白60 μg,電泳(12% SDS-PAGE凝膠)、轉(zhuǎn)印(50 V,120 min),5%正常小牛血清封閉。一抗:小鼠抗人單克隆抗體Diversin(1∶500,Santa Cruz)、MMP9、p-JNK(1∶1 000,Cell Signaling)、內(nèi)參GAPDH(1∶2 000,Santa Cruz)。4℃孵育過夜,分別與對(duì)應(yīng)的二抗(1∶2 500,Santa Cruz,USA)室溫孵育2 h,ECL顯色并采集圖像;測(cè)定灰度值,計(jì)算目的蛋白與內(nèi)參灰度值的比值。
1.2.6Diversin、P-JNK、MMP-9 mRNA檢測(cè)采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法。轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后收集細(xì)胞,使用TRIzol試劑提取RNA,采用ABI high capacity cDNA RT kit(Applied Biosystems)進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄。使用ABI7900實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR儀,內(nèi)參采用β-actin。定量PCR反應(yīng)條件: 95°C 30 s,95°C 5 s,40個(gè)循環(huán),60 ℃30 s。Diverxin上游引物為5'-CCCCTAAGAGATCCTTCAGCAG-3',下游引物為5'-CCACACGCTGTCAGAGGATG-3'; p-JNK上游引物為5'-GCTGGAGGTCTGCGAGGA-3',下游引物為5'-ACAGGAAGCGGTCCAGGTAGT-3'; MMP9上游引物為5'-ACGGTGGTGGAGGAGCTCTT-3',下游引物為5'-CGGTTGACGCTCTCCACAC-3';β-actin上游引物為5'-ATAGCACAGCCTGGATAGCAACGTAC-3',下游引物為5'-CACCTTCTACAATGAGCTGCGTGTG-3'。以2-ΔΔCt計(jì)算mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
1.2.7統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1Diversin在人腦星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中的表達(dá)105例患者中,Diversin陽(yáng)性表達(dá)33例。其中,組織學(xué)分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)的星形細(xì)胞瘤Diversin表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率為0(0/6),Ⅱ級(jí)為19.2%(10/52),Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(jí)為48.9%(23/47),P均<0.01。見插頁(yè)Ⅱ圖5。
2.2干擾Diversin對(duì)U87細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲的影響
轉(zhuǎn)染特異性siRNA后U87細(xì)胞Diversin的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)均明顯下降,干擾效率為69.5%。對(duì)照組與干擾組U87細(xì)胞PI分別為2.01±0.42、1.62 ±0.14,P<0.05;穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(57±6)、(39 ±7)個(gè),P<0.05。見插頁(yè)Ⅱ圖6。
2.3干擾Diversin對(duì)U87細(xì)胞Diversin、p-JNK和MMP-9表達(dá)的影響見表1。
表1 兩組U87細(xì)胞Diversin、p-JNK、MMP-9表達(dá)比較(±s)
組別蛋白對(duì)照組 0.82±0.21 0.18±0.02 0.96±0.15 0.17±0.04 0.9 Diversin mRNA 蛋白p-JNK mRNA 蛋白MMP-9 mRNA 2±0.21 0.19±0.07干擾組 0.25±0.05 0.14±0.03 0.51±0.13 0.12±0.01 0.37±0.08 0.12±0.03 t 11.870 4.332 5.125 8.721 8.773 12.432 P <0.001 0.017 0.021 0.008 0.018 <0.001
目前,對(duì)Diversin在腫瘤中的作用及機(jī)制研究尚少[7]。Diversin在胚胎發(fā)育過程中可抑制經(jīng)典的Wnt/β-catenin通路,同時(shí)可激活非經(jīng)典的Wnt/PCP通路[8,9],而Wnt通路與許多腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。Makiko等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),在新生小鼠和成鼠腦內(nèi),Diversin表達(dá)于室下區(qū)和海馬區(qū)的神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞和成熟神經(jīng)元,并對(duì)其生物學(xué)行為具有一定影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,Diversin表達(dá)主要存在與細(xì)胞核中,且與腫瘤組織學(xué)分級(jí)密切相關(guān)。
動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),Diversin可促進(jìn)小鼠神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[10]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在胚胎發(fā)育過程中Diversin調(diào)節(jié)斑馬魚胚胎的原腸胚運(yùn)動(dòng)以及控制心臟前體的融合是通過非經(jīng)典Wnt/JNK通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的[7]。該研究認(rèn)為,Diversin轉(zhuǎn)移入核后可以和轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子AF9相互作用,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)JNK活性。在人胚腎293細(xì)胞系中,Diversin和Dishevelled的表達(dá)可以協(xié)同增強(qiáng)JNK的活性[11]。因此,推測(cè)Diversin促進(jìn)星形細(xì)胞瘤的增殖和侵襲的能力與其激活JNK通路有關(guān)[12]。本研究利用基因沉默技術(shù)干擾Diversin表達(dá)后,U87細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲能力受到明顯抑制;同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt/PCP通路中的關(guān)鍵因子p-JNK及其下游靶因子MMP-9、mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)降低。以往研究顯示,MMP9參與癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[13],其表達(dá)降低將抑制神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[14,15];而JNK活化后可通過調(diào)控Cdc25c基因而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期異常[16]??梢?,Diversin發(fā)揮其促進(jìn)星形細(xì)胞瘤增殖和侵襲能力與其激活JNK通路有密切關(guān)系。因此,Diversin可作為星形細(xì)胞瘤生物學(xué)行為的標(biāo)記物,并可能成為治療該腫瘤的新靶點(diǎn)。
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Expression of Diversin in human astrocytomas and its relationships with proliferation and invasion of tumor cells
PAN Qi-chen,WANG Ming-hao,BAN Yun-chao,CUI Xiao,WANG Yun-jie
(The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
Abstract:Objective To observe the expression of Diversin in human astrocytomas and its relationships with proliferation and invasion of tumor cells,and to investigate its mechanism.Methods The expression of Diversin was detected by immunohistochemical method in 105 cases of astrocytoma tissues.Small interfering RNA(siRNA) knockdown was performed in U87 cell line to regulate the Diversin expression.MTT,Transwell,Western blotting and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were used to detect the cell proliferation and migration ability as well as the expression of Diversin p-JNK and MMP-9.Results The positive expression rates of Diversin in the histological gradeⅠ,ⅡandⅢof astrocytoma were 19.2% and 48.9%(all P<0.01).The proliferation indexes of U87 cells in the control and interference groups were 2.01 ±0.42 and 1.62±0.14(P<0.05),and the cells moved through the membrane were(57±6) and(39±6)(P<0.05).The protein and mRNA expression of Diversin p-JNK and MMP9 was significantly decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusions Diversin increases with the increased histological grades of astrocytoma and it may be used as the biological behavior marker of astrocytomas.Meanwhile,Diversin can promote the proliferation and invasion of astrocytomas by the way of JNK,and thus it can be a new target for treatment of the tumor.
Key words:Diversin; immunohistochemistry; glioma; biological behavior
(收稿日期:2014-10-09)
通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:王運(yùn)杰(1955-),男,主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向?yàn)樯窠?jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤。E-mail: wyj023@ vip.sina.com.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:第一潘起晨(1982-),男,住院醫(yī)師,主要研究方向?yàn)樯窠?jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤。E-mail: panqichen@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:遼寧省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2014021066)。
文章編號(hào):1002-266X(2015) 20-0004-03
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
中圖分類號(hào):R739.4
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.20.002