Single-blind, randomized controlled trial of e ff ectveness of Naikan therapy as an adjunctve treatment for schizophrenia over a one-year follow-up period

Hong ZHANG, Chenhu LI*, Liyu ZHAO, Guilai ZHAN

Single-blind, randomized controlled trial of e ff ectveness of Naikan therapy as an adjunctve treatment for schizophrenia over a one-year follow-up period

Hong ZHANG, Chenhu LI*, Liyu ZHAO, Guilai ZHAN

Background:Current treatments for schizophrenia are oen only parally e ff ecve.

Aim:Assess the possible benefit of using adjunctive Naikan therapy, a cognitive approach based on selfre fl econ that originated in Japan for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Methods:Aer resoluon of acute psychoc symptoms, 235 psychiatric inpaents with schizophrenia who had a middle school educaon or higher were randomly assigned to a control group (n=112) that received routine medication and inpatient rehabilitative treatment or an intervention group (n=123) that also received adjunctive Naikan therapy for 2 hours daily, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The patients were then discharged and followed up for 12 months. The Posive and Negave Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP), and Insight and Atude Quesonnaire (ITAQ) were used to assess paents at enrollment, aer the 1-month intervenon, and aer the 12-month follow-up. Evaluators were blind to the group assignment of paents.

Results:Only 13 (10.6%) of the intervenon group parcipants relapsed over the 12-month follow-up, but 23 (20.5%) control group parcipants relapsed (X2=4.50, p=0.034). Using a modi fi ed intenon-to-treat analysis and a repeated measure analysis of variance, the PANSS, PSP, and ITAQ total scores all showed signi fi cantly greater improvement over the 12-month follow-up in the Naikan group than in the control group. The drop in mean chlorpromazine-equivalent dosage from enrollment to the end of follow-up was signi fi cantly di ff erent in the intervention group but not in the control group, though the change in dosage over time between groups was not stascally signi fi cant.

Conclusions: This study provides robust support for the e ff ecveness of Naikan therapy as an adjuncve treatment during the recovery period of schizophrenia. Compared to treatment as usually, adjuncve Naikan therapy can sustain the improvement in psychotic symptoms achieved during acute treatment, improve insight about the illness, enhance social funconing, and reduce relapse over a one-year follow-up period. Further research of this treatment with larger and more diverse samples of paents with schizophrenia is merited.

Naikan therapy; schizophrenia; relapse; social funconing; randomized controlled trial; China

[Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2015,27(4): 220-227. doi: hp://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215055]

1. Background

Schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness with frequent episodes of severe psychotic symptoms, is a disabling condition that seriously impairs social functioning and usually has a poor prognosis. After the first acute episode approximately 50% of patients have a recurrence within one year and approximately 85% of patients have a recurrence within 5 years.[1]This high recurrence rate results in a substantial social and financial burden for the individual, the family, and society at large. Other studies report that costs incurred by individuals who relapse within one year of their first episode are three- to four-fold higher than those incurred by individuals who do not relapse.[2]This highlights the importance of improving the social functioning and decreasing the relapse rate after an acute episode of illness. A variety of approaches have been tried, typically involving the use of antipsychotic medication (to control positive psychotic symptoms) with adjunctive treatments such as psychotherapy, community-based intervenons, family therapy, and so forth.[3]One such adjuncve treatment for schizophrenia is Naikan therapy, a structured method of self-re fl econ which originated in Japan,[4]that has been shown to produce short-term improvements in treatment adherence and social function among patients with schizophrenia in China.[5-7]

This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia with Naikan therapy that assessed the psychiatric symptoms, social funconing, and relapse rate of parcipants over a oneyear follow-up period.

2. Methods

2.1 Subjects

As shown in Figure 1, among the 467 paents treated as inpaents at the Shanghai Xuhui Mental Health Centerfrom April 2013 to December 2013 there were 243 who met the following inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study: a) meeting the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia speci fi ed in the Internaonal Classi fi caon of Diseases-10, (ICD-10);[8]b) 18-60 years of age; c) junior high school education or higher; d) inpatient treatment results in a ≥50% drop in the total score of the Posive and Negave Syndrome Scale (PANSS)[9]or a total PANSS score ＜60 within 8 weeks of admission; d) negave symptoms, agitaon, and obsessive compulsive symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with study parcipaon; e) no other mental disorder, organic brain disorder, or substance use disorder; f) no severe medical illness; g) not pregnant or breast-feeding; h) is not participating in any other clinical trial; and i) both the patient and the patient’s guardian provide written informed consent.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study

The PANSS was assessed on all potenal parcipants with schizophrenia every week aer admission for eight weeks and the individual was enrolled as soon as the total PANSS score had decreased ＞50% from baseline or was＜60. The 243 enrolled paents were randomly assigned to the intervention group (conventional antipsychotic medicaon and rehabilitaon therapy + Naikan therapy) or the control group (conventional antipsychotic medication and rehabilitation therapy) using a random number generang funcon in the SPSS soware.

As shown in Figure 1, during the 4-week active treatment phase of the study 2 patients who relapsed dropped out of the intervenon group while 5 paents who relapsed and one who experienced a hypertensive crisis dropped out of the control group. All parcipants were hospitalized during this active treatment phase. This le123 paents in the intervenon group and 111 in the control group who were then followed-up one year later. The paents remained in hospital for varying lengths of time after the end of the active treatment (oen determined by fi nancial or family issues, not by the clinical status of the patient), but all patients had been discharged and were evaluated as outpaents at theme of the one-year follow-up assessment.

This study was approved by the Ethics Commiee of the Shanghai Xuhui Mental Health Center.

2.2 Interventon

Naikan therapy,[4,5]provided in 20 two-hour sessions over a 4-week period, was conducted by three therapists who had personally undergone Naikan therapy and had received Naikan therapy training in Osaka, Japan. Each session started with 15 minutes of consultation with the patient in which the results of the previous session were discussed and instrucons and suggesons for the current session were provided. After the consultaon, the paent completed the recommended thought exercises while seated alone quietly in a room specifically designed for Naikan therapy that was separated into several individual cubicles by wooden panels. The therapy involves systemacally considering and evaluang prior experiences from four perspecves: three main themes, chronological stages, objects (i.e., individuals), and procedures (i.e., assessing their emotional responses). Patients consider three themes based on their own experiences: ‘what others did for me’, ‘what I did for others’, and ‘what troubles I have caused to others’. They then review the recalled life events in chronological order both from the perspecve of other parcipants in the events and from their own perspective. This process is repeated for a range of acquaintances, from the closest (e.g., parents, children, spouse) to the most distant (e.g., those whom the individual dislikes the most). At each step in the process the paent is encouraged to systemacally analyze his or her emotional responses such as feelings of regret, guilt, or gratude, and the willingness to make amends.

2.3 Instruments

The Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)[9,10]was used to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. It consists of four subscales with 33 items and includes five factors: positive, negative, cognitive, excitatory, and anxiety/ depression factors. Items are rated 1 to 7 with higher scores represenng more severe symptoms.

The Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP)[11]is a single-item clinician rating from 0 to 100 used to evaluate four components of social funconing: a) work and study; b) social relationships; c) self-care; and d) socially disruptive or aggressive behaviors. The score is classified into 4 categories: 71 to 100 indicates no difficulty or minor difficulty; 31 to 70 indicates de fi nite functional defect; and under 30 indicate poor social funcon requiring acve support and close monitoring.

2.4 Evaluaton

Four psychiatrists not involved in the treatment of the patients who were blind to the group assignment of paents were provided one week training in the use of the scales and subsequently evaluated all patients at baseline, aer the 4-week intervenon, and at the end of the one-year follow-up. Aer training, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) assessing the inter-rater reliability of the 4 clinicians for the total PANSS score (0.74) and the total PSP score (0.63) were sasfactory.

Relapse during the 12-month period following hospital discharge was defined as follows:[13]a) the paent was re-hospitalized due to clinical deterioraon, self-harm, or violent/destructive behavior; b) a total PANSS score increase of ＞25%; c) a CGI clinical change score of 6 or 7 (significant deterioration); or d) the patient met diagnostic criteria of active phase schizophrenia.

2.5 Statstcal analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5. We conducted a modified intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of outcome that included the 123 intervention group patients and 118 control group patients who completed the onemonth inpatient post-enrollment period (when the intervention was administered to the intervention group and the control group received roune inpaent care) without relapsing or dropping out. For patients who dropped out during the 1-year follow-up period, the last observed value carried forward (LOCF) method was employed. Statistical tests appropriate to the characteriscs of the variable (i.e., dichotomous, ranked, or connuous) were conducted, including independent and matched t-tests, chi-square tests and rank tests. The main results between groups were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance for unequalme intervals between assessments. A p-value of ＜0.05 was considered stascally signi fi cant.

3. Results

As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between the two groups in demographic characteriscs, baseline illness characteriscs, or family history of mental illness.

During the 12-month follow up, 13 (10.6%) of the 123 subjects in the intervention group experienced relapses (all were re-hospitalized once) and 23 (20.5%) of the 112 subjects in the control group experienced relapses (two of them were re-hospitalized twice; 21 were re-hospitalized once (X2=4.50, p=0.034).

Changes in the PANSS total score and 5 subscales scores, PSP total score, and ITAP total score over the threeme periods (baseline, aer 1-month intervenon, and after 1-year follow-up) are shown in Figure 2 and Table 2. The modified ITT repeated measures analysis of variance results found no significant differences in any of the 8 measures between the two groups at the time of enrollment. The PANSS, PSP, and ITAQ total scores all show significant main effects both for time and for group and significant time*group interaction e ff ects. For all three measures the total scores improved during the 1-month inpatient treatment following recruitment, though the improvement in the PSP and ITAQ total scores was greater in the intervenon group than in the control group (for PSP, t=2.72, p=0.007; for ITAQ, t=2.83, p=0.005). Over the 12-month followup, the improvement in total scores aer the 1-month treatment was sustained or increased in the intervenon group, but in the control group the scores of the three measures deteriorated. The significant time*groupinteracon e ff ects for the three total scores show that the improvement over time in the intervention group was signi fi cantly greater than in the control group.

Table 1. Comparison of the baseline characteristcs of patents with schizophrenia in the interventon and control groups

Figure 2. Results of PANSS, PSP, and ITAQ total scores in patents with shizophrenia after acute symptoms stabilized

Table 2. The result of repeated measures of analysis of variance of a modi fi ed intenton-to-treat analysis of Positve and Negatve Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores, Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP) total score, and Insight and Treatment Attude Questonnaire (ITAQ) total score of patents with schizophrenia in the interventon and control groups

Results for the 5 PANSS subscales are mixed. All 5 measures showed a significant main effect for time but only 2 measures (i.e., negave factor and anxiety/ depression factor) show a significant main effect for group and only 3 measures (i.e., negative factor, excitatory factor, and anxiety/depression factor) have a significant time*group interaction effect. As was the case for the PANSS total score, all 5 subscale scores improved in both groups during the 1-month inpaent treatment period. Over the 1-year follow-up period there was a deterioration (compared to the result at the end of the 1-month treatment) in all 5 measures in the control group and in 2 of the 5 measures (the posive factor and cognive factor) in the intervenon group. The improvement in the other three measures –the positive, excitatory, and anxiety/depression PANSS factors – was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group.

The mean (sd) chlorpromazine-equivalent dosage of antipsychotic medications in the intervention and control groups at theme of recruitment were 217 (62)versus 214 (53) mg/d, respectively (t=0.40, p=0.691). Aer 1 month of treatment the dosages were 213 (48) versus 216 (57) mg/d, respectively (t=0.44, p=0.662). Aer the 12-month follow-up period the dosages were 198 (40) versus 208 (45) mg/d, respectively (t=1.80, p=0.073). Compared to baseline, the mean dosage had decreased significantly at the end of follow-up in the intervention group (paired t=2.86, p=0.005) while the change in dosage in the control group was not statistically significant (t=0.91, p=0.362). Repeated measures analysis of variance found that the main effect for time was significant (F=15.36, p＜0.001) but the main effect for group was not significant (F=4.33, p=0.058) and the time*group interaction effect was not significant (F=1.21, p=0.342). However, the effect sizes of the intervention at recruitment, at the end of 1 month of treatment, and the end of the 12-month follow-up were 0.0046, 0.056, and 0.28, respectively, which indicates a more pronounced downward trend in the medication dosage in the intervention group compared to that in the control group.

4. Discussion

4.1 Main fi ndings

Naikan therapy was developed as a psychological treatment in Japan by Yoshimoto Inobu in 1953 based on Oriental culture.[4]The basic tenet that individuals can control their own emotional responses and behaviors through self-directed cognitive exercises is consistent with the Chinese world view, so this therapy has become increasingly popular in clinical sengs in China.[14]However, the mechanism of acon of Naikan therapy remains uncertain. The intense focus the therapy places on improving interpersonal relaonships and on self-examinaon of one’s own role in problemac relaonships or experiences may help paents decrease their self-centeredness, improve their insight about their illness, and enhance their engagement in the social world.[15]The reasons for relapse in schizophrenia are sll being debated by specialists,[16]but there is general agreement that relapse is primarily caused by poor drug adherence, poor family relaonships, residual psychoc symptoms, and lack of insight.[17,18]The reduced relapse rates seen when adjuncve Naikan therapy is provided to paents with schizophrenia who have recovered from an acute episode of illness is most probably related to the sustained remission of acve psychoc symptoms, improved insight (and, thus, medication adherence), and better social functioning of patients receiving Naikan therapy compared to those receiving standard treatment.

4.2 Limitatons

There are several issues that need to be considered when interpreng these results: a) Paents in this study were all inpatients at a single psychiatric hospital and they had all completed junior high school. It is uncertain whether or not Naikan therapy would be effective for a less selecve group of individuals with schizophrenia or for those with lower levels of education. b) As employed in this study, Naikan therapy is an intensive daily intervenon that connues for one month and is provided to inpaents aer their acute symptoms have resolved using anpsychoc medicaon. It is unknown whether or not this therapy would be effective if administered on an outpatient basis or on a less intensive schedule. c) We used a modi fi ed ITT analysis that excluded 2 patients from the intervention group who relapsed during the 1-month intervention and 5 patients from the control group who relapsed (and 1 that had a hypertensive crisis) during the 1-month following recruitment. We excluded these individuals so the results would assess the long-term effects of persons who completed the Naikan intervention. Using a more standard ITT analysis that included these dropout patients would have made the overall results stronger than those we reported (because more patients relapsed during the first month of treatment in the control group than in the intervenon group). d) The assessment of social funcon in the study using the PSP – including items about family function and work funcon – is not well-suited to assessing inpaents, so the use of this measure at baseline and at the end of the 1-month intervenon (when the parcipants were hospitalized) may have been biased. 3) The assessment of medication adherence was primarily based on paent and family self-reports, so it may not have been accurate. e) The 12-month follow-up period is longer than that used in many studies, but it remains unclear how long the e ff ect of Naikan therapy persists: does one treatment episode have a permanent beneficial effect or is there a need for regular booster sessions?

4.3 Implicaton

This study provides robust support for the beneficial effects of using adjunctive Naikan therapy in therehabilitative treatment of Chinese patients who have recovered from an acute episode of schizophrenia. However, the sample was quite selective so further research will be needed to confirm the results in outpaents, in paents with lower levels of educaon, and in patients from different parts of China. Further work is also needed to assess the optional duration, intensity, and interval between booster sessions. Data from larger samples could be used to identify the demographic and clinical factors that predict favorable outcome from Naikan therapy and, thus, would help characterize the patients that should preferentially be provided with this treatment. Finally, standardized methods of training clinicians to provide Naikan therapy will be needed before this treatment can be widely employed in China or elsewhere.

Con fl ict of interest

The authors report no con fl ict of interest related to this manuscript.

Funding

None.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the research review commiee of Shanghai Mental Health Center of Xuhui district.

Informed consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all parcipants and their guardians before the study.

對(duì)內(nèi)觀療法輔助治療精神分裂癥療效的1年隨訪(fǎng)：一項(xiàng)單盲、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究

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(received, 2015-05-11; accepted, 2015-08-23)

Zhang Hong, an associate chief physician, graduated from Tongji University Medical School in 1995. She has been working in the psychiatric department of the Shanghai Xuhui Mental Health Center since 2001 and is currently the head of the medical department and a ward director at the hospital. Her current research actvites focus on the rehabilitaton and treatment of mental disorders.

張紅，李晨虎，趙立宇，占?xì)w來(lái)
背景：目前的精神分裂癥治療常常只是部分有效。目的：評(píng)估在精神分裂癥的治療中使用輔助性?xún)?nèi)觀療法可能帶來(lái)的益處，該療法是一種源于日本、基于內(nèi)省的認(rèn)知方法。
方法：在急性精神病性癥狀緩解后，235例具有初中以上學(xué)歷的精神分裂癥住院患者被隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組 (n=112) 或干預(yù)組 (n=123)。前者接受常規(guī)藥物治療和住院康復(fù)治療，后者在此基礎(chǔ)上接受輔助性?xún)?nèi)觀療法，每天2 小時(shí)，每周5天，為期4周。對(duì)所有患者在出院后進(jìn)行12個(gè)月的隨訪(fǎng)。在基線(xiàn)、干預(yù)1個(gè)月后以及隨訪(fǎng)12個(gè)月后，采用陽(yáng)性和陰性癥狀量表 (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS)、個(gè)人和社會(huì)功能量表 (Personal and Social Performance scale, PSP) 以及自知力與治療態(tài)度問(wèn)卷 (Insight and Attitude Questionnaire, ITAQ) 分別對(duì)患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估。對(duì)評(píng)估者使用盲法，隱瞞患者的分組情況。

結(jié)果：在12個(gè)月的隨訪(fǎng)中干預(yù)組只有13例 (10.6%)復(fù)發(fā)，但是對(duì)照組有23例 (20.5%) 復(fù)發(fā) (X2=4.50, p=0.034)。使用修正的意向治療分析和重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析，內(nèi)觀療法組的PANSS、PSP和ITAQ總分均在12個(gè)月的隨訪(fǎng)中比對(duì)照組有更顯著的改善。盡管兩組之間藥物劑量（氯丙嗪等效劑量）隨時(shí)間變化趨勢(shì)的差異并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義，但從入組到隨訪(fǎng)終點(diǎn)，干預(yù)組的平均劑量顯著減少而對(duì)照組的減少在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上并不顯著。

結(jié)論：本研究有力支持了內(nèi)觀療法作為輔助治療在精神分裂癥康復(fù)期是有效的。相比于常規(guī)治療，輔以?xún)?nèi)觀療法可以維持急性治療期間所取得的精神病性癥狀改善的療效、提高對(duì)疾病的自知力、提高社會(huì)功能，并在一年的隨訪(fǎng)期內(nèi)減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)。這值得我們?cè)诟?、更多樣化的精神分裂癥患者樣本中進(jìn)一步研究這種治療方法。

內(nèi)觀療法；精神分裂癥；復(fù)發(fā)；社會(huì)功能；隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)；中國(guó)

Shanghai Xuhui District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China

*correspondence: li_chenhu@163.com

A full-text Chinese translaton of this artcle will be available at htp://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215055 on Oct 26, 2015.

本文全文中文版從2015年10月26日起在