Comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Daihui PENG, Kaida JIANG*

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Comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Daihui PENG, Kaida JIANG*

obsessive-compulsive disorder; bipolar disorder; comorbidity

Previous studies have documented high rates of comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions among individuals with bipolar disorders (BD).[1]One study estimated that obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD)accounted for 21% of all comorbidities in BD.[2]There is continuing debate about whether (a) these are two independent conditions that can co-occur or (b) OCD is a specific subtype of BD. Regardless of the interrelationship of the two conditions, the comorbid occurrence of these two types of symptoms can cause a clinical dilemma because selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – which are quite commonly used to treat OCD – increases the risk of precipitating manic symptoms.[3-6]

The OCD symptoms that occur in individuals with BD often occur during the depressive episodes or during the intervals between episodes of depressive or manic symptoms.[7,8]This timing of OCD symptoms during BD is consistent with the cyclic nature of BD and suggests shared biological mechanisms between the two disorders. In support of this hypothesis, a study using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) found that in untreated persons with BD the serotonin-transporter binding potential in the insular and dorsal cingulate cortex was higher among BD patients with pathological obsessions and compulsions than among BD patients without such symptoms.[9]Moreover, a linkage study found that compared to OCD patients without comorbid BD, patients with comorbid OCD and BD were more likely to have a family history of mood disorders but less likely to have a family history of OCD.[10]However,another study found no significant difference in the rates of a positive family history of OCD between patients with OCD alone and those with comorbid OCD and BD.[11]Further support for the hypothesized common etiology comes from a preliminary molecular genetic study which found that hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) is a common susceptible locus for both mood disorders and OCD, but further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to replicate this finding.[12]

The presence of OCD in BD complicates the clinical presentation. Compared to patients with BD without comorbid OCD, those that have comorbid BD and OCD often have a more severe form of BD, have more prolonged episodes, are less adherent to medication,and are less responsive to medication. Recent studies about comorbid BD and OCD have reported the following:

(a) Temporal relationship. Some studies suggest that OCD is an antecedent of BD,[10]but others report concurrent onset of OCD and BD.[13,14]

(b) Course of disease. In 44% of patients with comorbid BD and OCD the episodes are cyclic.[15]The course of disease is more chronic among BD patients with OCD compared to those without comorbid OCD.[16,17]OCD is more commonly observed in patients with Type II BD, among whom the prevalence of OCD has been reported to be as high as 75%.[18]

(c) Compulsive behaviors. The most commonly reported compulsions among patients with comorbid OCD and BD are compulsive sorting,[14,19,20,21]controlling or checking,[20]repeating behaviors,[13,22]excessive washing,[20]and counting.[19]Obsessive reassurance-seeking is also commonly reported in these patients.[23]In children and adolescents with BD, compulsive hoarding, impulsiveness,[24]and sorting[25]are more common.

(d) Substance and alcohol abuse. A study found a higher prevalence of sedative, nicotine,alcohol, and caffeine use among individuals with comorbid OCD and BD compared to those with BD without OCD.[14]Similarly, compared to OCD patients without comorbid mood disorders, those with a comorbid mood disorder were more likely to have a substance abuse diagnosis (OR=3.18,95%CI=1.81–5.58) or alcohol abuse diagnosis(OR=2.21, 95%CI=1.34–3.65).[11,13,26,27,28]

(e) Suicidal behaviors. Compared to BD patients

without OCD, a greater proportion of patients with both disorders had a lifetime history of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[2,11,13,29,30]

The clinical management of comorbid OCD and BD requires first focusing on stabilizing the patient’s mood, which requires the combined use of multiple medications such as the use of lithium with anticonvulsants or atypical antipsychotic medications such as quetiapine;[31-33]adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole may be effective for the comorbid OCD symptoms.[4]In the case of OCD comorbid with type II BD, after full treatment of the mood symptoms with mood stabilizers the clinician can, while monitoring for potential drug interactions, cautiously try adjunctive treatment with antidepressants that are effective for both depressive symptoms and OCD symptoms and that have a low risk of inducing a full manic episode,including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs): fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline.[32,35]

In summary, BD comorbid with OCD may be etiologically distinct from either of the disorders.Clinicians should pay attention to its complex clinical manifestations and carefully consider the treatment principles outlined above.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this manuscript.

Funding

There was no funding support provided for the preparation of this report.

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水利現(xiàn)代化繪河清湖晏藍(lán)圖——訪江蘇省淮安市水利局局長(zhǎng)、黨委書記黃克清……………………………… 韋鳳年，江 芳，郭 純等(16.59)

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, 2015-03-03; accepted, 2015-05-26)

Dr. Peng obtained his Doctoral Degree in Medicine (M.D.) from the Fudan University School of Medicine in 2006. He is currently the vice director of the Mood Disorder Unit of the Shanghai Mental Health Center where he works as an attending physician. His main research interests are clinical and neuroimaging studies on mood disorders.

雙相障礙與強(qiáng)迫癥的共病

彭代輝，江開達(dá)

強(qiáng)迫癥；雙相障礙；共病

Summary:Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are common in patients with bipolar disorders. This comorbid condition complicates the clinical treatment of the two disorders, so identifying these individuals is important. We discuss the comorbid occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder,introduce possible etiological mechanisms that could result in this common comorbid condition, discuss recent research advances in the area, and propose some clinical principles for managing such patients.

[Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2015, 27(4): 246-248.

http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215009]

Division of Affective Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

*correspondence: jiangkaida@aliyun.com

A full-text Chinese translation of this article will be available at http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215009 on October 26, 2015.

概述：在雙相障礙患者中強(qiáng)迫癥狀是常見的。因?yàn)殡p相障礙和強(qiáng)迫癥的共病狀態(tài)會(huì)令這兩種障礙的臨床治療復(fù)雜化，所以確定這些共病的患者是很重要的。我們討論了強(qiáng)迫癥和雙相障礙的共病，介紹了可能導(dǎo)致這種常見共病狀態(tài)的發(fā)病機(jī)制，也討論了該領(lǐng)域最新的研究進(jìn)展，并提出一些管理這些患者的臨床原則。

本文全文中文版從2015年10月26日起在http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/

j.issn.1002-0829.215009可供免費(fèi)閱覽下載