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Abstract: A lithium-ion battery Remaining Useful Life(RUL) prediction method based on Dempster-Shafer theory and Support Vector Regression-Particle Filter(SVR-PF) is proposed to prevent the system failure dues to Lithium-ion battery failure.Results show that the proposed method is capable to fuse battery RUL prediction results from different data sources, and the prediction accuracy when using limited data sample is improved.

Key words: lithium-ion battery; RUL; Dempster-Shafer theory; SVR-PF

Prediction of CZ factor based on the analysis of the main-control factors to reservoir quality and high-quality reservoir prediction: Taking T1bwest slope of Mahu sag as an example/2015,39(4):1-10

MENG Xiangchao1, SU Jing2, LIU Wuniu1, LI Yazhe1, Wang Haiming2, YIN Jiyao2, XIE Zongrui2, WANG Libao1

(1.HangzhouResearchInstituteofPetroleumGeology,CNPC,Hangzhou,Zhejiang310023,China; 2.XinjiangOilfieldCompanyExplorationandDevelopmentResearchInstitute,CNPC,Karamay,Xinjiang834000,China)

Abstract: On the basis of clearing that mud content and granularity are the main control factors of glutenite reservoir quality of in T1b, west slope of Mahu sag, this paper built reservoir-assessment-factor CZ, making the idea of estimating the reservoir quality (reservoir space, filtration capacity) in sandy-conglomerate sedimentation with conventional well-loggings come true.Then, with the combination of reservoir, well-logging , seismic datum, and based on impedance-inversion, this paper predicted the distribution of high quality reservoir in T1bwith geological-statistics-simulate-inversion.The results are as follows: CZ>8 indicates the best quality(No.Ⅰ) reservoir, which mainly developed in such near regions as well M132-M13, overlaying with each other; 8>CZ>5 indicates the better quality(No.Ⅱ) reservoir, which mainly developed in such regions embracing the No.Ⅰ reservoir as well M15, M16, M133; 5>CZ>2 indicates the poor quality(No.Ⅲ) reservoir, which mainly developed in such near regions as well M154, M17.The inversion results highly supported eight wells deployment and demonstration in Xinjiang oilfield, with the coincidence rate of No.Ⅰ reservoir and No.Ⅱ reservoir reaching respectively 82% and 85%, and offered a new method to the assessment and prediction of complex low-porosity and low-permeability sandy-conglomerate reservoir in regions without such special well-loggings as NMR.

Junggar basin; Mahu sag; mud content; granularity; reservoir-assessment-factor CZ; geological-statistics

Analysis of sedimentary characteristics and model of Quan 4 formation in eastern Fuxin uplifting of Songliao basin/2015,39(4):11-20

LUO Chao1, LUO Shuiliang2,3, HU Guangming2,3, CHEN Changzhao4, WANG Ziqi5

(1.DepartmentofOrdos,PetroChinaResearchInstituteofPetroleumExploration&Development,Beijing100083,China; 2.KeyLaboratoryofExplorationTechnologiesforOilandGasResources,MinistryofEducation,YangtzeUniversity,Wuhan,Hubei430100,China; 3.SchoolofGeosciences,YangtzeUniversity,Wuhan,Hubei430100,China; 4.ResearchInstituteofSecurityEnvironmentalProtectionTechnology,CNPC,Beijing102200,China; 5.HeavyOilCompany,LiaoheOilfieldCompany,Panjin,Liaoning124010,China)

Abstract: The shallow delta has been the hot spot in the exploring and development of oil and gas in recent days.Under the arid paleoclimate condition, large-scale shallow delta deposited in Quan 4 formation of the eastern Fuxin uplifting, southern Songliao basin, where the paleotopography was gentle.To better sort out the relationship between shallow delta and hydrocarbon exploration and development, the depositional characteristics and model of the Quan 4 formation were analyzed by using 13 well cores and logging data of 600 wells.The results showed that large-scale shallow delta deposited by the controlling of the southwest Baokang in the period of Quan 4 formation.The shallow delta has obvious characteristics, such as finer grain size, middle-class compositional and textual maturity, lithofacies formed by strong hydropower.What's more, the channel sand and sheet sand deposited in large area, but with few mouth bar.In the delta system, distributary channel sandbodies distributed in large area in the direction of NNE, and extended to the far underwater.The distributary channel sandbodies consists of the main part of the delta plain and the delta front.Tide-dominated sheet was formed in wide area of delta front, which was banded distributed along the underwater distributary channel and extended outside as a narrow strip.

Key words: sedimentary characteristics; sedimentary model; Quan 4 formation; large-scale shallow delta; Fuxin uplift

Reservoir classification characteristics and water displaced oil laws of conglomerate reservoir in Karamay oilfield/2015,39(4):21-30

LV Jianrong1, TAN Fengqi2, XU Changfu1, SUN Nan3, ZHOU Yuanze2, FU Weiqi4

(1.ResearchInstituteofPetroleumExplorationandDevelopment,XinjiangOilfieldCompany,PetroChina,Karamay,Xinjiang834000,China; 2.KeyLaboratoryComputationalGeodynamics,CAS,Beijing100049,China; 3.ResearchInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,XinjiangOilfieldCompany,PetroChina,Karamay,Xinjiang834000,China; 4.CollegeofPetroleumEngineering,UniversityofTulsa,Oklahoma74104,USA.)

Abstract: The conglomerate reservoir in Karamay oilfield presently is in high water development stage, the research on fine reservoir classification characteristics and analysis on water displacing oil of different reservoir types and their influence factors become the basis and key for improving oil recovery.In this paper, firstly the comprehensive reservoir contrast technique is used to analyze reservoir feature of three types of conglomerate reservoirs from sedimentary source, petrological characteristics, physical property, percolation characteristics and pore structure etc, and make clearly the basic reason of water displacing oil mechanism difference for different types of conglomerate reservoir.Then the micro water displacing oil mechanism is researched based on NMR core analysis technology, the experimental results show that the recovery percent of reserves of large pore is the highest in the water displacing oil process, and in the imbibition process the crude oil in middle-small pores is mainly displaced.So the combination with water displacing method and imbibition way can effectively improve the conglomerate reservoir recovery.Based on above research, the influence factors of water displacing oil efficiency are analyzed for three types of conglomerate reservoir, which include to physical property, pore structure, micro-heterogeneity, wettability and crude oil viscosity etc, in which the difference of physical properties and micro pore structure leads to the difference of micro water displacing oil mechanism, and in macroscopic the reservoir heterogeneity, wettability and crude oil viscosity play a decisive role to seepage system and displacement path of injection water.The comprehensive analysis results show that the water displacing oil efficiency of reservoir Ⅰ is the highest, reservoir Ⅱ is the secondary and reservoir Ⅲ is the worst.Finally, the control action what water displacing oil feature influence whole reservoir water flood rule is discussed combined with well logging data and production performance information.When the reservoir properties are similar, the water flood degree is higher with stronger of water injection conditions, when the water injection conditions are similar, the water flood degree is higher with better of reservoir physical properties.In addition, for the same reservoir type the flow unit Ⅲ,Ⅳ with poor physical property generally express low water flood layer under non-strong washing conditions, even as the oil layer, these reservoir become the favorable area of remaining oil enrichment.

Key words: conglomerate reservoir; reservoir classification characteristics; mechanism of water displaced oil; influencing factors; water flooding laws; Karamay oilfield

Modes of natural gas accumulation and their main controlling factors in Nanpu depression/2015,39(4):31-37

QI Jinhua

(OilRecoveryPlantNo.3,DaqingOilfieldCompanyLimited,Daqing,Heilongjiang163113,China)

Abstract: To study natural gas accumulation and distribution law of Nanpu depression, based on the research of natural gas reservoir types and their distribution characteristics, gas accumulation modes and their main controlling factors in Nanpu depression were studied by the research method analyzing the space allocation relation between the distribution of natural gas and their accumulation conditions.The result indicated that: There are 4 kinds of natural gas accumulation modes in Nanpu depression: fault trap in middle and shallow layers of source area is gas accumulation mode, the allocation of transporting faults and NgⅢvolcanic caprock, the development of reservoir controlling the distribution layers of natural gas; fault trap in middle and deep layers of source area is gas accumulation mode, the allocation of transporting faults and Ed2mudstone caprock controlling the distribution layers of natural gas; fault trap in deep and shallow layers along source area edge is gas accumulation mode, the development of fault and supplied degree of source rock controlling the distribution layers of natural gas; fault trap in deep layers along source area is gas accumulation mode, the development of reservoir and supplied degree of source rock controlling the distribution layers of natural gas.Above four modes have important guiding significance for natural gas in Nanpu Depression.

Key words: modes of gas accumulation; main controlling factors; natural gas; accumulation; Nanpu depression

Oil and gas enrichment characteristic of compound flower structure: Taking Penglai C structure of Bohai sea for example/2015,39(4):38-44

ZHANG Hongguo, GUAN Dayong, SU Wen, LIU Pengbo, ZHANG Can, MA Xugang

(TianjinBranchofCNOOC,ResearchInstituteofBohaiOilfield,Tianjin300452,China)

Abstract: Strong difference in oil abundance of sand bodies showed in Penglai C structure, which located in south sag of Bodong depression, Bohai sea, with main targets on Minghuazhen formation as a compound flower structure.Exploration of potential sand bodies differs due to the uncertainty of oil & gas accumulation rule.Based on study of formation mechanism, combined drilled wells data with coherence slice, oil-source correlation and fault-sand coupling, oil and gas enrichment of Penglai C structure was analyzed.Results showed the structure was formed by Neotectonism of Tanlu faults, weaker strike-slip intensity in late stage only re-active slip-deriving faults and change of stratigraphic attitude and double-faulted and multi-faulted sands developed in the inner flower area could be potential area with high oil abundance by semi-quantitative prediction for oil & gas abundance using sand-fault coupling.Source rock in Shahejie formation generated and compelled more hydrocarbons due to better environment and types, and demonstrated that oil abundance could not be affected by differences between source rock layer series.Based on analysis of different combinations of reservoir forming factors, it was concluded that inner flower areas with long-lasting faults inserted into Shahejie formation could be potential of hydrocarbon enrichment in Penglai C structure, fault-sand coupling in higher position of sand was identified positive to migration and accumulation.

Key words: Tanlu faults; Penglai C structure; oil and gas migration; shallow sands; fault-sand coupling; Bodong depression

Main controlling factors and favorable area prediction of gas reservior of deep volcanic rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression/2015,39(4):45-53

WANG Wenguang1,2, ZHENG Min2, LU Shuangfang1, WANG Min1, CHEN Shumin3, WU Xiaozhi2, LI Jianzhong2, LI Jijun1

(1.InstituteofUnconventionalHydrocarbonandNewEnergy,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Qingdao,Shandong266580,China; 2.DepartmentofPetroleumResourcePlanning,ResearchInstituteofPetroleumExplorationandDevelopment,PetroChina,Beijing100083,China; 3.ExplorationandDevelopmentInstitute,PetroChinaDaqingOilfieldCompanyLimited,Daqing,Heilongjiang163453,China)

Abstract: Xujiaweizi fault depression is the key fault-depression of abundant gas-bearing reservoir of the eastern of China.The paper discussed in detail the fundamental gas accumulation and gas-bearing system of volcanic rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression, analyzed the reservoir controlling factor and coupling relationship of volcanic gas, revealed reservoir-forming rule of volcanic gas in Xujiaweizi fault depression.The reservoir controlling factors are as follow: 1)high quality, mature source rocks provides ample gas condition for volcanic gas reservoir; 2)native and reformation volcanic body provides favorable reservoir space for volcanic gas; 3)basement faults control the distribution of volcanic rock body and provide efficient natural gas migration channel dredge; 4)time-space matching relation and main controlling factors of volcanic gas reservoir control gas enrichment.Reservoir-forming rule of volcanic gas are: Volcanic gas reservoir are mainly distributed in the structural high position and slope, native volcanic gas reservoirs are widespread distributed in the whole Xujiaweizi fault depression and reformation volcanic(weathering crust) gas reservoir are segmentally distributed in the Xujiaweizi fault depression.And we get the following understanding: there are a range of weathering crust in Xujiaweizi fault depression, the thickness about 100 m, mainly distribute in Anda area and Xuzhong area; From the top surface of the volcanic weathering crust to farness, single well gas output amount fluctuate from 26×104m3to 8×104m3.Volcanic porosity varies from 26% to 8%.Weathering erosion improved volcanic reservoir performance.

Key words: volcanic rock; weathering crust; gas-bearing system; natural gas; main controlling factors; Xujiaweizi fault depression; Songliao basin

Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors in the offshore areas, the Eocene period of the Nanpu sag/2015,39(4):54-62

WANG Siqi1, XIAN Benzhong2, WAN Jinfeng3, LI Zhenpeng4, YU Qichang5

(1.CollegeofEnergy,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences(Beijing),Beijing100083,China; 2.CollegeofGeosciences,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum(Beijing),Beijing102249,China; 3.Shidazhihui(Beijing)TechnologyCompany,Beijing102200,China; 4.TianjinBranch,ChinaNationalOffshoreOilCompany,Tianjin300452,China; 5.TheNo.1Factory,ChanqingOilfieldBranch,CNPC,Yan'an,Shanxi716000,China)

Abstract: The Dongying and Shahejie formation in the Nanpu sag has great exploration potential, whereas the reservoir characteristics and genetic mechanism is still not clear.In this study, core, thin section, FESEM, and mercury injection data were comprehensively used.The result shows that reservoirs are mainly particles-supported feldspathic-bearing detritus sandstone.The subaerial river in braided-delta and the channel in basin-floor fan have the best reservoir properties, whereas the areas between channels in braided-delta and the basin-floor fan, and the distal fan of basin-floor fan have poor reservoir quality.In the depth intervals above 3 100 m and below 3 500 m, the reservoir quality is mainly affected by destructive diagenesis which primarily includes compaction and followed by calcite cementation, whereas it is mainly affected by constructive diagenesis that is related to dissolution pores caused by hydrocarbon in the depth interval of 3 100～3 500 m.Because the diagenesis characteristics in different sedimentary facies are similar in the same depth interval, sedimentation is the prerequisite for the storage of physical properties, while diagenesis processes only affect reservoir properties of different intervals.The result of this research provide geological basis for hydrocarbon exploration in the Dongying and Shahejie formation of the offshore areas in the Nanpu sag, and can be referenced for the similar reservoir studies in other regions.

Key words: offshore areas; Eocene; reservoir characteristics; formation mechanism; Nanpu sag

Reservoir fine description based on stratal slice technique: Taking the GaoⅠoil layer group for example in the west block of Beiyiquduandong in Placanticline oilfield/2015,39(4):63-70

LU Mian

(ExplorationandDevelopmentInstitute,DaqingOilfieldCompanyLimited,Daqing,Heilongjiang163712,China)

Abstract: For fine reservoir description in the west block of Beiyiquduandong in Placanticline oilfield, it is known that there are problems of sandbodies' plane combination ambiguity, boundaries uncertainty and so on.Integrating seismic data with borehole log data, adopting the method of "collaborative analysis by plane seismic attribute prediction and single well facies", we use the stratal slice technique based on the geological model to describe channel sand bodies and research sedimentary characteristics of delta front reservoir in the GaoⅠoil layer group.The results show that the channel sand bodies' distribution is mainly dendritic or zonal, the width is 60～100 m, the braided river or wide channel is formed by superimposition of many different stages of channels, the trends and scales of sand bodies change very quickly in the same channel.The fine reservoir description results have been used to optimize the reperforating and fracturing measures adjustment scheme for GⅠ6+7 layer in the study area D, and the daily incremental oil is 7.3 t.This shows that the reservoir fine description method based on stratal slice technique is of an important directive significance for remaining oil potential tapping of delta front reservoir in the high water cut stage.

Key words: geological model; sedimentary facies; stratal slice; seismic attribute; fine description; Daqing Placanticline oilfield

Hydrocarbon forming environment of source rocks of the second member of Kongdian formation in Cangdong sag, Baohai Bay basin/2015,39(4):71-78

XU Zuxin1, JIANG Wenya2, ZHANG Yijie3, ZHAO Meng4, WANG Jufeng1

(1.DepartmentofPetroleumExploration,ResearchInstitutionofPetroleumExploration&Development,PetroChina,Beijing100083,China; 2.ExplorationandDevelopmentResearchInstituteofDagangOilfield,PetroChina,Tianjin300280,China; 3.DepartmentofTarimBasinE&P,ResearchInstitutionofPetroleumExploration&Development,PetroChina,Beijing100083,China; 4.SchoolofGeoscienceandTechnology,SouthwestPetroleumUniversity,Chengdu,Sichuan610500,China)

Abstract: Take the second section of Kongdian formation in Cangdong sag as an example, use of trace elements, geochemical analysis to analysis of the distribution and chemical characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks, study the hydrocarbon forming environment of source rocks, established a sedimentary mode of lacustrine source rocks, discusses its relationship between conventional and unconventional oil distribution.The results show that the thickness of source rocks is 50～450 m, the averagew(TOC) is 3.07%,Rois 0.5%～1.1%, the type of organic matter is Ⅰ-Ⅱ1, the distribution area of high-quality hydrocarbon source rock is large; basin evolution, ancient climate and geography, paleontology, ancient productivity and preservation conditions control the hydrocarbon source rocks; the wide/deep of basin is big, warm and humid climate, water is fresh to brackish water, water exchange, relatively frequent, development temperature stratification is not stable, high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly developed in the center of the basin; the center of the basin is dominated by tight oil exploration, and in the edge of the basin mainly conventional oil exploration.Research on hydrocarbon environment and source rocks mode is significant for the exploration of conventional and unconventional oil.

Key words: Cangdong sag; second section of Kongdian formation; high quality source rocks; hydrocarbon forming environment; sedimentary models

Nonlinear compound flow mathematical model for natural gas/2015,39(4):79-87

ZHANG Xiaoyang1,2, WANG Xiaodong1, DONG Wenxiu1, WANG Jiahang1, WANG Lei1

(1.SchoolofEnergyResources,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences(Beijing),Beijing100083,China; 2.UnconventionalGasGeologicalEvaluationandDevelopmentofEnergyProjects,BeijingKeyLaboratoryofChinaUniversityofGeosciences(Beijing),Beijing100083,China)

Abstract: In order to conduct research on finite conductivity vertical fracture of oil and gas wells formed by hydraulic fracturing, especially for the reservoir with relatively narrow drainage area, compound flow model could be used to get approximate results close to actual situation.Consequently, this paper interpreted the one-dimensional flow mathematical model by simplifying the governing equation of natural gas and investigating the non-linear impact of natural gas seepage.Meanwhile, the dimensionless analytical solutions were obtained by using the Laplace transform, then the variation of the pseudo-time factor and its impact on production could be calculated and analyzed according to material balance equation.Furthermore, compound flow model was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of vertical fractures under constant flow rate or constant pressure conditions, and the Eclipse was applied to verify this model in this paper.The results showed that natural gas nonlinear seepage had a significant influence on the characteristics of pressure and production during the pseudo-steady state period.Also, the results could improve our understanding of seepage flow law of natural gas and provide theoretical foundation for the production performance analysis of fractured gas wells.

Key words: nonlinear; natural gas; compound flow model; seepage law

Properties of amphiprotic polyacrylamide/Cr Self-healing gel system/2015,39(4):88-94

ZHOU Wanfu, WANG Xin, ZHOU Quan, LI Guo, ZHANG Shidong

(OilRecoveryInstitute,DaqingOilfieldCompanyLimited,Daqing,Heilongjiang163514,China)

Abstract: In this paper, the different types of polyacrylamide, acid and the concentration of sodium dichromate, sulfourea, sodium sulfate were investigated to study the self-healing behavior of the amphiprotic polyacrylamide/Cr gel system.The experimental results showed that the self-healing behavior was mainly related to the molecular structure of the amphiprotic polyacrylamide.After shearing, the gel resembled by the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of polymer molecules to achieve self-healing behavior.An important factor that affected gel self-healing was the concentration of sodium sulfate.There was an optimum range, which was 220～1 600 mg/L.The kinds of acid were irrelevant to the self-healing, which mainly affected the gelling time.The role of lactic acid was the ability to form organic chromium, which formed multinuclear olation complex ions by the effect of hydrolyzed and hydroxyl bridge, finally, the gel with network structure was formed by coordinating with —COO—.The sodium dichromate and sulfourea only provided Cr3+, and the concentration had nothing to do with self-healing behavior.The experimental results of the South 5-10-P50 well show that the viscosity recovery rate of the gel was over 60% after 60 days, and the average starting pressure increased above 3 MPa after profile control.

Key words: self-healing ability; chromium gel; amphiprotic polyacrylamide; profile control and water shutoff

Synthesis of Cu2(OH)PO4/Ni(OH)2composites and enhanced photocatalytic activities/2015,39(4):95-102

JI Lei, YU Ruimin, CHEN Liduo, JIANG Zhen

(ProvincialKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasChemicalTechnology,CollegeofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,NortheastPetroleumUniversity,Daqing,Heilongjiang163318,China)

Abstract: Cu2(OH)PO4/Ni(OH)2composites were synthesized according to a surface in-situ precipitation principle using hydrothermal synthesis method.Several characterization tools including X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra(UV-vis DRS), and scanning electron microscope(SEM) was employed to study the phase structures, optical properties and morphologies of the samples.The results show that the Cu2(OH)PO4/Ni(OH)2composite is a new kind of photocatalyst which has good UV absorption property.The composites exhibited more efficient photocatalytic activities than pure Cu2(OH)PO4and Ni(OH)2for the degradation of Methylene Blue(MB) under UV light irradiation, and the 20% Cu2(OH)PO4/Ni(OH)2composite shows the highest photocatalytic activity.The photo generated carriers transfer direction and active species were proposed by photocatalysis experiments with different trapping agents.The results show that effective heterojunction at the interfaces ofp-Cu2(OH)PO4andp-Ni(OH)2, and the inner electric field can promote the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and then accounts for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity.Moreover, the ·OH and h+are the primary radicals in the photocatalysis process.

Key words: Cu2(OH)PO4; Ni(OH)2; photocatalysis; heterojunction; photocatalysis mechanism

Key technologies of data sharing based on self-standard data and data ports architecture/2015,39(4):103-108

YUAN Man1, WANG Dandan1, ZHAI Hongcui2

(1.SchoolofComputerandInformationTechnology,NortheastPetroleumUniversity,Daqing,Heilongjiang163318,China; 2.DataCenterofNorthChinaOilfieldCompanyLimited,Renqiu,Hebei0625523,China)

Abstract: To make up for the lack and reduce the burden of data providers, the analysis of the self-standard and technologies for realization of data port architecture is in the paper.The paper researches on the implementation of technologies, by introducing the concept of data schema to the self-standard data model and learning from NIEM, the schema library is established by public data schema, business domain data schema and code table; according to MFI-13 forms registration standard, data sets are registered according to the model of definition, and the corresponding metadata generated for achieving interoperability between software, which describes the syntax and semantics of the data; and to realize the sharing of the standard data, a data exchange model based on data port structure is proposed.Prototype system has been implemented preliminarily, validate the effectiveness of the methods feasibility of technologies.

Key words: data ports architecture; self-standard data model; dataset registration; data sharing model

Lithium-ion battery RUL prediction based on Dempster-Shafer theory and SVR-PF/2015,39(4):109-118

WANG Changhong, DONG Hancheng, LING Mingxiang, LI Qinghua

(SpaceControlandInertialTechnologyCenter,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin,Heilongjiang, 150001,China)