楊 林,賀大林
(西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科, 陜西西安 710061)
·專家論壇·
盆部手術(shù)治療對(duì)男性性功能的影響及對(duì)策
楊 林,賀大林
(西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科, 陜西西安 710061)
性功能障礙,尤其是勃起功能障礙是盆部手術(shù)常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。盆部手術(shù)后勃起功能障礙的發(fā)生與盆部手術(shù)切除的范圍、是否保留血管神經(jīng)束等因素有關(guān)。隨著盆腔解剖的研究進(jìn)展以及外科技術(shù)的改進(jìn),術(shù)后勃起功能障礙的發(fā)生率已明顯減少,勃起相關(guān)藥物的早期應(yīng)用也顯著減少了勃起功能障礙的發(fā)生。
盆部手術(shù);性功能障礙;勃起功能障礙
盆部手術(shù)由于解剖關(guān)系,很容易對(duì)男性性功能造成影響。研究表明60%~70%的根治性前列腺切除、80%的膀胱全切以及76%的直腸癌手術(shù)患者術(shù)后會(huì)出現(xiàn)性功能障礙[1-3]。相比尿失禁等并發(fā)癥,多數(shù)患者認(rèn)為性功能障礙對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響更大[4]。
常見(jiàn)的盆部術(shù)后男性性功能障礙主要包括三個(gè)方面:①勃起功能障礙(erectile dysfunction,ED);②陰莖大小和形狀的改變;③射精障礙[5-7]。其中ED引起人們的關(guān)注最多[8]。
盆部手術(shù)后發(fā)生ED的原因包括:神經(jīng)損傷、血管損傷(如陰部動(dòng)脈誤扎)、周圍組織損傷、手術(shù)導(dǎo)致的局部炎癥、海綿體平滑肌缺氧導(dǎo)致的平滑肌細(xì)胞的凋亡及纖維化等[5,9-10]。
隨著對(duì)盆腔局部解剖的深入了解以及外科技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn),如腹腔鏡及機(jī)器人技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,越來(lái)越多的患者術(shù)后陰莖勃起功能得到了很好的保留。接受盆部手術(shù)的患者術(shù)后勃起功能恢復(fù)所需時(shí)間不同,而且勃起硬度恢復(fù)的程度也不同[11]。影響勃起功能恢復(fù)的因素包括患者年齡、術(shù)前的勃起功能、術(shù)中血管神經(jīng)的保留程度等[10]。ALEMOZAFFAR等[12]的研究證實(shí),根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后2年隨訪,治療前性生活質(zhì)量越高、年齡越輕、前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen, PSA)水平越低、體重指數(shù)越低、以及更詳細(xì)的治療方案預(yù)示更好的勃起功能的恢復(fù)。
前列腺癌術(shù)后另一常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥是陰莖長(zhǎng)度及周徑的變化。MCCULLOUGH等[13]報(bào)道根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后12月陰莖長(zhǎng)度可縮短約2~3 cm,縮短的陰莖通常伴有其他的形狀改變?nèi)珀幥o彎曲(Peyronie’病)[14]。術(shù)后早期陰莖長(zhǎng)度的改變是因?yàn)楦苯桓猩窠?jīng)的損傷(海綿體神經(jīng)損傷)后,交感神經(jīng)過(guò)度興奮釋放多種神經(jīng)因子導(dǎo)致陰莖海綿體收縮,這種現(xiàn)象是可逆的。然而,因海綿體平滑肌缺氧、去神經(jīng)等原因所導(dǎo)致的平滑肌凋亡及纖維化,以及發(fā)展為Peyronie’s病等遲發(fā)性結(jié)構(gòu)改變,是無(wú)法恢復(fù)的[5,15]。
隨著人們生活水平的提高,盆部手術(shù)的目的除了徹底地切除病灶外,盡量減少對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響、保護(hù)性功能逐漸成為患者和醫(yī)生的共識(shí)。
前列腺及鄰近組織的解剖個(gè)體差異較大。包繞前列腺的筋膜有多層,有的患者筋膜與前列腺包膜融合,而有的患者包膜邊界清晰。神經(jīng)血管束(neurovascular bundle,NVB)位于包裹前列腺的包膜之間。NVB由許多神經(jīng)纖維穿插在靜脈、動(dòng)脈以及不同數(shù)量的脂肪組織構(gòu)成的支架中,包裹在整個(gè)前列腺側(cè)面和后面,緊貼并包裹精囊。NVB可隨前列腺的大小和形狀的改變而分布不同。對(duì)于這些解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的有效辨別有利于在手術(shù)過(guò)程中精細(xì)操作,可以在切除病變的同時(shí)更好地保留性功能[16]。
保留勃起功能的關(guān)鍵在于精細(xì)的解剖性前列腺切除,尋找最優(yōu)的保留神經(jīng)的平面,最大限度地保留神經(jīng)纖維并減少神經(jīng)麻痹[17]。
腹腔鏡及機(jī)器人技術(shù)的應(yīng)用有利于更好地辨別解剖結(jié)構(gòu),從而保留性功能。腹腔鏡及機(jī)器人技術(shù)由于手術(shù)視野放大清晰,在根治性前列腺切除術(shù)中可更好地識(shí)別并保護(hù)NVB,也可以在手術(shù)過(guò)程中仔細(xì)解剖或者保留精囊,避免損傷包裹精囊的NVB,這也有利于術(shù)后勃起功能的恢復(fù)。在解剖NVB的過(guò)程避免應(yīng)用電凝止血(無(wú)熱手術(shù))及避免牽拉也是減少術(shù)后出現(xiàn)性功能障礙的措施之一[18]。
陰莖康復(fù)的概念在上世紀(jì)90年代出現(xiàn),其目的不僅僅在于努力在康復(fù)階段可以獲得足夠的勃起以獲得滿意的性交,而且要求患者陰莖可以恢復(fù)到治療前的功能狀態(tài)。目前的研究認(rèn)為術(shù)后盡早、即在陰莖發(fā)生纖維化之前進(jìn)行陰莖康復(fù)治療是恢復(fù)勃起功能和性功能最重要的因素[5,15]。
磷酸二酯酶5抑制劑(phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors,PDE5i)的出現(xiàn)是ED治療革命性的進(jìn)步,多項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)在保留神經(jīng)的根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(radical prostatectomy,RP)術(shù)后應(yīng)用PDE5i有助于陰莖勃起功能的恢復(fù)。各種不同PDE5i的陰莖康復(fù)計(jì)劃已經(jīng)在世界上廣泛應(yīng)用[19]。動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)證實(shí)PDE5i可保護(hù)內(nèi)皮及平滑肌細(xì)胞,調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)并防止海綿體纖維化,保護(hù)并早期恢復(fù)勃起功能[20]。PADMA-NATHAN H等[21]研究證實(shí)RP術(shù)后每夜服用西地那非(50 mg或100 mg)組相比安慰劑組恢復(fù)自然勃起的比率顯著增加(27%vs.4% )。
目前尚無(wú)應(yīng)用PDE5i進(jìn)行陰莖康復(fù)治療的最佳方案[20],但大多數(shù)性學(xué)專家同意應(yīng)用PDE5i盡早進(jìn)行陰莖康復(fù),以防止因長(zhǎng)期的海綿體缺氧以及隨后的靜脈堵塞導(dǎo)致的陰莖海綿體的纖維化[22]。已知PDE5i的作用機(jī)制依賴于完整的海綿體神經(jīng)功能[20],但是GARCA-CARDOSO等[23]的研究證實(shí)PDE5i在未保留神經(jīng)的RP患者的勃起功能康復(fù)中仍起到一定的作用。
對(duì)于PDE5i無(wú)效的患者,二線治療包括陰莖海綿體內(nèi)注射,真空吸引裝置,以及尿道內(nèi)前列地爾栓劑,這些治療也是保留或者重獲勃起功能的方法。海綿體內(nèi)注射前列地爾(一種合成的前列腺素E1衍生物)或者和其他藥物如罌粟堿和/或酚妥拉明聯(lián)用,在一些無(wú)法保留海綿體神經(jīng)的RP患者或PDE5i無(wú)效或不能忍受其副作用的患者中是有效的[24]。真空吸引裝置也是RP術(shù)后陰莖康復(fù)的一種選擇[25],術(shù)后早期每日應(yīng)用真空吸引裝置已被證明可以保留陰莖的長(zhǎng)度[26]。然而,是否能夠長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用真空吸引裝置用于陰莖康復(fù)目前仍存在疑問(wèn),因?yàn)槔碚撋祥L(zhǎng)期的缺血、酸中毒以及缺乏平滑肌松弛有引起海綿體纖維化的潛在可能。
對(duì)于上述治療無(wú)效的ED,陰莖假體植入也是保留性功能以及防止陰莖縮短的方式之一[27]。這種手術(shù)在RP術(shù)后的ED患者中應(yīng)用很少,盡管這種手術(shù)的患者滿意度很高[28],事實(shí)上RAMSAWH等[29]的研究證實(shí)在前列腺癌手術(shù)過(guò)程中同時(shí)置入陰莖假體,可以獲得很高的患者滿意度、滿意的生活質(zhì)量和勃起評(píng)分以及高頻率的性生活。
在過(guò)去的幾十年中,神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)治療獲得了更多的關(guān)注,例如應(yīng)用神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子、生長(zhǎng)因子以及干細(xì)胞治療以促進(jìn)海綿體近端殘留神經(jīng)組織的再生長(zhǎng)[30]。雖然這些神經(jīng)再生藥物在動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)中效果顯著,或許在將來(lái)也可以應(yīng)用于前列腺癌術(shù)后的ED患者,但目前仍有很多的問(wèn)題無(wú)法回答,如在人體的長(zhǎng)期效果及安全性,限制了這些藥物的臨床應(yīng)用。
無(wú)病生存仍然是盆部手術(shù)治療的首要目標(biāo),但性功能障礙嚴(yán)重影響了患者的生活質(zhì)量,因此,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)在徹底切除病灶的同時(shí)努力保留和幫助患者恢復(fù)性功能。在術(shù)前認(rèn)真了解盆腔解剖,術(shù)中盡量保留神經(jīng)血管束,術(shù)后盡早應(yīng)用PDE5i,也可嘗試二線治療如海綿體內(nèi)注射血管活性物質(zhì)以及真空吸引,盡最大努力保留和恢復(fù)盆部手術(shù)患者的性功能,如上述治療無(wú)效,則考慮陰莖假體的置入。
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(編輯 何宏靈)
Impacts and counter measures of pelvic surgery on male sexual function
YANG Lin, HE Da-lin
(Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, China)
Sexual dysfunction, especially erectile dysfunction (ED), is one of the most common complications of pelvic surgery. The occurrence of ED is associated with the extension of pelvic dissection, and conservation of the neurovascular structures. Recent advances in the knowledge of pelvic anatomy and improvement of surgical techniques have reduced the rate of ED, and early use of erectile drugs can significantly improve the outcomes of patients receiving pelvic surgery.
pelvic surgery; sexual dysfunction; erectile dysfunction
2014-12-26
2014-01-15
賀大林,教授,主任醫(yī)師.E-mail: hedalin@aliyun.com
楊林(1976-),男(漢族),副教授.研究方向:男科學(xué).E-mail: forest3011@126.com
R697
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2015-03-002