加快融入一帶一路把重慶打造成為西部開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)放重要支撐

□ 文/符彥石

實(shí)施“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略和“長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”重大部署，是黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院準(zhǔn)確把握時(shí)代變革大趨勢(shì)，謀劃中國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展新棋局，所作出的重大戰(zhàn)略決策。國(guó)家發(fā)布的《推動(dòng)共建絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶和21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路的愿景與行動(dòng)》明確提出，要把重慶打造成為西部開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)放重要支撐。這為重慶加快內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放高地建設(shè)、加速融入經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化指明了方向，提供了千載難逢的歷史性機(jī)遇。綜合研判重慶已有發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)和未來(lái)巨大潛力，筆者認(rèn)為，重慶應(yīng)當(dāng)而且能夠擔(dān)此大任，必定會(huì)對(duì)“一帶一路”建設(shè)做出新的更大貢獻(xiàn)。

一、重慶內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放高地建設(shè)取得的成就

重慶是中西部地區(qū)唯一的直轄市和國(guó)家定位的中心城市。由于地處內(nèi)陸，不靠海、不沿邊，對(duì)外開(kāi)放曾是制約重慶發(fā)展的最大“短板”。近年來(lái)，特別是黨的十八大以來(lái)，重慶緊緊圍繞內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放高地目標(biāo)，加快構(gòu)建大通道、大平臺(tái)、大通關(guān)、大產(chǎn)業(yè)、大環(huán)境，形成了航空、鐵路和內(nèi)河港口三大國(guó)家級(jí)交通樞紐、三個(gè)國(guó)家一類(lèi)口岸和三個(gè)保稅區(qū)的對(duì)外開(kāi)放格局（見(jiàn)圖1）。2014年，全市進(jìn)出口總額954.5億美元，較2007年增長(zhǎng)了10多倍；實(shí)際利用外資106.3億美元，較2007年增長(zhǎng)了近10倍，且已連續(xù)4年保持在100億美元以上；吸引世界500強(qiáng)255家，居中西部第一。內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放高地的強(qiáng)勢(shì)崛起，助推重慶經(jīng)濟(jì)總量達(dá)到14265億元，經(jīng)濟(jì)增速已連續(xù)多年保持在全國(guó)前列。重慶內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放高地建設(shè)已取得的巨大成就，筆者認(rèn)為主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

一是加快向東向西開(kāi)放，構(gòu)建開(kāi)放“大通道”?！笆竦离y，難于上青天”，曾是重慶交通條件的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。就在幾年前，重慶因?yàn)槿狈χ甭?lián)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的大通道，進(jìn)出口貨物需經(jīng)沿海沿邊中轉(zhuǎn)，最后大多還只能以?xún)?nèi)貿(mào)形式發(fā)生。從2008年起，重慶著手建立直通國(guó)際大市場(chǎng)的開(kāi)放大通道：空中，構(gòu)建以江北國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)為龍頭的空中走廊。2014年底，江北國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)國(guó)際客貨航線(xiàn)已達(dá)47條，客運(yùn)吞吐超過(guò)2900萬(wàn)人次，貨郵吞吐超過(guò)30萬(wàn)噸，成為全球增長(zhǎng)最快的樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)；向東，依托長(zhǎng)江黃金水道構(gòu)建起出海大通道。目前，重慶航運(yùn)港集裝箱吞吐能力已達(dá)370萬(wàn)標(biāo)箱，周邊貨物轉(zhuǎn)口占比43%；向西，開(kāi)通渝新歐國(guó)際鐵路物流大通道。上世紀(jì)90年代，中歐鐵路西線(xiàn)——中哈鐵路在物理上就已聯(lián)通了，盡管運(yùn)距最短，但遠(yuǎn)不如東線(xiàn)和中線(xiàn)運(yùn)行得好。從2011年開(kāi)始，重慶致力推動(dòng)建立跨國(guó)鐵路、跨國(guó)海關(guān)的國(guó)際協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、組建渝新歐（重慶）物流公司、協(xié)調(diào)各方降低運(yùn)費(fèi)（運(yùn)價(jià)降到每箱公里0.6美元、運(yùn)時(shí)降到13天左右）、加強(qiáng)冬季運(yùn)輸保障等多項(xiàng)核心工作，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)渝新歐鐵路常態(tài)運(yùn)行。2014年又取得起點(diǎn)站國(guó)家一類(lèi)口岸、進(jìn)口汽車(chē)整車(chē)口岸、開(kāi)通鐵路運(yùn)郵等突破。開(kāi)行三年多來(lái)，累計(jì)運(yùn)送貨物1.2萬(wàn)余標(biāo)箱，過(guò)境國(guó)際集裝箱價(jià)值量占阿拉山口國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸80%以上，成為中歐貿(mào)易陸上貨運(yùn)主通道。2014年3月，習(xí)近平主席訪(fǎng)德期間，在杜伊斯堡見(jiàn)證了渝新歐班列到站，并給予高度評(píng)價(jià)。

二是完善開(kāi)放基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，構(gòu)建開(kāi)放“大平臺(tái)”。中國(guó)的國(guó)家級(jí)新區(qū)和保稅區(qū)一度曾全在沿海，內(nèi)陸是空白。在中央大力支持下，重慶設(shè)立了內(nèi)陸第一個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)新區(qū)——兩江新區(qū)，同時(shí)設(shè)立了兩路寸灘保稅港區(qū)和西永綜合保稅區(qū)，連同4個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)經(jīng)開(kāi)區(qū)、高新區(qū)和N個(gè)特色工業(yè)園區(qū)，構(gòu)成了“1+2+4+N”開(kāi)放平臺(tái)體系。2014年，兩江新區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值1861億元，占全市的13%，大城區(qū)、大產(chǎn)業(yè)、大人群深度融合，呈蓬勃發(fā)展之勢(shì)。兩路寸灘保稅港區(qū)和西永綜保區(qū)進(jìn)出口額達(dá)到680億美元，占全市的72%，外向型產(chǎn)業(yè)集群已全面形成。

三是創(chuàng)新通關(guān)監(jiān)管模式，推動(dòng)開(kāi)放“大通關(guān)”。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)沿海海關(guān)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了區(qū)域通關(guān)一體化，而內(nèi)陸與沿海、沿邊口岸仍是“兩張皮”，很大程度上制約了內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放。為此，重慶著力深化“滬渝川”通關(guān)和“渝深快線(xiàn)、區(qū)域聯(lián)動(dòng)”，開(kāi)展鐵路和航空口岸關(guān)檢合作試點(diǎn)，啟動(dòng)電子口岸“單一窗口”建設(shè)試點(diǎn)，逐步與沿海、沿邊及長(zhǎng)江沿線(xiàn)口岸實(shí)現(xiàn)了“一次申報(bào)、一次查驗(yàn)、一次放行”。特別是在渝新歐沿線(xiàn)國(guó)家，共同啟動(dòng)了內(nèi)陸唯一的中歐“安智貿(mào)”項(xiàng)目，渝新歐全線(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)五定班列“一卡通”。這一系列大通關(guān)措施，使得重慶進(jìn)一步縮小了與沿海開(kāi)放體制機(jī)制的差距。

四是創(chuàng)新內(nèi)陸加工貿(mào)易，構(gòu)建開(kāi)放“大產(chǎn)業(yè)”。過(guò)去近30年，我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易因“兩頭在外”，幾乎全部集中在東南沿海。國(guó)際金融危機(jī)之后，重慶敏銳地抓住全球電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)重組機(jī)遇，創(chuàng)造了“多頭在內(nèi)、一頭在外”的內(nèi)陸加工貿(mào)易新模式，推動(dòng)加工貿(mào)易由水平分工變?yōu)榇怪闭?，通過(guò)整機(jī)+配套、生產(chǎn)+研發(fā)、制造+結(jié)算“三結(jié)合”，不但將進(jìn)項(xiàng)物流成本降到了最低，而且還將加工貿(mào)易“微笑曲線(xiàn)”的全流程復(fù)制到了重慶。2014年，重慶電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值超過(guò)5000億元，集聚了10多個(gè)品牌商和代工商，零部件企業(yè)達(dá)到860家，各類(lèi)智能終端產(chǎn)品突破2億臺(tái)件，已成為全球最大的筆電基地。重慶還抓住新一輪信息技術(shù)革命的機(jī)遇，推進(jìn)跨境電商、保稅商品展示交易、鐵路口岸物流、云計(jì)算大數(shù)據(jù)、跨境結(jié)算等“五大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)”，2014年服務(wù)貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)25%，離岸金融結(jié)算824億美元，跨境人民幣結(jié)算1602億元，電子商務(wù)交易額達(dá)到4500億元。

五是加快“引進(jìn)來(lái)、走出去”，打造開(kāi)放“大環(huán)境”。發(fā)展開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)，需要國(guó)資、民資、外資三輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。2007年以前，重慶利用外資不足10億美元，不及沿海一個(gè)縣的水平，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的拉動(dòng)微不足道。近幾年，重慶著力推動(dòng)政府治理和服務(wù)方式轉(zhuǎn)變，明確政府權(quán)力清單，出臺(tái)投資負(fù)面清單，給予外資準(zhǔn)入前同等國(guó)民待遇，全方位、寬領(lǐng)域、多渠道利用外資，形成了制造業(yè)、房地產(chǎn)、現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)4：3：3的格局。重慶還加快完善對(duì)外投資平臺(tái)機(jī)制，鼓勵(lì)和支持國(guó)有、民營(yíng)企業(yè)“走出去”，對(duì)外投資額穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，“重慶造”更多走向海內(nèi)外。

二、重慶在“一帶一路”中戰(zhàn)略定位

比較分析內(nèi)陸若干重點(diǎn)城市，重慶具備特殊的戰(zhàn)略地位、良好的基礎(chǔ)條件和巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?，?yīng)當(dāng)而且能夠成為“一帶一路”西部開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)放的重要支撐，具體體現(xiàn)為以下四方面的功能作用：

一是“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”的內(nèi)陸橋頭堡。絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶建設(shè)，關(guān)鍵要靠區(qū)位優(yōu)越、通道暢通、要件齊全的節(jié)點(diǎn)城市的輻射帶動(dòng)。從區(qū)位看，重慶是內(nèi)陸唯一處于“一帶一路”和“長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”的“Y”字形的節(jié)點(diǎn)城市，具有作為橋頭堡的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)（見(jiàn)圖2）。從通道看，渝新歐鐵路作為中歐陸上貿(mào)易主通道，開(kāi)通時(shí)間最早、運(yùn)輸量最大、運(yùn)行最穩(wěn)定，在國(guó)內(nèi)外享有很高的知名度和美譽(yù)度。重慶還可通過(guò)滬渝、渝深五定班列（輪）有效接駁，與21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路無(wú)縫銜接。從要件看，重慶具備“三個(gè)三合一”特征，這在內(nèi)陸城市中絕無(wú)僅有?？梢灶A(yù)見(jiàn)，隨著“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”加快建設(shè)，重慶有望成為輻射華東、中部、華南、西南等地區(qū)甚至東南亞的轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易、中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易基地，為“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”建設(shè)夯基出力。

二是“長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”的西部中心樞紐。一個(gè)城市能否中心樞紐，既要看經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模、產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)和成長(zhǎng)性，又要看集聚輻射能力。從東部看，上海致力于建設(shè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)中心、航運(yùn)中心、金融中心和貿(mào)易中心，是長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶建設(shè)的龍頭。從西部看，重慶是國(guó)家定位的長(zhǎng)江上游地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)好，產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)力強(qiáng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增速連續(xù)多年保持全國(guó)前列。以城市作為單位比較，重慶的經(jīng)濟(jì)體量位居全國(guó)前列，比其他城市更具輻射范圍廣、回旋余地大的城市群特征。因此，在推進(jìn)長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶建設(shè)中，重慶與上海首尾呼應(yīng)，可以帶動(dòng)整個(gè)長(zhǎng)江流域協(xié)同發(fā)展。

三是“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”的內(nèi)陸產(chǎn)業(yè)腹地。21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路是拓展我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展空間的重要載體。當(dāng)前，重慶與海上絲綢之路沿線(xiàn)國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)已十分密切，電子信息、汽摩、化工、材料、能源等優(yōu)勢(shì)企業(yè)早已深耕東南亞。2014年，重慶對(duì)東盟出口、進(jìn)口分別為478.8億元、685.6億元，增長(zhǎng)84.8%、24.5%，東盟已成為重慶第一大貿(mào)易伙伴。隨著渝昆緬南向國(guó)際貿(mào)易大通道打通，重慶還可依托海上絲綢之路融入中巴、孟中印緬經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊，內(nèi)陸開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)放優(yōu)勢(shì)將進(jìn)一步凸顯出來(lái)。

四是國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)融合的交匯點(diǎn)。隨著西部大開(kāi)發(fā)深入推進(jìn)，重慶的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)日趨完善，許多產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域具備了跨境開(kāi)放、集聚輻射的典型特征。以金融業(yè)為例，重慶著力構(gòu)建“全牌照”金融機(jī)構(gòu)體系，能為各種所有制企業(yè)提供全方位、低成本的融資服務(wù)。重慶聯(lián)合產(chǎn)權(quán)、農(nóng)村土地、藥品器械等10多個(gè)交易所年交易量1萬(wàn)億元，已具備較強(qiáng)的區(qū)域集聚輻射能力。未來(lái)一段時(shí)期，隨著中韓、中澳等自貿(mào)區(qū)建設(shè)提速推進(jìn)，重慶集聚融合國(guó)內(nèi)外資源要素的能力將不斷增強(qiáng)，逐步成為國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)新的融匯點(diǎn)和轉(zhuǎn)化樞紐。

三、重慶融入“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的主攻方向

毋庸諱言，內(nèi)陸開(kāi)放在通道通關(guān)、區(qū)域協(xié)同、外向型人才和文化觀(guān)念等方面也存在一些約束。當(dāng)前和今后一個(gè)時(shí)期，重慶將在國(guó)家支持下，抓緊做好以下工作：

一是完善互聯(lián)互通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。爭(zhēng)取國(guó)家層面組建渝新歐國(guó)際鐵路聯(lián)運(yùn)聯(lián)盟，加快設(shè)立進(jìn)出口貨物分撥中心，組織好沿線(xiàn)各國(guó)回程貨源，提升中歐貿(mào)易陸上貨運(yùn)大通道水平。爭(zhēng)取國(guó)家建設(shè)重慶至宜昌沿江貨運(yùn)鐵路、修建翻壩高速公路等，提高長(zhǎng)江黃金水道上游通行能力。加快渝昆高鐵建設(shè)，并規(guī)劃與之相呼應(yīng)的高速公路、高等級(jí)公路和油氣管道，打通長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶與海上絲綢之路互聯(lián)的西南大通道。

二是大力發(fā)展口岸經(jīng)濟(jì)。充分利用兩江新區(qū)、保稅港區(qū)等平臺(tái)，大力發(fā)展一般貿(mào)易、加工貿(mào)易、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易和總部貿(mào)易，形成以口岸為依托的開(kāi)放型產(chǎn)業(yè)體系。爭(zhēng)取國(guó)家布局自由貿(mào)易園區(qū)，推動(dòng)中新第三個(gè)政府間合作項(xiàng)目落地，擴(kuò)大內(nèi)陸城市現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)綜合試點(diǎn)成果，推動(dòng)商貿(mào)物流、電子商務(wù)、金融服務(wù)、檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)、文化旅游等現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)對(duì)外開(kāi)放。結(jié)合實(shí)施五大功能區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，積極拓展海關(guān)和檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)布局，盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)市域全覆蓋。借鑒國(guó)際“單一窗口”運(yùn)行模式，推動(dòng)內(nèi)陸、沿海、沿邊的大通關(guān)協(xié)作，充分實(shí)現(xiàn)信息互換、監(jiān)管互認(rèn)、執(zhí)法互助。

三是加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作與交流。強(qiáng)化與中東歐、中亞、南亞等國(guó)家和地區(qū)合作，在海關(guān)合作、投資準(zhǔn)入、產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、人員出入境、資金跨境流動(dòng)等方面加大協(xié)調(diào)力度，不斷拓展外部發(fā)展空間。擴(kuò)大在一帶一路沿線(xiàn)國(guó)家的工程承包規(guī)模，推動(dòng)單軌、風(fēng)電、航空等優(yōu)勢(shì)裝備出口。與沿線(xiàn)國(guó)家互辦旅游和展會(huì)活動(dòng)，擴(kuò)大文化交流與貿(mào)易往來(lái)。

To implement the“One Belt and One Road”strategy and the Yangtze River Economic Belt plan is a significant strategic decision made by the Party Central Committee and the State Council by identifying the innovation trend with the purpose of planning a new blueprint for China's opening-up and economic development.It was clearly pointed out in the Vision and Action of Promoting the Co-construction of Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road issued by Chinese government to make Chongqing an important pillar for western development and opening-up.It provides guidance and brings a golden historical opportunity for Chongqing to accelerate the construction as an inland vanguard for opening-up and speed up its integration into the economic globalization.A comprehensive study and review shows that Chongqing boasts a solid development foundation and a huge potential and the author believes that it should and is capable of taking this role to make new and greater contribution to the building of the One Belt and One Road.

I Chongqing’s Achievements in Building an Opening-up Frontier of Inland China

Chongqing serves as the only municipality in central and western China and the central city designated by the central government.Being landlocked,not close to the border or coastal areas,its limited opening-up was perceived as one of its weaknesses and caused great restriction to its development.In recent years,especially after the 18th CPC National Congress,Chongqing has accelerated the building of large transport thoroughfares,large platforms,efficient customs clearance,major industries and a strong economic eco-system so as to achieve the goal of building the openingup frontier in inland China,An opening-up pattern featuring three national level transportation hubs,three Class-I ports and three bonded areas (See Chart 1) has taken shape which integrates airway,railway and inland port transportation.In 2014,the total export-import volume of the city stood at USD 95.45 billion and increased by over 10 times compared to that of 2007;the foreign investment in actual use was USD 10.63 billion and increased by nearly 10 times compared to that of 2007,reaching over USD 10 billion for consecutive four years;besides,it has brought in 255 Fortune 500 enterprises,ranking first in central and western China.The strong rising of the opening-up frontier of inland China has boosted Chongqing’s economic aggregate to RMB 1.4265 trillion,ranking second to none nationwide for consecutive years.

Firstly,to speed up the opening-up both eastward and westward and put in place a great thoroughfare.“Walking on the narrow paths of Shu Kingdom is more difficult than climbing up to Heaven”was a true depiction of the traffic conditions in Chongqing.Just a few years ago,Chongqing was dependent on transit shipment from the border or coastal areas for import and export due to the lack of a transportation thoroughfare accessing the international market,and most of those businesses were done in the manner of domestic trade.Since 2008,Chongqing has engaged in building a thoroughfare directly connecting the international market.In terms of aviation transport,an air corridor centering on Jiangbei International Airport has been established.By the end of 2014,47 international passenger and freight air routes have been in function in Jiangbei International Airport with a passenger volume of over 29 million people and freight volume of more than 300,000 tons,making Jiangbei International Airport the fastest-growing one in the world.Eastward,a seabound passageway was built based on the golden waterway of Yangtze River.Up by now,the container volume in Chongqing’s shipping ports has reached 3.7 million TEU with the Re-Export trade to surrounding areas taking up 43% of the total.Westward,the great Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe (or Yu Xin’Ou) international railway has been opened.In the 1990s,the west line of Sino-European Railway had been connected with the Sino-Kazakhstan Railway,but in spite of the shortest distance,it was not running as well as the east and central lines.Since 2011,Chongqing has been dedicated to addressing multiple core issues,including promoting the establishment of international railways,international coordination mechanism for customs clearance,and Yu Xin’Ou (Chongqing) Logistics Co.,Ltd.,in an effort to cut transportation costs (have the freight rate of every container per kilometer reduced to USD 0.6 and the shipping time to about 13 days),and enhance transportation security during winter.As a result,the regular running of Yu Xin’Ou has been realized.The year of 2014 has also witnessed breakthroughs made in Chongqing including the establishment of Type-A ports,an import port for whole vehicles,and the railway mail transportation.For over 3 years since its operation,more than 12,000 TEU of goods have been transported and the value of international transit transport container services takes up over 80% of the international freight transportation in the Alataw Pass.It becomes the main channel for land freight transport in Sino-European trade.In March 2014,president Xi Jinping,during his visit in Germany,witnessed the arriving of Yu Xin’Ou at the station in Duisburg and spoke highly of it.

Secondly,to improve the infrastructure to establish an open “l(fā)arge platform”.The national level new districts and bonded areas were once opened in coastal region,instead of in hinterland China.Under the great support of the central government,Chongqing took the lead to set up the first national-level new district in inland China---- Liang Jiang New Area,together with Lianglu Cuntan Bonded Port Area and Xiyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone,which have formed an opening-up system of “1+2+4+N”featuring 4 national economic development zones,high-tech zones and numerous characteristic industrial parks.In 2014,the GDP of Liang Jiang New Area reached RMB 186.1 billion,accounting for 13% of Chongqing.With a deep integration of its urban areas,major industries and large populations,the city stands as a showcase of vigorous development momentum.The importexport volume of Lianglu Cuntan Bonded Port Area and Xiyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone amounted to USD 68.0 billion,accounting for 72% of Chongqing,and the export-oriented industrial clusters have been formed in an all-round way.

Thirdly,to create a customs clearance and supervision modal to push the “efficient custom clearance”.In China,the customs in coastal region has gradually achieved the regional clearance integration in recent years,but the inland ports are still kept away from ports in coastal and border areas ,restricting the opening-up of the inland to a great extent.For this reason,Chongqing commits itself to further improving the customs clearance of “Shanghai-Chongqing-Sichuan”and enhancing the “Chongqing-Shenzhen Fast Lane--- a Regional Cooperation”.It carries out the security check cooperation pilot projects for railway stations and airports,starts up the pilot of “one window”for electronic ports,and gradually achieve “onetime declaration,one-time check and one-time clearance”.The countries along the Yu Xin’Ou International Railway have jointly launched the China-Europe “Secure and Smart Trade Line Pilot Program”,and the Five-Fixed Trains running through the line of Yu Xin’Ou can be given green light using only one certificate.These measures for an efficient customs clearance have narrowed the gap between Chongqing and the coastal regions in terms of the opening-up mechanism.

Fourthly,to innovate the inland processing trade and establish the “major industries”.In the past 30 years,China almost had all the processing trade done in its South-East coastal areas due to “l(fā)osing both ends in the production process (the supply of raw materials and the marketing of products) to the overseas markets”.After the international financial crisis,Chongqing keenly seized the opportunity of the restructuring of global IT industry,creating a new processing trade modal of “putting multi-ends on the domestic market,and one end on the overseas market”,and push the processing trade transforming from horizontal labor allocation into vertical integration.Through the combinations of complete machines plus supporting facilities,production plus R＆D and manufacturing plus financial settlement,it not only reduced the logistics cost to the minimum,but also adopted the “Smile Curve”in processing trade.

In 2014,the output value of IT industry in Chongqing exceeded over RMB 500 billion.Now Chongqing is home to over 10 brands and OEMs,as well as 860 components manufacturers,producing over 200 million smart terminal products,making Chongqing the largest notebook computer production base in the world.Besides,under the impetus of the new-round IT revolution,Chongqing has developed its “five specialized strength”such as cross-border e-commerce,bonded commodities exhibition ＆ trade,railway port logistics,cloud computing ,big data and cross-border settlement.And consequently,its service trade increased by 25% in 2014,with offshore financial settlement hitting USD 82.4 billion,crossborder settlement standing at RMB 160.2 billion,and the e-commerce trading volume reaching RMB 450.0 billion.

Lastly,to accelerate the strategy of “Go Global and Bring in”,to create an open “overall environment”.The development of open economy relies on the three-wheel driving forces of stateowned assets,private-owned capitals and foreign investment.Before 2007,the utilized foreign capital in Chongqing was not more than USD 1 billion,much less than that of one county in coastal region,thus,the power of foreign investment for pushing economic development was insignificant.But in recent years,Chongqing focused on transforming the government management and service modes,specifying the government power extent,issuing the Investment Negative List to give an equal national treatment prior to admission of foreign investment,developing an all-directional,wide-ranging and multi-channel foreign investment utilization mode and forming a pattern in manufacturing,real estate and modern service of 4:3:3.Besides,Chongqing quickened its construction of platform mechanism for investment abroad to encourage and support state-owned and private enterprises “Going Global”,and as a result,the investment abroad grew steadily,and more “made in Chongqing" products were sold at home and abroad.

Ⅱ.Strategic Orientation of Chongqing in the “One Belt and One Road”Initiative

It is found by comparing and analyzing several major inland cities of China that Chongqing,with a special strategic orientation,good basic conditions,and huge development potential,shall and can become an important pivot of the One Belt and One Road initiative to develop and open up the western region,which is specifically reflected by its four function roles:

Firstly,an inland bridgehead of the Silk Road Economic Belt.The key of building the Silk Road Economic Belt is to rely on node cities with favorable locations,smooth channels and complete critical conditions to radiate and drive.

In terms of location,Chongqing is the only node city that stands on the intersection of the One Belt and One Road and the Yangtze River Economic Belt in the inland region of China,boasting special advantages as a bridgehead.

In terms of channel,as the main land-based channel for Sino-Euro trade,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe international railway is the first channel established with the largest freight volume and a highest stability level,and has already gained an extensive popularity and a high reputation.Chongqing can realize seamless connection with the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road via Shanghai-Chongqing and Chongqing-Shenzhen five-fixed trains or ferries (fixed station,fixed route,fixed train number,fixed time and fixed price).In respect of critical conditions,Chongqing has three “3-in-1”s characteristics,which is exclusive among inland cities.It can be predicted that,as the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt speeds up,Chongqing is expected to become a base for entrepot and intermediary trade covering eastern,central,southern,southwest regions in China,and even Southeast Asia to consolidate the foundation of and contribute to the building of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

Secondly,a central hub of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in western China.It is the economic scale,industrial foundation and development potential that determine whether a city can be a central hub or not.In the eastern region,Shanghai,which plays a leading role in building the Yangtze River Economic Belt,is dedicated to the development of international economic,shipping,financial and trade centers.In the western region,Chongqing is a national economic center along the upstream reaches of the Yangtze River with strong development foundations,powerful industrial strengths and good economic growth rates ranking among the best for consecutive years.Chongqing is in the front row among all the cities in China in terms of economic volume,and has a broader radiating range and greater resilience,etc.,all of which are the characteristics of city clusters.Therefore,in the course developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt,Chongqing can work in concert with Shanghai to drive synergetic development of all cities along the Yangtze River.

Thirdly,an inland industrial base of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important carrier to expand the space of China’s economic development.Currently,Chongqing has already established close economic and trade exchanges with countries along the Maritime Silk Road,and its competitive enterprises in fields of electric information,automobile and motorcycle,chemical,material,energy,etc.have long deepened their presence in Southeast Asia.In 2014,the exports and imports of Chongqing to ASEAN are RMB 47.88 billion,up 84.8%,and RMB 68.56 billion,up 24.5%,respectively,making ASEAN its the first largest trade partner.With the completion of the southward trade channel connecting Chongqing,Kunming and Burma,Chongqing will be able to take advantages of the Maritime Silk Road to enter into the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor,further making its inland development and opening-up advantages prominent.

Fourthly,an intersection between the domestic and the international markets.With the further promotion of the Going West Strategy,Chongqing’s infrastructure and public services are increasingly full-fledged,and many industries have obtained such typical features as cross-border openingup,and cluster radiating.For example,in the financial sector,Chongqing has vigorously constructed a "full-licensed" financial institution system for providing all-around and lowcost financing services to enterprises of all kinds of ownership.With a total annual trading volume of RMB 1 trillion,a dozen of exchange institutes,including Chongqing United Assets and Equity Exchange Group,Chongqing Rural Land Exchange,Chongqing Medicine Exchange,have already developed a strong ability of regional clustering and radiating.In a certain period in the future,as the development of China-South Korea and China-Australian Free Trade Areas pick up speed,Chongqing's ability to attract and merge domestic and foreign resource factors will be constantly strengthened,and the city will serve as a new intersection and transforming hub between China’s and international markets.

III.Focuses for Chongqing to Integrate into the OneBelt and One Road Initiative

Admittedly,the opening-up of inland China also encounters some constrains in the aspects of the entrance and customs clearance,regional coordination,the pool of international-oriented talents,cultural concepts,etc.At present and in the near future,Chongqing will attach great importance to and make great efforts in the following works under national support:

I.To improve connectivity of infrastructure.Chongqing will try to establish an alliance of the Chongqing-Xingjiang-Europe international railway interline transport at the state level,set up the establishment of export and import distribution center as soon as possible,organize well the commodity supply on return trip from the countries along the route and improve the performance of the trade channel on land between China and Europe .It will attempt to build a riverside freight railway from Chongqing to Yichang,construct expressway over dam and other projects under national construction program,and improve the capability of the golden waterway of upper Yangtze River.It will accelerate the construction of Chongqing-Kunming high-speed railway and make plans on the corresponding expressway,high-grade highway and oil and gas pipelines,so as to bring about a channel in Southwest China that links both the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road

II.To make tremendous efforts on the development of border economy.Chongqing will make full use of the platforms of Liangjiang New Area and the bonded port areas to push forward the development of general trade,processing trade,entreport trade and headquarters economy so that an open industrial system on the basis of the ports will take shape.It will try to build a free trade zone planned by the State,promote the launch of the third Sino-Singaporean governmentto-government project,expand the comprehensive pilot achievements of modern service industry in inland cities and promote the opening-up of commercial logistics,E-commerce,financial services,inspection and testing,culture and tourism and other modern service industries.In line with the development strategy of five function zones,Chongqing will actively expand the layout of customs as well as inspection and quarantine institutions in view to achieve the full coverage of municipal administrative area as soon as possible.Chongqing will also learn from the international “one window”operational mode to promote the coordination of efficient custom clearance in inland,coastal and border ports,and fully realize information exchange,regulation of mutual recognition and mutual assistance in law enforcement.

III.To strengthen international exchanges and cooperation.Chongqing will strengthen cooperation with Central and Eastern Europe,Central Asia,Southern Asia and other countries and regions,reinforce the coordination in customs cooperation,investment access,product standards,entry-exit of personnel,cross-border cash flow and etc..It will expand the scale of project contracting in the countries along the One Belt and One Road and promote the export of equipments in the field of monorail,wind power,aviation and etc.It will hold interactive activities on tourism and exhibition with countries along the course to expand cultural exchanges and commercial connections.