開(kāi)啟亞歐互聯(lián)互通大戰(zhàn)略譜寫(xiě)亞歐產(chǎn)業(yè)合作新篇章

□ 文/張煥波

●（作者系中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)交流中心副研究員)

在一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)變數(shù)和復(fù)雜性的世界，世界各國(guó)和地區(qū)需要共同努力，以深化經(jīng)貿(mào)合作為抓手，加強(qiáng)互聯(lián)互通建設(shè)和產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)接，構(gòu)建和平發(fā)展與合作共贏的新型國(guó)際關(guān)系。從全球來(lái)看，近年來(lái)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治的重心向亞洲地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移，正在形成歐洲、美洲、亞洲多極化的均衡發(fā)展局面；發(fā)展中國(guó)家和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)增加，在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的比重上升，按購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)法計(jì)算的發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)總量從2013年開(kāi)始超過(guò)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。以TPP、TTIP、RCEP等為代表的新的自由貿(mào)易和投資規(guī)則正在加快形成。以“數(shù)字化、智能化、綠色化”為特征的全球新產(chǎn)業(yè)、新技術(shù)、新業(yè)態(tài)、新模式不斷涌現(xiàn)，這無(wú)疑給世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的平穩(wěn)恢復(fù)和長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入了新的動(dòng)力和活力。當(dāng)前，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)仍處在國(guó)際金融危機(jī)后的深度調(diào)整和曲折恢復(fù)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和各國(guó)政策取向都出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重分化，美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)正在醞釀加息，而歐洲和日本央行仍在加大量化寬松政策力度，美元升值和全球資本流動(dòng)及匯率波動(dòng)加劇，新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體金融市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩增加了全球金融不穩(wěn)定性，各國(guó)宏觀政策不同步的影響更加明顯，地緣政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等非經(jīng)濟(jì)因素導(dǎo)致部分地區(qū)動(dòng)蕩加劇，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)呈現(xiàn)低增長(zhǎng)、不平衡、多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的主要特征。

目前，在“一帶一路”倡議背景下，亞歐合作站在了一個(gè)新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，面臨新的巨大合作空間和共同發(fā)展機(jī)遇。中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平2013年先后提出了建設(shè)“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”，即“一帶一路”合作倡議，具有重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義，表現(xiàn)了中國(guó)從經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)邁向經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)正確的義利觀、歷史觀、發(fā)展觀、安全觀和世界觀?！耙粠б宦贰背h將會(huì)架起和平、增長(zhǎng)、改革、文明的四座橋梁，并將促使中國(guó)與沿帶沿路國(guó)家和地區(qū)努力打造政治互信、經(jīng)濟(jì)融合、文化包容的利益共同體、命運(yùn)共同體和責(zé)任共同體，構(gòu)建各方融合發(fā)展的大格局，共同擔(dān)當(dāng)維護(hù)世界和平與發(fā)展的重任，共享發(fā)展的機(jī)遇和利益。“一帶一路”倡議受到了國(guó)際社會(huì)的廣泛認(rèn)可和支持。歐洲各界對(duì)“一帶一路”倡議已經(jīng)有了較客觀的認(rèn)識(shí)，表達(dá)了積極的態(tài)度。英國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、意大利、盧森堡等歐洲國(guó)家積極參與亞洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資銀行，為亞歐國(guó)家深化金融合作樹(shù)立了良好榜樣?！耙粠б宦贰睉?zhàn)略背景下的亞歐合作，不但將為亞歐各國(guó)和地區(qū)人民帶來(lái)實(shí)實(shí)在在的利益，也將為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力，開(kāi)辟人類(lèi)歷史新的紀(jì)元。“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的一頭是活躍的東亞經(jīng)濟(jì)圈，一頭是發(fā)達(dá)的歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)圈。亞歐大陸是世界上面積最大、人口最多、國(guó)家最多的大陸，也是發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)最多、合作潛力最大、共享利益最多的大陸。近年來(lái)，亞歐各領(lǐng)域合作與交流不斷深入，取得了令人矚目的成就，但是亞歐合作水平與兩個(gè)大陸本身的地位相比還有較大差距，還存在一些瓶頸。例如，在交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面，存在聯(lián)而不通，通而不暢的問(wèn)題；在產(chǎn)業(yè)和項(xiàng)目對(duì)接方面，還缺乏有效的平臺(tái)和模式；在貿(mào)易投資方面，仍存在一些摩擦和掣肘。亞歐互聯(lián)互通既指交通、管道、園區(qū)等“硬件”基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的互聯(lián)互通，也包括貿(mào)易投資、民心文化等“軟件”基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的互聯(lián)互通。概括來(lái)看，亞歐互聯(lián)互通包括以下六個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。

一是推動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通。在歷史上，任何一個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，創(chuàng)造性的連接都會(huì)使區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系產(chǎn)生巨變，惠及更廣闊的地域。新亞歐大陸橋沿橋綜合交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)已取得重要進(jìn)展，進(jìn)一步提升和完善新亞歐大陸橋各節(jié)點(diǎn)交通實(shí)施和便利性，將成為推動(dòng)亞歐基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施合作的關(guān)鍵抓手。同時(shí)，亞歐海底光纜和跨海大通道建設(shè)也需要加快推進(jìn)。未來(lái)亞歐將形成涵蓋海運(yùn)水運(yùn)網(wǎng)、高速公路網(wǎng)、高速鐵路網(wǎng)、航空網(wǎng)、通信光纜網(wǎng)、信息高速公路網(wǎng)等在內(nèi)的亞歐高水準(zhǔn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

二是促進(jìn)貿(mào)易投資自由化便利化。推進(jìn)貿(mào)易投資便利化，逐步形成以點(diǎn)帶線(xiàn)，從線(xiàn)到片，促進(jìn)形成互利共贏、多元平衡、安全高效的開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。歐盟是世界上最大區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和經(jīng)濟(jì)最發(fā)達(dá)和規(guī)模最大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，是海上絲綢之路和陸上絲綢之路的終點(diǎn)。亞洲是最具發(fā)展活力和潛力的地區(qū)之一，擁有世界總?cè)丝?0%，經(jīng)濟(jì)總量占全球的三分之一，已經(jīng)成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的第三極。亞歐大陸不斷深化經(jīng)貿(mào)合作，將為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供不竭動(dòng)力。應(yīng)把構(gòu)建亞歐大陸自貿(mào)區(qū)提上日程，加快研究，爭(zhēng)取早日在亞歐大陸建立一個(gè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、寬領(lǐng)域的全球開(kāi)放性多變貿(mào)易和投資體系。

三是促進(jìn)和深化金融合作。近年來(lái)，亞歐各國(guó)在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展的一系列金融合作，成果不斷顯現(xiàn)，對(duì)于維護(hù)區(qū)域金融穩(wěn)定、促進(jìn)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起到了十分重要的作用。整體來(lái)看，亞歐各國(guó)金融合作還處于起步階段，需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作的廣度和深度，在銀行、債券、保險(xiǎn)、衍生品市場(chǎng)、外匯市場(chǎng)等領(lǐng)域積極合作，加強(qiáng)貨幣互換，推進(jìn)國(guó)際貨幣體系改革。同時(shí)，亞歐金融合作也需要抓手。中國(guó)倡導(dǎo)的亞洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資銀行，得到了除亞洲國(guó)家的積極參與,歐洲國(guó)家也積極的響應(yīng)，例如，英國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、意大利、盧森堡等國(guó)家積極參與，這為亞歐國(guó)家金融合作提供了一個(gè)重要平臺(tái)。

四是加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)互動(dòng)和對(duì)接。當(dāng)前，世界正處于大調(diào)整、大變革、大發(fā)展和大突破的非常時(shí)期，以“數(shù)字化、智能化、綠色化”為特征的新產(chǎn)業(yè)新技術(shù)新業(yè)態(tài)新模式不斷涌現(xiàn)。亞歐國(guó)家間產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展階段，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、研發(fā)水平等都有很大的不同，具有很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性。在新一輪產(chǎn)業(yè)革命即將拉開(kāi)大幕的背景下，亞歐國(guó)家應(yīng)重塑區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、價(jià)值鏈和供應(yīng)鏈，推動(dòng)上下游產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和關(guān)聯(lián)產(chǎn)業(yè)跨國(guó)界、跨區(qū)域協(xié)同發(fā)展，共同提升區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)配套能力和綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

五是推進(jìn)亞歐各國(guó)民心相通。國(guó)之交在于民相親，民相親在于心相通。民心相通是亞歐互聯(lián)互通的社會(huì)根基。民心相通的深層基礎(chǔ)是不同文化的相互相互交流、相互學(xué)習(xí)和相互融合。亞歐各國(guó)應(yīng)立足于各相關(guān)國(guó)家多元文明的群體性復(fù)興，通過(guò)提升文化的相互開(kāi)放水平，推動(dòng)不同文明交流碰撞，形成更具寬容精神的共同文化和永恒價(jià)值，匯聚和釋放文化促進(jìn)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大正能量，實(shí)現(xiàn)更有效率、更具包容性的增長(zhǎng)。應(yīng)通過(guò)加強(qiáng)人民友好往來(lái)，增進(jìn)相互了解和傳統(tǒng)友誼。要促進(jìn)人員、技術(shù)、服務(wù)在區(qū)域內(nèi)的自由流動(dòng)，鼓勵(lì)就業(yè)和人才市場(chǎng)相互開(kāi)放，拓展旅游合作，加強(qiáng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)合作，共建世代友好家園。

In a world full of uncertainty and complexity,every country and region needs to work jointly to deepen economic and trade cooperation,furhter enhancing mutual connectivity and industrial connection and building new international relations characterized by peaceful development and mutually beneficial cooperation.From the global perspective,the global politics and economic focus is shifting to Asia in recent years,which helps make a balanced development situation multi-polarized by the Europe,the Americas and the Asia.The developing countries and the emerging economies are increasing their contribution to the world economic growth as shown by the increase of their proportion in the global economy.As measured by the Purchasing-power Parity,the economic gross of the developing countries has exceeded that of the developed countries since 2013.The new rules of free trade and investment represented by TPP,TTIP and RCEP are being formed at a rapid speed.The global new industries,new technologies,new formats and new models characterized by “Being Digital,Intelligent and Green”are emerging in succession,which will no doubt inject impetus and vitality to the smooth recovery and longterm sustainable development of the world economy.Currently,the world economy plagued by the international financial crisis is still trapped in the sharp adjustment and tortuous recovery.As a result,serious differentiations occur both in the world economic development and the states’policy orientation.The FED is planning to tighten rate;the European and Japan Banks are still intensifying the efforts of Quantitative Easing;the appreciation of dollars,the global capital flow and the currency fluctuations are becoming more violent;the turbulence on financial markets of the emerging economic bodies increases the instability of global finance;the effect generated by the asynchronism of states’macro policy appears more obvious;moreover,the non-economic factors,like the geopolitical risks,are leading to increasing upheavals in different areas.All in all,the world economy is now facing up with a low growth,an imbalance and more risks.

At present,under the background of the “Belt and Road”initiative,the Eurasia cooperation stands at a new historical starting point and enjoys large cooperation space and common development opportunities.The President of China Xi Jinping raised the initiative of building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road,namely the “Belt and Road”cooperation initiative in 2013,which is of great realistic significance and far-reaching historic significance.It has shown China’s correct view on righteousness and profits,on history,development,safety and world view when China is developing from an economic giant towards an economic power.Such an initiative will build four bridges of peace,growth,reform,and civilization;moreover,it will prompt China and the countries and regions along the Belt and Road to endeavor to build a community of shared interests,destiny and responsibility featured with mutual political trust,economic integration,and cultural inclusiveness.In doing so,each party involved will enjoy an integrated development,assume the responsibility of maintaining world peace and development,and share the opportunities and interests therein.This initiative has been widely recognized by the international community and earned lots of support.Take the Europeans for an example.People from all walks of life there have a more objective understanding of the initiative of the “Belt and Road”,and have shown a positive attitude.United Kingdom,Germany,France,Italy,Luxembourg and other European countries have actively participated in Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,which has set up a good example for countries in Asia and Europe to deepen the financial cooperation.Under the strategic background of the “Belt and Road”,the cooperation between Asia and Europe will not only deliver tangible benefits to the people of countries and regions in these two continents,but also creat strong impetus for the sustainable development of the global economy.In a sense,it will help to open a new era in the history of mankind.The “Belt and Road”strategy connects the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and the developed European economic circle at the other end.Eurasia is the world’s largest and most populous continent with the largest number of states.Also it remains the continent enjoying the most opportunities for development,the greatest potentials for cooperation and the largest shared benefits.In recent years,Eurasian cooperation and exchanges in all fields have witnessed a continued deepening with remarkable achievements made,but when compared with the status of the two continents themselves,the level of cooperation still needs to be improved with bottlenecks every now and then.Take transportation network for instance.The transportation channels are sometimes so poor that they seem not to exist at all with many a block problem.Besides,effective platforms and models are absent for the coordination of industries and projects.This is also true in trade and investment: there are still some frictions and barriers that need to be removed.By Eurasian connectivity,it refers to the connectivity not only of “hardware”infrastructures,such as traffic,pipes,parks,but it also denotes that of “software”infrastructure,such as trade and investment,popular culture and others.To be specific,Eurasian connectivity consists of the following six areas.

Firstly,we should lift the infrastructure connectivity to a high level.Throughout human history,whatever country or region creative connectivity takes place in,it will inaugurate an amazing change in the regional economic links and benefit a wider region.Because significant progresses have been seen in the construction of the integrated transportation infrastructure along the New Eurasian Continent Bridge,what we need is a step further.The key here is to make all the junctions better connected with more convenience,and this is what we mean in promoting Eurasian cooperation in infrastructure.Meanwhile,Eurasia transcontinental submarine optical cable construction also needs to be accelerated.In the future,a high level infrastructure connectivity network will come into exist in Asia and Europe,which will cover the sea and water transportation network,the expressway network,the high-speed rail network,the aviation network,the communications optical cable network,the information highway network and so on.

Secondly,we should make trade and investment freer and more convenient.By doing so,Asia and Europe can gradually develop,from a dot to a belt line,and from lines to areas,an open economic system characterized by being mutually beneficial,multiple and balanced,win-win,safe and efficient.As the greatest regional economic organization and the world’s largest and most developed economy,EU is the end of the Maritime Silk Road and the Overland Silk Road.Remaining as one of the most vigorous and promising regions,Asia has become the third pole of world economy,with 60% of the world population and one-third of the world economic gross.If Europe and Asia continue to deepen economic and trade cooperation,this will provide an inexhaustible motive force for world economic development.Building a free trade zone of Eurasia should be put on the agenda.Pertinent researches need to be accelerated,and all parties should strive to establish an open and alert trade and investment system of a high standard with a wide range.

Thirdly,we should promote and deepen financial cooperation.In recent years,Asian and European countries have carried out a series of financial cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit with remarkable achievements been made.Such a cooperation has contributed greatly to regional financial stability and economic development.However,the financial cooperation between Asian and European countries is still in its initial stages,which needs to be further strengthened both in breadth and depth.Active collaboration should be made in banking,securities,insurance,derivative markets,foreign exchange markets and other fields,and both parties need to enhance the currency swaps and promote the reform of international monetary system.Meanwhile,Eurasian financial cooperation need more specific measures.Not only have the Asian countries participated actively in Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank advocated by China,but the European countries have also responded positively to it.For example,the United Kingdom,Germany,France,Italy,Luxembourg and other countries are actively involved in it,which provides an important platform for the financial cooperation between Asian and European countries.

Fourth,we should strengthen industrial interaction and connection.At present,the world is undergoing a critical time full of profound adjustment,great changes,dramatic developments and breakthroughs.Moreover,new industry,new formats and new models characterized by “Being Digital,Intelligent and Green”are emerging constantly.Dispite the differences in industrial development stages,industrial structures and research and development levels,the industries in Asia and Europe are highly complementary to each other.When a new round of industrial revolution is around the corner,Asian and European countries should reshape the regional industrial layout,optimize the industrial chain,value chain and supply chain,promote the cross-border-and-region collaborative development of the upstream and downstream industry chains and the associated industries,and work jointly to upgrade the capacity and competitiveness of regional industries.

Fifth,we should promote the deep understanding between Asian and European countries.Friendly exchange between countries lies in amity between the people,while the amity lies in deep understanding.If the understanding is deep enough,the foundation for Eurasian connectivity is solid.Such an understanding is deeply rooted in mutual exchanges,mutual learning and mutual integration of different cultures.Based on the mass revival of diverse cultures in each country involved,Asia and Europe should be open and inclusive to cultural diversity,promote cultural exchanges among different civilizations,develop a common culture and eternal value characterized by tolerance,bring them together to release strong positive energy,and achieve more efficient and more inclusive growth.Asia and Europe also need to promote friendly exchanges among different peoples to enhance mutual understanding and traditional friendship.Both need to promote the free movement of labor,technology,services in the region,encourage employment and markets to open up to each other,expand tourism cooperation and strengthen cooperation in the cultural industry,so as to build a friendly home from generation to generation.