淺析高考英語短文改錯解題技巧

孫江花

一、試題特點

通過對近年來高考短文改錯試題考查知識點的統(tǒng)計分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)短文改錯考查雖涉及面廣，但卻有所側(cè)重?？疾辄c測試頻率最高的是動詞，涉及的有時態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語動詞形式、情態(tài)等。此外，還考查名詞、介詞、代詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、連詞的應用，同時涉及句型結(jié)構、行文邏輯、固定搭配等。

二、題型分析

NMET（全國通用英語入學考試）短文改錯的文章多采用記敘文，有時也有說明文，其長度在100詞左右。其語言材料通常取自學生作品或相關的作品；內(nèi)容來自學生身邊的常見話題，篇章結(jié)構的難易程度符合學生的實際水平；語言通俗易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的語言現(xiàn)象和復雜的語句結(jié)構。命題者在文中有意設置了一些詞法、句法、句式結(jié)構、行文邏輯等方面的錯誤，讓考生按照答題要求做出改正，以便考查考生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷、糾正篇章錯誤的校驗能力。該題的題型相對固定，問題的設計比例相對穩(wěn)定。以錯詞為主，約占60%～70%（6～7個）；此外還涉及多詞、少詞，各有1～2題，修改動詞時態(tài)1個。

三、必考考點

（一）名詞與冠詞

1.名詞單數(shù)與復數(shù)誤用

2.不可數(shù)名詞誤用為可數(shù)名詞

3.泛指與特指概念不清

4.有無冠詞含義不同

5.固定搭配中的冠詞

注：（1）advice，knowledge，information，news，fun，furniture，progress，food，time 等不可數(shù)名詞。

（2）抽象名詞具體化的情況

Eg：I think the party is success.

I have a good news to tell you.

I have made a good progress.

He is a honest boy.

And if he breaks the law of society，he may go to the prison.

He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.

I like birds and enjoy being close to the nature.

（二）動詞

1.主謂是否一致

2.時態(tài)問題

3.語態(tài)問題

4.非謂語動詞在句中的使用是否恰當

Eg：I want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.

I will send my friend Marry to meet you at the airport when you arrived.

Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college.

Regard her as a top student in my class，all the teachers and classmates like her very much.

Here are the information about Manchester University.

（三）形容詞與副詞及其比較級

1.形容詞與副詞混淆使用

2.原級與比較級的混用

3.形容詞與副詞多余

Eg：They came back lately and had some tea.

I know you are particular interested in Human Rights.

Last year，Jim proved to be the more popular in our class.

We should be very carefully when we make friend.

We have made our minds to study hard than before.

Taking exercise makes me even more healthier so that I won’t be ill very often.

（四）介詞（誤用、漏用、多余）

Eg：In my surprise，he did very well in his previous job.

Could you share your experience for us？

However，Mike insisted in staying near the car.

Many of them had been sick because the polluted air and water.

Angel’s job is to listen to and try to understand what they...

（五）代詞

1.前后指代不一致

2.不同種類的代詞混用

3.代詞漏用

Eg：I thought that was dull to watch a game.

The men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves.

I just smiled to me and thought...

Yourlifein yourcountryisquitedifferentfromme.

Everybody sleeps in tents，that is very exciting.

The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.

四、常設考點

（一）三大從句的連接詞

1.定語從句

Eg：I live in Beijing，where is the capital.

I went to the office and the person to who it belonged.

2.名詞性從句

Eg：To my delight，my son can use that he has learned from university...

Here’s my idea about how a friend is like.

3.狀語從句

Eg：Whatever successful we are，we still have some shortcomings.

Come and see me whether you ever visit England.

（二）邏輯關系

1.并列連詞的誤用（and，but，so，however，besides，therefore，yet，or...）。

2.語境中判斷肯定，否定（加 not，never）。

Eg：My hometown is a pretty city，so people there are kind and polite.

I became very active but made new friends.

（三）句式結(jié)構

1.句子結(jié)構是否完整且正確

2.句子中是否多了不需要的詞

3.固定句型與從句結(jié)構

Eg：Wehungasignonthefrontdoorthatwasread...

True friends point out your mistake and urge you to correct it when you do nothing wrong.

（四）其他?？脊潭ù钆?/h3>

Eg：Return back to sb./return to sth.

Explain sb.sth.

A few minutes late/late on.

He is later for school.

Do all one can do sth.

Be doing/be about to do...while.

A man seating opposite me.

In any other words，I’m an only child.

Looking forward to see you again.

I’m used to live here.

I find that house which I used to living in has changed a lot.

五、做題要點

（一）Should do

第一，每天做一篇改錯題，或瀏覽以前做過的改錯，在此過程中一定要用心總結(jié)考點，增加“找茬”經(jīng)驗。

第二，熟悉常設考點，并把這些經(jīng)驗應用到實踐中去。

第三，繼續(xù)積累短語和一些固定表達。

（二）Don’ts

第一，剛拿到題就從第一行改起。

第二，一行一行看，一行一行改。

（三）Does

第一，拿到題時先把文章瀏覽一遍，確定全文時態(tài)（因為每篇改錯都有一個時態(tài)錯誤）。

第二，進行改錯時要一句一句地看（甚至兩至三句），不要一行一行看。

結(jié)束語

短文改錯以考查語法的形式出現(xiàn)，對學生的語篇理解和綜合能力提出了更高的要求，所以希望學生平時細心的積累，堅持不懈的練習。這是一個從無知到熟練的學習過程，一個知識漸長的過程。因此，學生在平時應該勤加練習，同時也需要教師在平時的教學中有意識地引導，有針對性地及時點撥，重視在語篇和平時語境中進行語法教學（紫金虹 2005）。只有通過反復的練習、總結(jié)和反思，才能在高考中靈活應對，取得滿意的分數(shù)。