趙 娟,朱孟華,薄挽瀾(綜述),羊軼駒(審校)
( 1. 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001; 2.哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001;
3.海南省農(nóng)墾三亞醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,海南 三亞 572009)
樹突狀細(xì)胞的生物功能與慢性肝病研究進(jìn)展
趙娟1△,朱孟華1,薄挽瀾2(綜述),羊軼駒3※(審校)
(1. 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001; 2.哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001;
3.海南省農(nóng)墾三亞醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,海南 三亞 572009)
摘要:樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)是當(dāng)前已知的人體內(nèi)功能最強(qiáng)大的專職抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,能唯一有效活化初始型T細(xì)胞,是機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答的啟動者,是連接固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的關(guān)鍵紐帶。研究證明,DC發(fā)育及功能的動態(tài)變化與機(jī)體免疫狀態(tài)和臨床結(jié)局相關(guān)。此外,目前細(xì)胞免疫治療已進(jìn)入臨床研究階段。該文就DC的生物學(xué)功能特點(diǎn)與慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展之間的關(guān)系及治療性DC腫瘤疫苗的免疫學(xué)基礎(chǔ)予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:慢性肝?。粯渫粻罴?xì)胞;免疫學(xué)功能;樹突狀細(xì)胞腫瘤疫苗
1973年,Steinman和Cohn[1]發(fā)表了《Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice》,向全球公布,他們在脾臟細(xì)胞中分離出的一群黏附細(xì)胞,因其成熟時能伸出許多樹突樣或偽足樣突起,故命名為樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cells,DC)。2011年Steinman榮獲諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎[2]。DC的生物學(xué)功能特點(diǎn)與慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展關(guān)系密切。肝臟疾病患者機(jī)體免疫功能低下或產(chǎn)生免疫耐受與患者DC的功能缺陷相關(guān)。DC免疫治療具有主動性免疫、特異性強(qiáng)、持續(xù)時間久及不良反應(yīng)弱等特點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)就DC在肝臟疾病中的特點(diǎn)及在治療方面的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1DC的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)
1.3DC的表面分子體內(nèi)大部分DC處于未成熟狀態(tài),低水平表達(dá)協(xié)同刺激分子及黏附分子,激發(fā)混合淋巴細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的能力較低[5]。而成熟DC除高水平表達(dá)多種協(xié)同刺激分子(如CD80/B7-1、CD86/B7-2、CD40)及黏附分子(如細(xì)胞間黏附分子1、2、3和淋巴細(xì)胞功能相關(guān)抗原1、3),還豐富表達(dá)主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)-Ⅰ類和MHC-Ⅱ類分子。其中,協(xié)同刺激因子通過CD80/B7-1、CD86/B7-2與T細(xì)胞表面的相應(yīng)配體CD28和細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4相互作用,提供活化T細(xì)胞的第二信號,激活T細(xì)胞,并使其產(chǎn)生白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)2、IL-6、干擾素γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ)、粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激、腫瘤壞死因子α等大量細(xì)胞因子;隨著向淋巴器官遷移,DC進(jìn)一步成熟,不僅形態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)生改變,且MHC-Ⅱ、CD80/B7-1、CD86/B7-2等分子也發(fā)生上調(diào),混合淋巴細(xì)胞反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[6]??梢?,DC是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一能活化未致敏的初始型T細(xì)胞的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞。
CD1a和CD83是DC的兩個重要的膜表面標(biāo)志分子。CD1a主要表達(dá)于人胸腺細(xì)胞,是鑒定人外周血與骨髓中DC的最好標(biāo)記[7]。CD83是成熟DC所特有的膜表面標(biāo)志,CD83又稱為HB15,相對分子質(zhì)量約43 000,屬于免疫球蛋白超家族,其配體及功能尚未研究清楚[8]。
成熟DC活化初始T細(xì)胞需要雙信號刺激。DC表面的MHC類分子/抗原肽復(fù)合物與T細(xì)胞(抗原)受體結(jié)合,傳導(dǎo)抗原特異性刺激,此為第一信號;DC與T細(xì)胞間協(xié)同刺激分子的結(jié)合,以傳導(dǎo)非抗原特異性的共刺激,此為第二信號。兩者缺一不可,缺乏第二信號而僅有抗原特異性刺激信號,可導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞無能甚至凋亡,也是機(jī)體免疫耐受及腫瘤發(fā)生的原因。
當(dāng)DC用于抗腫瘤、感染的免疫治療時,可以選擇性誘導(dǎo)DC的協(xié)同刺激分子表達(dá)和活性,使T細(xì)胞活化增殖能力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),提高機(jī)體抗腫瘤、感染的免疫應(yīng)答;當(dāng)DC用于移植免疫時,可以選擇性抑制DC上協(xié)同刺激分子表達(dá)和活性,阻斷T細(xì)胞活化的非抗原性共刺激信號,誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞無能和凋亡,使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫耐受??梢姡跈C(jī)體中DC的免疫應(yīng)答呈雙向性,對DC免疫功能的有效調(diào)節(jié)是治療疾病的關(guān)鍵。
2DC的免疫學(xué)功能
由此可見,DC不僅能激活免疫應(yīng)答參與機(jī)體抗病原體的正性免疫調(diào)節(jié),還參與機(jī)體的免疫耐受,在機(jī)體免疫中起著正反雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用,在抗感染性疾病、抗腫瘤免疫、自身免疫疾病和移植免疫等生理病理過程中發(fā)揮重要的免疫介導(dǎo)作用。
3DC與慢性肝臟疾病
3.1DC與病毒性肝炎
研究表明,慢性HBV患者的DC中存在HBV DNA,導(dǎo)致病毒逃避免疫攻擊,機(jī)體形成慢性感染。近期,體外試驗顯示,乙型肝炎表面抗原可被循環(huán)mDC內(nèi)化,導(dǎo)致DC的功能缺陷且DC病毒負(fù)載量也減少[16]。
在評估乙型肝炎患者的疾病進(jìn)展方面pDC比mDC敏感,而pDC在感染的早期階段減少,mDC在晚期階段減少。在接受阿德福韋酯的治療后,外周血中mDC數(shù)目增多是治療有效反應(yīng)的標(biāo)志;與健康對照組比較,CD80和CD86在乙型肝炎患者中的數(shù)量顯著減少,說明慢性乙型肝炎感染可導(dǎo)致DC功能降低和T細(xì)胞活性受抑制[18]。
Leone等[23]研究報道,HCV持續(xù)感染的患者循環(huán)中mDC及pDC的細(xì)胞數(shù)量低于健康對照組和自發(fā)性清除HCV感染者。但是提取HCV持續(xù)感染患者的DC,在體外刺激成熟,DC表現(xiàn)出的抗原攝取能力、共刺激分子的表達(dá)能力及細(xì)胞因子的生成量均是正常的。相比之下,它們在刺激成熟后并沒有展現(xiàn)出從免疫蛋白酶體到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)蛋白酶體亞基表達(dá)的巨大轉(zhuǎn)換,也沒有表現(xiàn)出抗原肽相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白體的上調(diào)。也就是說,DC中蛋白酶體降解抗原功能的失調(diào),使其對T細(xì)胞活化能力降低,導(dǎo)致免疫耐受。
另有研究顯示[24],慢性HCV感染者循環(huán)DC數(shù)目減少,但在肝臟中DC數(shù)目是增加的,且肝臟mDC/pDC高于循環(huán)血,循環(huán)DC的減少更可能是由于它們遷移到肝臟炎癥區(qū)域,提示mDC優(yōu)先遷移。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可被理解為慢性HCV感染者DC主動交換和肝內(nèi)外分布不平衡是導(dǎo)致循環(huán)DC減少的關(guān)鍵原因。
3.2DC和肝纖維化肝纖維化是各種病因引起的慢性肝損傷的肝臟瘢痕反應(yīng),是肝臟中常見的生理反應(yīng),是肝硬化的早期階段,具有可逆性。損傷后細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrixc,ECM)的沉積導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞重構(gòu),最終導(dǎo)致肝硬化。ECM主要成分是膠原蛋白、蛋白聚糖、層粘連蛋白、纖維連結(jié)蛋白等,肝星狀細(xì)胞是ECM的主要來源。肝星狀細(xì)胞的激活是肝纖維化的重要環(huán)節(jié),同時各種炎性細(xì)胞及其炎性因子在纖維化中也起關(guān)鍵作用。此外,DC可能通過腫瘤壞死因子α調(diào)節(jié)炎癥環(huán)境來調(diào)控肝纖維化的發(fā)生,并可調(diào)控多種纖維化生成細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及活性,因此可以間接調(diào)控肝纖維化[25]。
另有研究表明,肝臟纖維化還涉及ECM重構(gòu)[26]?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶是一種重要的鈣依賴性蛋白酶,該酶可降解ECM的膠原與非膠原成分,DC參與了分泌基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶,可降解ECM使組織結(jié)構(gòu)疏松,導(dǎo)致DC的肝外遷移,DC的遷移有助于其適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)的表達(dá)[27]。
4DC的臨床應(yīng)用
治療性疫苗的設(shè)計方案是多樣的,其共同特征及疫苗接種的關(guān)鍵步驟是T細(xì)胞對于腫瘤抗原的有效呈遞。因為DC是最有效的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,利用它們在分類和可塑上的多樣性,可對治療性疫苗做出很大改進(jìn)[36]。
5展望
DC與慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展息息相關(guān)。對DC的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)及效應(yīng)的深入研究為治療性DC疫苗的發(fā)展策略打開了新渠道。以DC為代表的細(xì)胞免疫治療能恢復(fù)免疫功能和調(diào)節(jié)免疫失衡,可有效清除手術(shù)、放化療后殘余的癌細(xì)胞及微小病灶,預(yù)防腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移,可彌補(bǔ)手術(shù)、放療及化療等傳統(tǒng)療法的弊端。顯而易見,致力于治療性DC疫苗的研究令人振奮,其在慢性肝病治療方面具有廣闊的臨床應(yīng)用前景。
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Research Progress in Dendritic Cells and Chronic Liver DiseaseZHAOJuan1,ZHUMeng-hua1,BOWan-lan2,YANGYi-ju3.(1.DepartmentofGastroenterology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofHarbinMedicalUniversity,Harbin150001,China; 2.DepartmentofGastroenterology,theFourthAffiliatedHospitalofHarbinMedicalUniversity,Harbin150001,China; 3.DepartmentofGastroenterology,HainanProvinceNongkenSanyaHospital,Sanya572009,China)
Abstract:Dendritic cells(DC) have long been recognized as dedicated antigen-presenting cells with a unique T cell stimulatory aptitude.DC has the potent capacity to initiate primary immune responses,serving as a major link between innate and adaptive immunity.Investigators have reported that the dynamic change of development and function of DC is closely related to the body′s immune status and clinical outcome.Furthermore,immunotherapies are entering the clinical study phase.Here is to make a review of the biological function characteristics of DC and the relationship between the occurrence and progress of chronic liver disease and the immunological basis for DC-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Key words:Chronic liver disease; Dendritic cells; Immunological function; Dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines
收稿日期:2015-01-04修回日期:2015-05-21編輯:伊姍
基金項目:海南省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科研項目(1321320.24A1005)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.24.009
中圖分類號:R730.51
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)24-4441-04