孫啟玉 賈興旺 田亞平 (承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,河北 承德 067000)
目前研究表明急性心血管事件發(fā)生的主要原因是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)斑塊的破裂、出血、血栓形成,而和冠狀A(yù)S的嚴(yán)重程度不成正比。冠狀A(yù)S斑塊的鈣化是其病理發(fā)生到一定程度的表現(xiàn)。鈣化使斑塊變硬、變脆,容易碎裂導(dǎo)致急性心血管事件的發(fā)生。
病理學(xué)上認(rèn)為AS斑塊鈣化發(fā)生時(shí),在鈣化與非鈣化交界面由于不同的組織密度使其容易受壓破裂。現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明鈣化可作為AS斑塊穩(wěn)定性的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),對(duì)冠脈事件的發(fā)生有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。Shemesh等〔1〕對(duì)穩(wěn)定型冠心病患者隨訪觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)CAC(CAC)積分隨時(shí)間進(jìn)展變化。冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化對(duì)有癥狀患者的預(yù)測(cè)能力得到了廣泛研究。Georgiou等〔2〕對(duì)192例病人進(jìn)行隨訪研究50個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)CAC積分和冠脈事件的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),高積分病人發(fā)生不良事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是低或零積分病人的13.2倍。在一項(xiàng)對(duì)458例有急性胸痛且排除急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)的病人研究中,有AS斑塊鈣化的病人比無(wú)鈣化者更易發(fā)生心血管不良事件,其危險(xiǎn)比(HR)分別是86.96與58.06〔3〕。對(duì)穩(wěn)定型心絞痛病人,Rijlaarsdam-Hermsen 等〔4〕的研究表明,CAC積分為陰性的病人在隨訪44個(gè)月時(shí)無(wú)不良事件的發(fā)生,其陰性預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值是100%。CAC對(duì)于無(wú)癥狀病人冠脈事件也有很好的預(yù)測(cè)能力。一項(xiàng)5 000余例患者的前瞻性觀察研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與CAC積分<100的患者相比,>100的患者4.3年后發(fā)生冠脈事件的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為9.5~10.7〔5〕。Budoff等〔6〕對(duì)無(wú)癥狀患者的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡率與CAC積分呈正相關(guān)。
鑒于大量有關(guān)AS斑塊鈣化與不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。2005美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)的一份關(guān)于臨床檢測(cè)女性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的聲明寫到低CAC和低不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),高CAC預(yù)示高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不良事件。建議對(duì)Framingham評(píng)分為中度的病人用CAC來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)AS負(fù)荷〔7〕。歐洲心血管指南也寫到CAC積分是無(wú)癥狀患者未來(lái)發(fā)生心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的重要指標(biāo),并獨(dú)立于傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素〔8〕。
以前人們認(rèn)為血管鈣化是磷酸鹽礦物質(zhì)在壞死組織沉積形成的,近年來(lái)研究表明AS鈣化是一種與新骨形成極為相似的受調(diào)控的主動(dòng)性代謝過(guò)程,其鈣鹽的主要成分是羥磷灰鈣,而不是原來(lái)認(rèn)為的磷酸鈣。AS鈣化出現(xiàn)較早,亞臨床的AS早期就出現(xiàn)了骨相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),當(dāng)脂質(zhì)條紋形成時(shí),組織學(xué)上就可以檢測(cè)到鈣化的存在〔8〕。
血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)表型的改變認(rèn)為是AS鈣化的關(guān)鍵步驟。Bobryshev等〔9〕用電鏡觀察 ApoE基因敲除鼠 AS模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)AS脂質(zhì)斑塊周圍的平滑肌細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出軟骨樣細(xì)胞特征,在細(xì)胞間隙有許多含有羥磷灰石結(jié)晶的小囊泡出現(xiàn),認(rèn)為平滑肌細(xì)胞分化為軟骨細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致了斑塊鈣化的形成。發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)換的平滑肌細(xì)胞可持續(xù)表達(dá)和鈣化相關(guān)的核因子(NF)-κB受體活化因子配體(RANKL)、核結(jié)合因子 α1(Cbfα1,Runx2)、骨橋蛋白(OPN)、骨鈣素、堿性磷酸酶及骨保護(hù)素(OPG)等〔10,11〕。這些蛋白調(diào)節(jié)骨基質(zhì)的形成,參與鈣化。
炎癥和AS斑塊鈣化的發(fā)生有關(guān)。脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化產(chǎn)物的沉積及氧化應(yīng)激參與粥樣斑塊的形成。炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致大量活性氧簇(ROS)產(chǎn)生。體外研究表明H2O2可以通過(guò)激活Cbfα1促進(jìn)VSMC由收縮型向成骨型轉(zhuǎn)化〔12〕??寡趸饔玫母呙芏戎鞍准唉?3多不飽和脂肪酸有抑制血管鈣化的作用〔13,14〕。氧化低密度脂蛋白能促進(jìn)β-甘油磷酸鹽誘導(dǎo)的VSMC成骨樣轉(zhuǎn)化〔15〕。血管鈣化,礦物質(zhì)基質(zhì)的形成又可作用于單核細(xì)胞促進(jìn)炎癥因子的釋放〔16〕。
高血糖、血脂是AS發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)也是硬化斑塊鈣化的危險(xiǎn)因素。糖尿病患者發(fā)生CAC比非糖尿病患者顯著增加〔17〕。高糖在體外可以通過(guò)增加VSMC中Cbfα1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá),呈時(shí)間依賴性促進(jìn)VSMC的成骨性轉(zhuǎn)化〔18〕。一項(xiàng)6 093例個(gè)體的研究表明高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)與CAC有很好的相關(guān)性,要高于低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)〔19〕。Orakzai等〔20〕對(duì)非高密度脂蛋白(Non-HDL-C)即包含致冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化載脂蛋白B的所有顆粒(極低密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、乳糜顆粒、脂蛋白a等)和LDL-C、HDL-C、甘油三酯進(jìn)行比較,認(rèn)為Non-HDL-C和CAC相關(guān)性最強(qiáng)。研究表明血清膽紅素水平〔21〕及游離甲狀腺素水平〔22〕和CAC呈負(fù)相關(guān),其水平降低是AS斑塊鈣化新的危險(xiǎn)因素。
RANKL/OPG參與AS斑塊鈣化的研究較多。RANKL也稱為腫瘤壞死因子超家族成員(TNFSF)11,是前體破骨細(xì)胞分化、成熟的啟動(dòng)因子,其主要生理功能之一是促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞分化,刺激破骨細(xì)胞活化。在不穩(wěn)定動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊中存在RANKL的表達(dá),來(lái)源于轉(zhuǎn)化的VSMC和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,這對(duì)于斑塊中破骨細(xì)胞的生成和功能有重要作用〔23〕。RANKL可以和其跨膜受體RANK結(jié)合,通過(guò)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)激活MAPK,NF-κB,調(diào)節(jié)多種細(xì)胞活性。這些細(xì)胞主要是單核細(xì)胞來(lái)源的破骨細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞和樹突細(xì)胞〔24〕。RANKL的促破骨細(xì)胞作用使其表現(xiàn)為抗鈣化因子,能夠降低動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性。然而Sandberg等〔25〕的研究表明RANKL可以增加單核細(xì)胞趨化因子(MCP)-1及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)的表達(dá)從而誘導(dǎo)斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性。因此RANKL在AS的確切機(jī)制有待研究。
OPG是破骨細(xì)胞生成抑制因子,在骨代謝調(diào)節(jié)中起關(guān)鍵性作用,可與RANKL高度親和而阻礙RANKL同RANK的結(jié)合。OPG基因敲除小鼠有嚴(yán)重的骨質(zhì)疏松,同時(shí)2/3的小鼠腎動(dòng)脈及主動(dòng)脈中膜發(fā)生鈣化〔26〕。OPG能抑制維生素D誘導(dǎo)血管鈣化小鼠模型的動(dòng)脈鈣化,而血清中鈣磷濃度沒有發(fā)生變化,表明OPG對(duì)血管鈣化的抑制作用不是通過(guò)降低血鈣或血磷水平達(dá)到的〔27〕。OPG也可抑制載脂蛋白(Apo)E基因缺陷小鼠動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的鈣化〔28〕,表明OPG能夠抑制鈣化,具有保護(hù)作用。Dhore等〔29〕對(duì)尸解標(biāo)本的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在血管骨樣組織鈣沉積周圍的細(xì)胞基質(zhì)中可以檢測(cè)到OPG/RANKL,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)OPG/RANKL系統(tǒng)參與 AS和鈣化的過(guò)程。Jono等〔30〕檢測(cè)了201例行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影患者的血清OPG水平,研究結(jié)果顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者血清OPG水平明顯高于無(wú)冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄者,且隨著冠脈病變支數(shù)及嚴(yán)重程度增加。Mohammadpour等〔31〕的研究表明血清OPG/RANKL比值和CAC顯著相關(guān),血清OPG/RANKL有可能成為新的預(yù)測(cè)心血管事件發(fā)生的指標(biāo)。
OPN、胎球蛋白-A(FA)、人基質(zhì)γ羧基谷氨酸蛋白(MGP)及瘦素(LP)是除OPG/RANKL系統(tǒng)外和斑塊鈣化有關(guān)且在血中可檢測(cè)到的蛋白因子。OPN在正常動(dòng)脈不表達(dá)而在鈣化的動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊處高表達(dá)〔32〕。OPN抑制羥磷灰石的生長(zhǎng),增加其在酸性環(huán)境的分解〔33〕。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明OPN敲除小鼠VSMC更易產(chǎn)生鈣化,表明OPN有抑制鈣化的血管保護(hù)作用〔34〕。Uz等〔35〕認(rèn)為血清OPN水平可以評(píng)價(jià)可疑冠心病人冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化程度。Minoretti等〔36〕的研究表明血清OPN水平可以預(yù)測(cè)穩(wěn)定心絞痛患者不良心血管事件的發(fā)生,具有危險(xiǎn)分層的價(jià)值。Georgiadou等〔37〕進(jìn)一步證明血清OPN水平在缺血性心臟疾病有很好預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
FA在肝臟表達(dá)后進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),主要聚集在骨骼。FA的N端富含酸性氨基酸殘基,與堿性磷酸鈣結(jié)合形成可溶性無(wú)定形膠體微球,從而增加其溶解度,抑制血清過(guò)飽和的鈣磷鹽沉積。研究表明VSMC攝取FA后其鈣化能力降低〔38〕。在血液透析患者,低血清FA水平和CAC相關(guān)〔39〕。但另一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為血清FA水平和CAC無(wú)關(guān)〔35〕。
MGP能夠直接抑制血管壁礦物質(zhì)的沉積,也可通過(guò)抑制骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(BMP)-2和BMP-4的活性抑制VSMC的成骨性轉(zhuǎn)化〔40,41〕。MGP抑制血管鈣化的活性依賴于其谷氨酸殘基的羧基化,而維生素 K是催化這一反應(yīng)的必需輔助因子〔42〕。MGP敲除小鼠動(dòng)脈自發(fā)發(fā)生鈣化,其平滑肌細(xì)胞失去一些收縮型標(biāo)志物,而Cbfa1、OPN及骨鈣素和這些成骨相關(guān)的蛋白表達(dá)增加〔43〕。一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)表明對(duì)于可疑冠心病患者,血清MGP水平和CAC呈負(fù)相關(guān)〔44〕。但另一項(xiàng)研究卻表明血清MGP水平和AS的危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān),而和動(dòng)脈鈣化無(wú)關(guān)〔45〕。
LP是一種脂肪組織分泌的肽類激素,進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)后作用于LP受體,參與糖、脂肪及能量代謝的調(diào)節(jié)。LP有增加血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞氧自由基生成,促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞形成,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生,MMP表達(dá)等多種生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。促進(jìn)AS發(fā)生發(fā)展〔46,47〕。體外研究表明LP可通過(guò)抑制糖原合成酶(GSK)-3β的活性,呈劑量依賴增加VSMC的成骨性轉(zhuǎn)化〔48〕。在ApoE敲除小鼠動(dòng)物模型,給予腹腔注射LP能夠促進(jìn)AS斑塊鈣化的發(fā)生〔49〕。對(duì)無(wú)臨床癥狀患者及2型糖尿病患者的研究表明血清LP水平獨(dú)立于傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和 CAC 相關(guān)〔50,51〕。Iribarren 等〔52〕的研究表明血清LP水平和年老女性患者的CAC相關(guān),但該作用不是獨(dú)立的,和血脂、血壓、胰島素抵抗等其他因素相關(guān)。
關(guān)于血清炎癥相關(guān)因子作為斑塊鈣化的指標(biāo)有爭(zhēng)議。Hamirani等〔53〕總結(jié)了12篇有關(guān)血清炎癥因子和CAC的文章,測(cè)定的炎癥因子包括C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、MMP-9、纖維蛋白原、MCP-1、人抵抗素、脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α及成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF),發(fā)現(xiàn)炎癥因子與斑塊鈣化的關(guān)系是微弱的,建議有計(jì)劃的大規(guī)模研究。Jenny等〔54〕對(duì)6 783例不同種族亞臨床癥狀患者的血IL-6,CRP,纖維蛋白原進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)三者和CAC都有一定相關(guān)性,但在排除冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素后,只有IL-6和CAC相關(guān)。最近,一項(xiàng)對(duì)455例個(gè)體20種炎性因子的研究表明,IL-6、IL-8和 IL-13與 CAC明顯相關(guān),而 CRP缺少聯(lián)系〔55〕。Li等〔56〕認(rèn)為CAC和炎癥因子CRP的升高可能有著不同的病理生理機(jī)制,是兩者缺少相關(guān)性的原因。血清炎癥因子的改變和AS斑塊鈣化均與心血管事件的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。
microRNAs(miRNAs)是一種小的內(nèi)源性非編碼RNA分子,大約由21~25個(gè)核苷酸組成。這些小的miRNA通常靶向一個(gè)或者多個(gè)mRNA,在翻譯水平抑制或斷裂靶mRNAs調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),參與細(xì)胞增殖、分化、遷移和調(diào)亡。已發(fā)現(xiàn)microRNAs和多種疾病相關(guān)。AS斑塊鈣化由多種蛋白因子參與調(diào)節(jié),和蛋白表達(dá)密切相關(guān)的microRNAs必然發(fā)揮重要作用。已發(fā)現(xiàn)microRNAs參與VSMC的表型轉(zhuǎn)化。
miR-204在心肌及 VSMC中表達(dá)。Cui等〔57〕培養(yǎng)小鼠VSMC細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-204在β-甘油磷酸鹽誘導(dǎo)的VSMC鈣化過(guò)程中顯著下降,認(rèn)為miR-204與鈣化發(fā)生相關(guān)。堿性磷酸酶(ALP)是破骨細(xì)胞分化前期的標(biāo)志,骨鈣素是成骨細(xì)胞分化中期既骨基質(zhì)形成階段的標(biāo)志。抑制miR-204能夠增加VSMC的ALP、骨鈣素及Runx2的表達(dá)。相反,過(guò)表達(dá)miR-204能抑制VSMC的鈣化。Runx2是成骨細(xì)胞分化重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。進(jìn)一步研究證明miR-204是通過(guò)下調(diào)Runx2抑制VSMC鈣化。miR-125b是除miR-145、miR-23、miR-143外在動(dòng)脈表達(dá)豐富的microRNA之一。培養(yǎng)人冠狀動(dòng)脈VSMC在成骨性轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中miR-125b的表達(dá)明顯下降,抑制內(nèi)源性miR-125b可以增加VSMC ALP的表達(dá)及基質(zhì)的礦物質(zhì)化。在體內(nèi),ApoE敲除誘導(dǎo)的小鼠動(dòng)脈鈣化模型中,miR-125b含量顯著下降。miR-125b參與了VSMC的成骨性轉(zhuǎn)化,該作用可能是通過(guò)SP7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子實(shí)現(xiàn)的〔58〕。最近 Gui等〔59〕應(yīng)用血管鈣化動(dòng)物模型篩選出miR-135a、miR-762、miR-714和 miR-712為差異表達(dá) microRNAs,并在體外培養(yǎng)VSMC中進(jìn)行證實(shí)。這些microRNA的作用靶點(diǎn)為NCX1、PMCA1和 NCKX4,它們均為和Ca離子通道相關(guān)蛋白。miR-135a、miR-762、miR-714和 miR-712與 Ca及 Pi誘導(dǎo)的VSMC成骨性轉(zhuǎn)變相關(guān)。
AS斑塊鈣化的發(fā)生是多種蛋白因子及microRNAs相互作用的結(jié)果,對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制的了解,有利于尋找血清標(biāo)志物幫助臨床診斷及危險(xiǎn)分層,并為靶向藥物治療提供線索,對(duì)于降低急性心血管事件的發(fā)生非常重要。
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