宋學(xué)蓮 黨懿 齊曉勇
綜 述
心房顫動(dòng)經(jīng)射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)因素的研究進(jìn)展
宋學(xué)蓮 黨懿 齊曉勇
作者單位:050000 河北省石家莊市,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院(宋學(xué)蓮);河北省人民醫(yī)院心臟中心(齊曉勇、黨懿)
心房顫動(dòng); 射頻消融術(shù); 復(fù)發(fā)
心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fbrillation,房顫)是臨床最常見的心律失常類型之一。目前國內(nèi)外研究中,房顫的治療策略主要包括抗凝、轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)并維持竇率和控制心室率[1]。隨著心臟電生理技術(shù)的廣泛開展,射頻消融術(shù)已成為目前非藥物治療房顫的主要手段,因其能減少甚至根除房顫,改善患者癥狀,提高生活質(zhì)量,降低死亡率,在臨床上應(yīng)用越來越廣泛。但是無論采用何種射頻治療策略,房顫的復(fù)發(fā)率仍然高達(dá)20%~60%,因此,如何發(fā)現(xiàn)并控制射頻消融術(shù)后房顫的復(fù)發(fā)因素以降低復(fù)發(fā)率成為臨床亟待解決的問題之一。本文就影響射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 性別和年齡 先前完成的研究認(rèn)為,性別對(duì)房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)的療效沒有影響,但是最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),女性患者射頻消融術(shù)的成功率較低[2]。由于女性更易發(fā)生與心房傳導(dǎo)異質(zhì)性改變有關(guān)的孤立性心房淀粉樣變,因此首次接受射頻消融術(shù)后,持續(xù)性房顫患者中女性的復(fù)發(fā)概率更高[3]。
房顫的發(fā)生率隨年齡增加而增加,但年齡對(duì)射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響尚無定論。Zheng等[4]對(duì)258例首次接受該手術(shù)的持續(xù)性房顫患者進(jìn)行隨訪觀察,結(jié)果顯示,年齡<55歲組的患者早期復(fù)發(fā)率較低(31%),而年齡56~65歲的患者復(fù)發(fā)率為50%,66歲以上患者的復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)60%。其原因可能為:年輕患者左房基質(zhì)受損較輕,故手術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)概率較低。隨著年齡增長,心房電壓逐漸降低,心房有效不應(yīng)期縮短,使房間傳導(dǎo)延遲,易于折返環(huán)路的形成,同時(shí)老年患者左房瘢痕發(fā)生率較高,使房顫易于發(fā)生[5]。但是部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為年齡并不影響手術(shù)療效。Santangeli等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡>80歲組患者首次術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率與年齡<80歲組相似(31%比29%)。該研究提示,射頻消融術(shù)對(duì)高齡房顫患者同樣是安全有效的。
1.2 房顫類型和病程長短 接受射頻消融術(shù)的房顫患者類型一般分為陣發(fā)性房顫、持續(xù)性房顫及永久性房顫。射頻消融術(shù)已作為藥物治療無效的陣發(fā)性房顫患者首選的治療策略,并且療效得到肯定。Jelena等[7]通過臨床觀察試驗(yàn)證實(shí),持續(xù)性房顫患者術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)率相對(duì)較高。但是尚無明確的證據(jù)顯示非陣發(fā)性房顫是射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。
部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,房顫病程越長,射頻消融術(shù)療效越差。Geidel等[8]報(bào)道,在射頻消融術(shù)聯(lián)合外科手術(shù)中,持續(xù)性房顫病程與手術(shù)成功率密切相關(guān)。Masateru等[9]對(duì)1220例接受射頻消融術(shù)的陣發(fā)性房顫患者進(jìn)行了長達(dá)47.9個(gè)月的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)病程長短是房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子之一(HR=1.03,95%CI 1.02~1.05,P<0.0001)。
1.3 肥胖和超重 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖和超重也是房顫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的重要影響因素。Cai等[10]納入186例進(jìn)行射頻消融術(shù)治療房顫后的患者,按照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將BMI≥25 kg/m2定為肥胖/超重,對(duì)多種因素包括超重/肥胖、代謝綜合征、房顫類型、房顫病程、左心房內(nèi)徑、糖尿病、消融策略、操作失敗進(jìn)行校正,Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),超重/肥胖是術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。這是由于肥胖/超重患者往往伴有左房擴(kuò)張,而左房增大與房顫復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)[11,12]。另外,肥胖導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激使心房傳導(dǎo)延遲,同時(shí)肥胖引起慢性炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)概率增加。
1.4 精神因素 焦慮和抑郁對(duì)于房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后療效的影響,可以分別通過SAS(焦慮自評(píng)量表)和SDS(抑郁自評(píng)量表)判斷患者術(shù)后焦慮及抑郁情況。Yu等[13]經(jīng)過為期1年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫復(fù)發(fā)者SAS和SDS得分明顯高于未復(fù)發(fā)人群。通過多變量回歸分析,焦慮和抑郁是房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。房顫的典型發(fā)作主要是由于肺靜脈自主神經(jīng)節(jié)的異?;顒?dòng)或異位起搏點(diǎn)的快速激動(dòng),焦慮和抑郁有興奮交感神經(jīng)、抑制副交感神經(jīng)的作用,從而降低房顫的發(fā)作閾值,這可能是SAS和SDS得分較高患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的主要機(jī)制。并且已有相關(guān)研究報(bào)道指出,有過房顫發(fā)作病史的患者的心理抑郁程度明顯高于健康人群[14],抑郁狀態(tài)下心率的變異性通常降低,反射性引起腎上腺素水平升高,使身體處于促炎狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致C反應(yīng)蛋白等炎癥因子增多,使房顫易于復(fù)發(fā)。
1.5 CHADS2和CHADS2-VASc評(píng)分 CHADS2評(píng)分作為房顫卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),涉及多種臨床疾病,包括充血性心衰、高血壓、糖尿病、既往卒中史等。Chao等[15]隨訪2004-2007年接受導(dǎo)管消融的238例陣發(fā)性房顫患者,術(shù)后觀察出現(xiàn)房性心律失常(房速、房撲、房顫)的情況,通過對(duì)相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行單變量、多變量回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)CHADS2評(píng)分是其預(yù)測因子。術(shù)后2年,CHADS2≥3的患者中26.9%出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā),評(píng)分為0或者1~2分患者,復(fù)發(fā)率分別為5.4%和12.1%。在對(duì)術(shù)后2年未復(fù)發(fā)患者繼續(xù)隨訪后,CHADS2≥3的患者出現(xiàn)房性心律失常概率為63.6%,而CHADS2=0的患者遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)率僅為2.7%。該研究結(jié)果顯示,CHADS2評(píng)分在術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)中具有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。其他相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CHADS2-VASc評(píng)分對(duì)于術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測效果與CHADS2相似,并且都是卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高時(shí)(≥2分)復(fù)發(fā)率較高[16]。由于CHADS2和CHADS2-VASc評(píng)分涉及多個(gè)因素,除性別、年齡等導(dǎo)致的直接影響外,評(píng)分較高患者術(shù)后多出現(xiàn)非肺靜脈起源的異位起搏點(diǎn)(上腔靜脈、界嵴、右房室交界、左心房上部等),并且評(píng)分越高,激動(dòng)左房電壓越低、激活時(shí)間越長,這使得以環(huán)肺靜脈隔離為主的消融術(shù)成功率降低。
2.1 左房內(nèi)徑 Zhuang等[17]系統(tǒng)性回顧分析了22個(gè)研究數(shù)據(jù)共計(jì)3750例接受環(huán)肺靜脈隔離術(shù)的房顫患者,比較發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)者左房內(nèi)徑較未復(fù)發(fā)者大1.87 mm(95%CI 1.26~2.48,P<0.001)。由于心房內(nèi)徑較心房容積更易檢測,故大多數(shù)研究中用心房內(nèi)徑反映心房大小。Wei等[18]通過研究也證實(shí),左心房擴(kuò)張是射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。甚至有學(xué)者提出,首次消融術(shù)后導(dǎo)致的左房增大是術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測因子[19]。慢性左房擴(kuò)張可引起心房電重構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)重塑,進(jìn)而影響心房電生理機(jī)制,使左右心房間傳導(dǎo)紊亂,干擾心房有效不應(yīng)期和傳導(dǎo)速度,產(chǎn)生微折返波或碎裂電位,從而引起房顫復(fù)發(fā)和維持。此外,左心房擴(kuò)張,射頻消融術(shù)中所需消融能量增多,易形成嚴(yán)重瘢痕使心房與肺靜脈再連接率增加,從而使復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。
2.2 心包脂肪組織 心包脂肪組織(EAT)是指心肌外壁及心外膜的脂肪組織。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EAT具有內(nèi)分泌和旁分泌功能,可分泌多種生物活性物質(zhì),如脂肪因子、促炎性因子及各種受體[20]。此外,EAT內(nèi)包含大量神經(jīng)節(jié),這些神經(jīng)節(jié)是構(gòu)成心內(nèi)自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要部分,利于房顫的觸發(fā)和維持[21]。獨(dú)立于傳統(tǒng)的房顫危險(xiǎn)因素,EAT的體積每增加10 ml,房顫發(fā)生概率增加13%[22]。由于EAT與心肌之間無筋膜相隔,心房外EAT釋放的炎性介質(zhì)可直接通過心肌組織擴(kuò)散至心房內(nèi)或者借助小的通道影響心房細(xì)胞[23],導(dǎo)致炎癥發(fā)生及局部組織纖維化,引起心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)。EAT的脂肪細(xì)胞還可能改變心房肌細(xì)胞的膜電流,使動(dòng)作電位復(fù)極90%(APD90)所需時(shí)間延長,左房心肌細(xì)胞靜息膜電位升高,從而使房顫易于發(fā)生[24]。Tsao等[25]對(duì)64例房顫患者進(jìn)行了觀察,其中對(duì)照組34例,房顫組30例,均應(yīng)用半自動(dòng)跟蹤軸向圖像測量肺靜脈到冠狀竇的ECT體積,得到的結(jié)果是房顫組EAT容積明顯增多[(29.9±12.1)cm3比(20.2±6.5)cm3,P<0.001]。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)組EAT同樣較未復(fù)發(fā)組增多[(35.2±12.5)cm3比(26.8±11.1)cm3,P=0.007]。這與Suárez等[12]通過建立二維數(shù)學(xué)模型測定的結(jié)果是一致的,其可能的機(jī)制是心包脂肪層由于其較弱的電傳導(dǎo)性,嚴(yán)重阻礙了射頻電流,從而降低了心房壁消融的有效性。
2.3 心房組織纖維化 人類研究數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)模型均顯示房顫的發(fā)生和維持與心房組織纖維化密切相關(guān)。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心房組織纖維化同樣也會(huì)影響射頻消融術(shù)的療效。Den Uijl等[26]應(yīng)用二維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)左房纖維化,發(fā)現(xiàn)纖維化程度可有效預(yù)測術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)。2014年發(fā)表于JAMA雜志的一項(xiàng)多中心、前瞻性觀察研究-DECAAF研究[27],應(yīng)用3D延遲強(qiáng)化MRI定量測定心房組織纖維化程度(延遲增強(qiáng)顯像可精確描述心肌瘢痕,同時(shí)對(duì)非缺血性心肌病纖維化及射頻消融造成的瘢痕也有良好的評(píng)估效果),經(jīng)校正年齡、高血壓、充血性心衰、房顫類型、左房容積、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、二尖瓣疾病、糖尿病及參研中心因素后,發(fā)現(xiàn)心房纖維化與射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。纖維化程度每增加1%,術(shù)后總體復(fù)發(fā)率可增加6%。
3.1 炎性標(biāo)志物 1997年Bruins等觀察到冠脈搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫顯著增多。經(jīng)過10多年的研究,人們已經(jīng)確定炎癥與房顫關(guān)系密切。炎癥導(dǎo)致心肌間質(zhì)纖維化及電傳導(dǎo)不均一,從而誘發(fā)心房內(nèi)及心房間的傳導(dǎo)阻滯或折返,導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞間電信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)障礙,進(jìn)而引起膜電位的波動(dòng)觸發(fā)房顫。
與射頻消融術(shù)后晚期復(fù)發(fā)的機(jī)制不同,早期復(fù)發(fā)主要與射頻消融術(shù)后的急性炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到感染或組織損傷時(shí),血漿中部分蛋白質(zhì)含量急劇上升,如C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)。消融時(shí)間過長導(dǎo)致的組織損傷可引起炎癥水平升高,這是機(jī)體對(duì)心房內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激損傷的反應(yīng)。通常消融術(shù)后6~12小時(shí),血漿中CRP濃度即可升高,活化的炎癥細(xì)胞可分泌大量的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子,進(jìn)而又可促進(jìn)CRP的分泌,如此形成瀑布樣放大作用。因此,CRP在房顫發(fā)生與炎癥的關(guān)系中起樞紐作用。Kornej等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP升高與術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),認(rèn)為消融本身導(dǎo)致的損傷引起炎癥反應(yīng)連續(xù)激活。Koyama等[29]給射頻消融治療后的陣發(fā)性房顫患者應(yīng)用小劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組相比,術(shù)后3天內(nèi)使用激素可降低CRP升高的程度,并顯著減少術(shù)后3天內(nèi)房顫的發(fā)生。另有研究顯示,高水平CRP與術(shù)后極晚期(>12個(gè)月)房顫復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)[30]。
中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比率(Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)也是全身炎癥反應(yīng)的標(biāo)志,其數(shù)值越大炎癥水平越高。盡管射頻消融術(shù)僅導(dǎo)致微小的心肌損傷,但是廣泛的消融策略可引起嚴(yán)重的炎癥反應(yīng)。血清炎性標(biāo)志物水平與術(shù)中能量釋放及術(shù)后早期復(fù)發(fā)均有關(guān)[31]。Canpolat等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),冷凍消融術(shù)前NLR水平升高與術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān)。然而在Im等[33]的研究中,僅發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后NLR是射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。盡管對(duì)于術(shù)前與術(shù)后NLR對(duì)房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響存在以上不同觀點(diǎn),但是其中相一致之處在于其均證實(shí)作為炎癥的標(biāo)志物,NLR與房顫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有著不可分割的聯(lián)系。
3.2 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2 已有報(bào)道稱心肌膠原的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)在心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)中起重要作用[34]。Yakuo等[35]通過前瞻性研究觀察到由于MMP-2與傷口愈合和重構(gòu)過程相關(guān),房顫復(fù)發(fā)患者M(jìn)MP-2明顯增高,并推測其可能是房顫患者需進(jìn)一步消融的有效預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Kimura等[36]通過分析消融術(shù)前患者體內(nèi)的多種炎癥因子,隨訪觀察其手術(shù)療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)者血清中TNF-α及MMP-2水平明顯高于未復(fù)發(fā)者。COX多因素回歸分析顯示,TNF-α(>1.2 pg/ml)+MMP-2(>766 ng/ml)可預(yù)測射頻消融術(shù)療效。
3.3 其他 除以上血清學(xué)指標(biāo)外,亦有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),髓過氧化物酶、尿酸水平、甲狀腺激素FT4水平與術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān)。但是目前研究樣本均較小,證據(jù)不足,無法得出確切的結(jié)論,仍需要大量的研究觀察使之進(jìn)一步明確。
目前,人類全基因組的研究已經(jīng)確定,很多常見的基因多態(tài)性與孤立的及典型的房顫的發(fā)生及維持均有關(guān)聯(lián)。Husser等[37]進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),遺傳因素可能影響房顫患者導(dǎo)管消融的預(yù)后。他們的研究顯示,25號(hào)染色體(4q25) 中的房顫易感位點(diǎn)rs2200733和rs10033464是房顫消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。Alexander等[38]提出,可溶性環(huán)氧化物水解酶(sEH)的編碼基因EPHX2的單核苷酸多態(tài)性rs751141也可顯著增加術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。他們對(duì)218名例藥物治療無效、接受射頻消融術(shù)的房顫患者進(jìn)行研究,運(yùn)用Holter監(jiān)測方法分別獲得術(shù)后第 3、12、24 個(gè)月的數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后第 3、12 個(gè)月房顫復(fù)發(fā)率為20%,24個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)率為35%。單變量分析,復(fù)發(fā)組單核苷酸多態(tài)性rs751141明顯增高(12 個(gè)月:OR=3.2,95%CI 1.237~8.276,P=0.016;24 個(gè) 月 :OR=6.076,95%CI 2.244 ~16.451,P<0.0001)。其可能機(jī)制為:sEH的水解底物為環(huán)氧化二十三碳三烯甘油酸(EETs),其由細(xì)胞色素CYP蛋白代謝的花生四烯酸產(chǎn)生,在多種實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭芯行难鼙Wo(hù)的作用[39]。rs751141通過降低sEH表達(dá)使EETs含量增多。射頻消融術(shù)大多是放電損傷心肌組織,以隔離心房與肺靜脈、阻斷異常起搏點(diǎn)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)為目的。由于EETs對(duì)心肌的保護(hù)作用,使心肌組織瘢痕不易形成,術(shù)后肺靜脈重新連接發(fā)生率增高。
綜上所述,房顫經(jīng)導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)是眾多因素共同作用的結(jié)果。依據(jù)個(gè)體差異,有效控制這些因素并進(jìn)行個(gè)體化治療,可進(jìn)一步提高射頻消融手術(shù)成功率,減少術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)。相信隨著對(duì)房顫機(jī)制及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)因素研究的深入,射頻消融術(shù)治療房顫的前景必將會(huì)更好。
[1]張新勇,喻榮輝,龍德勇,等.射頻消融治療對(duì)女性心房顫動(dòng)患者生活質(zhì)量的影響.中國醫(yī)藥,2012,7:1352-1354.
[2]Patel D,Mohanty P,Di Biase L,et al.Outcomes and complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in females.Heart Rhythm,2010,7:167-172.
[3]Zheng XD,Tan HW,Gu J,et al.Efficacy and Safety of Catheter Ablation for Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Women.PACE,2013,36:1236-1244.
[4]Zheng XD,Gu J,Jiang WF,et al.The impact of age on the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.Int J Cardiol,2013,168:2693-2698.
[5]Yokokawa M,Latchamsetty R,Good E,et al.The impact of age on the atrial substrate:insights from patients with a low scar burden undergoing catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation.J Interv Card Electrophysiol,2012,34:287-294.
[6]Santangeli P,Di Biase L,Mohanty P,et al.Catheter ablation of atrial fribrillation in octogenarians:safety and outcomes.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2012,23:687-693.
[7]Jelena K,Gerhard H,Jedrzej K,et al.Comparison of CHADS2,R2CHADS2,and CHA2DS2-VASc Scores for the prediction of rhythm Outcomes after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2014,7:281-287.
[8]Geidel S,Krause K,Boczor S,et al.Ablation surgery in patients with persistent atrial frbrillation:an 8-year clinical experience.J Thorac cardilvasc Surg,2011,141:377-382.
[9]Masateru T,Atsushi T,Taishi K,et al.Long-term follow-up after catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation the Incidence of recurrence and progression of atrial fibrillation.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2014,7:267-273.
[10]Cai L,Yin Y,Ling Z,et al.Predictors of late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Int J Cardiol,2013,164:82-87.
[11]Arya A,Hindricks G,Sommer P,et al.Long-term results and the predictors of outcome of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation using steerable sheath catheter navigation after single procedure in 674 patients.Europace,2010,12:173-180.
[12]Suárez AG, Hornero F, Berjano EJ, et al.Mathematical modeling of epicardial RF ablation of atrial tissue with overlying epicardial fat.Open Biomed Eng J,2010,4:47-55.
[13]Yu SB,Zhao QY,Wu P,et al.Effect of anxiety and depression on the recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2012,Suppl 1:S17-23.
[14]McCabe PJ.Psychological distress in patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation:The state of the science.J Cardiovasc Nurs,2010,25:40-51.
[15]Chao TF,Ambrose K,Tsao HM,et al.Relationship between the CHADS (2)score and risk of very late recurrences after catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm,2012,9:1185-1191.
[16]Letsas KP1,Efremidis M,Giannopoulos G,et al.CHADS2 and CHADS2-VACc scores as pridictors of left atrial ablation outcomes for paroxysmal atrial fribrillation.Europace,2014,16:202-207.
[17]Zhuang J,Wang Y,Tang K,et al.Association between atrial size and atrial fibrillation recurrence after single circumferential pulmonary vein isolation:a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Europace,2012,14:638-645.
[18]Wei W,Ge JB,Zou Y,et al.Anatomical characteristics of pulmonary veins for the prediction of postoperative recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.PLoS One,2014,9:e93817.
[19]Tang RB,Yan XL,Dong JZ,et al.Predictors of recurrence after a repeat ablation procedure for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:role of left atrial enlargement.Europace,2014,16:1569-1574.
[20]Iacobellis G,Bianco AC.Epicardial adipose tissue:emerging physiological,pathophysiological and clinical features.Trends Endocrinol Metab,2011,22:450-457.
[21]Nakagawa H,Scherlag BJ,Patterson E,et al.Pathophysiologic basis of autonomic ganglionated plexus ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm,2009,6:S26-34.
[22]Al CM,Welles CC,Metoyer R,et al.Pericardial fat is independently associated with human atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56:784-788.
[23]Ouwens DM,Sell H,Greulich S,et al.The role of epicardial and perivascularadipose tissue in the pathophysiology ofcardiovascular disease.J Cell Mol Med,2010,14:2223-2234.
[24]Lin Y,Chen Y,Chen J,et al.Adipocytes modulate the electrophysiology of atrial myocytes:implications in obesityinduced atrial fibrillation.Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107:293.
[25]Tsao HM,Hu WC,Wu MH,et al.Quantitative analysis of quantity and distribution of epicardial adipose tissue surrounding the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation and effect of recurrence after ablation.Am J Cardiol,2011,107:1498-1503.
[26]Den Uijl DW,Delgado V,Bertini M,et al.Impact of left atrial fibrosis and left atrial size on the outcome of catheter ablation for atrial fibrallation.Heart,2011,97:1847-1851.
[27]Marrouche NF,Wilber D,Hindricks G,et al.Hindricks,Association of Atrial Tissue Fibrosis Identified by Delayed Enhancement MRI and Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation The DECAAF Study.JAMA,2014,311:498-506.
[28]Kornej J,Reinhardt C,Kosiuk J,et al.Response of highsensitive C-reactive protein to catheterablation ofatrial fibrillation and its relation with rhythm outcome.PLoS One,2012,7:e44165.
[29]Koyama T,Tada H,Sekiguchi Y,et al.Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence with corticosteroids after radiofrequency catheter ablation:a randomized controlled trial.J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56:1463-1472.
[30]Sotomi Y,Inoue K,Ito N,et al.Incidence and risk factors for very late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation.Europace,2013,15:1581-1586.
[31]Richter B,Gwechenberger M,Socas A,et al.Markers of oxidative stress after ablation of atrial fibrillation are associated with inflammation,delivered radiofrequency energy and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation.Clin Res Cardiol,2012,101:217-225.
[32]Canpolat U,Aytemir K,Yorgun H,et al.Role of preablation neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on outcomes of cryoballoon-based atrial fibrillation ablation.Am J Cardiol,2013,112:513-519.
[33]Im SI,Shin SY,Na JO,et al.Usefulness of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in predicting early recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.Int J Cardiol,2013,168:4398-4400.
[34]Richter B,Gwechenberger M,Socas A,et al.Time course of markers of tissue repair after ablation of atrial fibrillation and their relation to leftatrialstructuralchangesand clinical ablation outcome.Int J Cardiol,2011,152:231-236.
[35]Yakuo O,Ichiro W,Toshiko N,et al.Impact of Biomarkers of Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Turnover on the Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation:Importance of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 as a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2011,22:987-993.
[36]Kimura T,Takatsuki S,Inagawa K,et al.Serum inflammation markers pridicting successful initial catheter ablation for atrail fribralltion.Heart Lung Circ,2014,23:636-643.
[37]Husser D,Adams V,Piorkowski C,et al.Chromosome 4q25 variants and atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation.JACC,2010,55:747-753.
[38]Alexander W,Christoph K,Andreas P,et al.Variations in the human soluble epoxide hydrolase gene and recurrence of atrial fibrillation aftercatheterablation.InternationalJournalof Cardiology,2013,168:3647-3651.
[39]Qiu H,Li N,Liu JY,et al.Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors and heart failure.Cardiovasc Ther,2011,29:99-111.
Factors of atrial fribrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation
Atrial fibrillation; Radiofrequency ablation; Recurrence
齊曉勇,Email:hbghxiaoyong_q@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2015.04.003
R541.7
A
1672-5301(2015)04-0298-05
2015-01-22)