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      利用RNA干擾技術(shù)研究長牡蠣TLR2—2基因?qū)yD88—2基因表達(dá)的影響

      2015-01-06 18:14:04李穎翔杜以帥張琳琳李莉張國范
      湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2014年12期
      關(guān)鍵詞:雙殼牡蠣孵育

      李穎翔+杜以帥+張琳琳+李莉+張國范

      摘要:為研究長牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas)免疫基因TLR2-2對MyD88-2基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控作用,將體外合成的dsRNA注射進入成體長牡蠣體內(nèi),72 h后檢測TLR2-2基因和MyD88-2基因的表達(dá)量。結(jié)果表明,成功地對TLR2-2基因和MyD88-2基因進行了干擾,而在TLR2-2基因被干擾后,MyD88-2基因的表達(dá)量顯著下降,但在MyD88基因被干擾的長牡蠣中TLR2-2基因表達(dá)量沒有明顯變化。

      關(guān)鍵詞:RNA干擾;長牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas);TLR2-2基因;MyD88-2基因

      中圖分類號:Q786 ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A ? ? ? ?文章編號:0349-8114(2014)12-2860-04

      Effects of Inhibition of TLR2-2 Gene by RNA Interference on MyD88-2 Gene in Crassostrea gigas

      LI Ying-xiang1,2,DU Yi-shuai1,ZHANG Lin-lin1,LI Li1,ZHANG Guo-fan1

      (1.Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071,Shandong,China;

      2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China)

      Abstract:Double strands RNA synthesized in vitro transcription was injected to adult Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas), to study the interaction between TLR2-2 and its potential downstream MyD88 gene. The expression of TLR2-2 and MyD88-2 analyzed by qPCR reduced 72 h after injection. Moreover, in oysters where expression of TLR2-2 was inhibited by dsRNA, MyD88-2 was also found down-regulated, while the expression level of TLR2-2 in oysters where MyD88-2 was suppressed was not significant different compared with that of control group.

      Key words: RNA interference; Crassostrea gigas; TLR2-2 gene; MyD88-2 gene

      由于技術(shù)手段的限制,經(jīng)典的基因功能研究方法(如誘變)在軟體動物中暫時無法得到應(yīng)用,而RNA干擾技術(shù)則成為了軟體動物基因沉默的反向遺傳學(xué)研究工具[1]。利用雙鏈RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄后的基因沉默也是一種應(yīng)用非常普遍的技術(shù)手段。在細(xì)胞中,dsRNA可以被Dicer酶切割成約21~23 bp的雙鏈RNA片段,即siRNA(small interference RNA),siRNA整合到沉默復(fù)合體(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC),引導(dǎo)復(fù)合體中的酶切割目標(biāo)基因的mRNA,從而達(dá)到使目標(biāo)基因沉默[2-5];在脊椎動物中,dsRNA已經(jīng)被證明可以特異性地抑制目標(biāo)基因的表達(dá);而在軟體動物中,尤其是雙殼貝類,雖然已經(jīng)有研究在日本珍珠貝、櫛孔扇貝等物種中利用dsRNA成功實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)基因沉默[6-8],但整體上,在雙殼貝類中RNA干擾技術(shù)的應(yīng)用還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滯后于脊椎動物。

      Toll-like receptor(TLR)家族參與的信號通路是天然免疫系統(tǒng)中非常重要的通路,其中TLR家族能夠作為模式識別受體(Pattern recognition receptor,PRRs)參與入侵微生物或病原體的識別并激活免疫反應(yīng)。研究表明,MyD88(Myeloid differentiation factor 88)可以通過其TIR結(jié)構(gòu)域參與到該信號通路來闡明TLR信號通路。本研究通過在長牡蠣中對TLR2-2基因和MyD88-2基因進行dsRNA干擾,研究了長牡蠣天然免疫中TLR2-2基因與MyD88-2基因的上下游調(diào)控關(guān)系,為長牡蠣天然免疫的深入研究提供了參考,也為RNA干擾技術(shù)在雙殼貝類的應(yīng)用提供了借鑒。

      1 ? 材料與方法

      1.1 ?材料

      1.1.1 ?試驗材料 ?長牡蠣取自山東省青島市膠南海域,選擇大小一致、健康的個體,試驗前于海水培養(yǎng)箱中暫養(yǎng)1周,每天換水。

      1.1.2 ?主要試劑 ?Trizol購自Invitrogen公司;PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit With gDNA Eraser和SYBR Premix Ex Taq酶購自寶生物工程(大連)有限公司;氨芐青霉素、卡那霉素、LB培養(yǎng)基、膠回收試劑盒和質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒購自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit、Transcript Aid T7 High Yield Transcription Kit購自Fermentas公司,其他試劑購自國藥集團化學(xué)試劑有限公司。endprint

      1.1.3 ?主要儀器 ? 7500 Fast型熒光定量PCR儀(Applied Biosystems公司),高速冷凍離心機、Nanodrop 2000超微量分光光度計(ThermoFisher公司),普通PCR儀(BIOER公司),冰箱、超低溫冰箱、微量可調(diào)移液器、恒溫?fù)u床、高壓鍋、制冰機、水浴鍋和超凈工作臺等。

      1.2 ?方法

      1.2.1 ?引物的設(shè)計 ?PCR所用的引物根據(jù)GenBank中長牡蠣TLR2-2基因(OYG_10012212)和MyD88-2基因(Accession No. KC155822.1)序列設(shè)計,EF-1α(Elongation Factor-1α)基因為內(nèi)參基因,具體序列見表1。

      1.2.2 ?dsRNA的制備 ? 剖取大小一致、健康的長牡蠣鰓組織,以Trizol法提取總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄后得到cDNA。以cDNA為模版,用5′端帶T7啟動子的引物進行擴增,PCR擴增片段連接pMD 19-T載體并轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌DH5α。挑取菌落進行PCR,選取陽性克隆對應(yīng)的剩余菌液擴大培養(yǎng)并測序。根據(jù)測序結(jié)果,提取的質(zhì)粒即為雙鏈RNA體外轉(zhuǎn)錄的模版。體外轉(zhuǎn)錄模版,利用T7體外轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒,按照試劑盒提供步驟進行操作,即可獲取dsRNA。

      將獲得的dsRNA以瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測其純度;用Nanodrop 2 000超微量分光光度計測量濃度和RNA純度;同時用RNase A和DNase I兩種酶檢測產(chǎn)物的質(zhì)量。用RNase A和DNase I進行檢測時,按照試劑說明書,將轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物分別與RNase A以1∶1的比例,與DNase I以1∶4的比例一起在37 ℃孵育30 min,孵育后電泳檢測。

      1.2.3 ?dsRNA的注射及取樣 ? 將體外轉(zhuǎn)錄合成的dsRNA溶解于滅菌的PBS緩沖液中,使其終濃度為1 μg/μL。從暫養(yǎng)1周后的長牡蠣中選取健康個體48只,隨機分為4組,分別標(biāo)記為空白對照組、PBS對照組、TLR干擾組和MyD88干擾組,每組單獨置于一個養(yǎng)殖桶中。TLR干擾組和MyD88干擾組每只分別注射100 μL其對應(yīng)的dsRNA,PBS對照組每只注射100 μL的PBS緩沖液,空白對照組不做處理。注射后72 h進行血細(xì)胞樣品的取樣,提取總RNA,用于檢測目的基因表達(dá)量。

      1.2.4 ?目的基因表達(dá)量的檢測 ? 基因表達(dá)量的檢測通過實時熒光定量PCR進行。以Trizol法提取總RNA,以Nanodrop 2000超微量分光光度計和瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測RNA的濃度和純度。反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,以cDNA為模版,進行實時熒光定量PCR反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)體系為20 μL,PCR擴增程序為95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;95 ℃變性5 s,60 ℃退火30 s,40個循環(huán)。以Elongation Factor-1α(EF-1α)基因為內(nèi)參基因,數(shù)據(jù)分析采用2-ΔΔCt法。

      2 ? 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 ? dsRNA的制備與檢測

      以Nanodrop 2000超微量分光光度計檢測合成的dsRNA的純度,發(fā)現(xiàn)A260 nm/280 nm為1.9,產(chǎn)量為120 μg/個轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)(20 μL)。同時瓊脂糖凝膠進行電泳檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)dsRNA的條帶單一,且片段大小與模版cDNA大小相符(圖1、圖2)。對于合成的dsRNA的檢測,主要采用了RNase A和DNase I兩種酶進行。將轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物與RNase A以1∶1的比例在37 ℃孵育30 min,電泳檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)物完全降解,而將轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物與DNase I以1∶4的比例在37 ℃孵育30 min,則發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)物未被降解(圖3)。檢測結(jié)果說明轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物是RNA,而不是DNA。

      2.2 ?dsRNA干擾的效果檢測

      dsRNA注射72 h后,提取血細(xì)胞檢測目的基因相對表達(dá)量(相對內(nèi)參基因EF-1α的表達(dá)量)。與空白對照組、PBS對照組相比,TLR組(圖4A)和MyD88 組(圖4B)注射的dsRNA均有效地降低了目的基因的相對表達(dá)量,其中TLR組TLR2-2基因表達(dá)量較PBS組下降了76.7%,而MyD88組MyD88-2基因相對表達(dá)量也是較PBS組下降了74.3%,而PBS組與空白對照組中,兩個目的基因的相對表達(dá)量沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。

      2.3 ? TLR2-2基因干擾后對下游MyD88-2基因影響的檢測

      由圖5可以看出,與PBS對照組相比,TLR干擾組中MyD88-2基因的相對表達(dá)量大幅下降;與PBS對照組相比,MyD88干擾組中TLR2-2基因的相對表達(dá)量差異不大。

      3 ?小結(jié)與討論

      RNAi作為反向遺傳學(xué)的工具已經(jīng)成為研究基因功能的有效手段。近年來,這項技術(shù)在無脊椎動物的研究中也開始得到了越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用。但在長牡蠣等雙殼貝類中相關(guān)的技術(shù)較脊椎動物還是非常不成熟的。研究認(rèn)為,dsRNA處理后靶標(biāo)mRNA水平下降70%以上,才可以認(rèn)為干擾有效[15]。雖然也有其他研究質(zhì)疑這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過于苛刻,認(rèn)為mRNA表達(dá)量不必下降到這個水平才可引起足夠的蛋白表達(dá)量變化和表型差異[16],但即使按照70%的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本研究干擾效果也可以被認(rèn)為是有效的。

      目前,對長牡蠣中天然免疫系統(tǒng)的研究還是非常少,貝類和無脊椎動物缺少特異性的免疫反應(yīng)和免疫記憶,所以完全依賴細(xì)胞和體液介導(dǎo)的天然免疫來進行病原防御。本研究初步探究了長牡蠣中TLR2-2基因沉默后對MyD88-2基因的影響,為其調(diào)控關(guān)系的確定提供了研究支持,對于明確TLR和MyD88在天然免疫系統(tǒng)中的作用提供了幫助。

      參考文獻(xiàn):endprint

      [1] ELBASHIR S M, HARBORTH J, LENDECKEL W, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells[J]. Letters to Nature,2001,411:494-498.

      [2] RAND T A, PETERSEN S, DU F, et al. Argonaute2 cleaves the anti-guide strand of siRNA during RISC activation[J]. Cell,2005,123(4):621-629.

      [3] BERNSTEIN E, CAUDY A A, HAMMOND S M, et al. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference[J]. Letters to Nature, 2001,409:363-366.

      [4] HAMMOND S M, BERNSTEIN E, BEACH D, et al. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells [J]. Letters to Nature, 2000,404:293-296.

      [5] HAMMOND S M, BOETTCHER S, CAUDY A A, et al. Argonaute2, a link between genetic and biochemical analyses of RNAi[J].Science,2001, 293:1146-1150.

      [6] SUZUKI M, SARUWATARI K, KOGURE T, et al. An acidic matrix protein, Pif, is a key macromolecule for nacre formation [J]. Science magaizing,2009, 325:1388-1390.

      [7] FANG D, XU G, HU Y, et al. Identification of genes directly involved in shell formation and their functions in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata [J]. PLoS One,2011,6(7):e21860.

      [8] WANG M, YANG J, ZHOU Z, et al. A primitive Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in mollusk Zhikong scallop Chlamys farrer [J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2011, 35(4): 511-520.

      [9] SOPHIE J, RUDI B. A universal role for MyD88 in TLR/IL-1R-mediated signaling [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2002, 27(9): 474-482.

      [10] SUBHRA K B, VINAY T. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent Toll-like receptor pathway: Sustaining inflammation or promoting tolerance[J]. Inte J Biochem Cell Biology, 2007, 39(9): 1582-1592.

      [11] CUI L Y, PENG K. Molecular cloning and expression of MyD88 in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 2009, 26(2): 249-255.

      [12] HIMANSHU K, TARO K, SHIZUO A. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity[J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co, 2009, 388(4): 621-625.

      [13] HUVET A, HERPIN A, DEGREMONT L, et al. The identification of genes from the oyster Crassostrea gigas that are differentially expressed in progeny exhibiting opposed susceptibility to summer mortality[J]. Gene, 2004, 343(1):211-220.

      [14] ESCOUBAS J M, BRIANT L, MONTAGNANI C, et al. Oyster IKK-like protein shares structural and functional properties with its mammalian homologues[J]. FEBS Lett, 1999, 453(3):293-298.

      [15] JIANG Y, LOKER E S, ZHANG S M. In vivo and in vitro knockdown of FREP2 gene expression in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata using RNA interference[J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2006, 30(10):855–866.

      [16] FABIOUX C, CORPOREAU C, QUILLIEN V, et al. In vivo RNA interference in oyster-vasa silencing inhibits germ cell development [J]. FEBS J, 2009, 276(9):2566-2573.endprint

      [1] ELBASHIR S M, HARBORTH J, LENDECKEL W, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells[J]. Letters to Nature,2001,411:494-498.

      [2] RAND T A, PETERSEN S, DU F, et al. Argonaute2 cleaves the anti-guide strand of siRNA during RISC activation[J]. Cell,2005,123(4):621-629.

      [3] BERNSTEIN E, CAUDY A A, HAMMOND S M, et al. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference[J]. Letters to Nature, 2001,409:363-366.

      [4] HAMMOND S M, BERNSTEIN E, BEACH D, et al. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells [J]. Letters to Nature, 2000,404:293-296.

      [5] HAMMOND S M, BOETTCHER S, CAUDY A A, et al. Argonaute2, a link between genetic and biochemical analyses of RNAi[J].Science,2001, 293:1146-1150.

      [6] SUZUKI M, SARUWATARI K, KOGURE T, et al. An acidic matrix protein, Pif, is a key macromolecule for nacre formation [J]. Science magaizing,2009, 325:1388-1390.

      [7] FANG D, XU G, HU Y, et al. Identification of genes directly involved in shell formation and their functions in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata [J]. PLoS One,2011,6(7):e21860.

      [8] WANG M, YANG J, ZHOU Z, et al. A primitive Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in mollusk Zhikong scallop Chlamys farrer [J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2011, 35(4): 511-520.

      [9] SOPHIE J, RUDI B. A universal role for MyD88 in TLR/IL-1R-mediated signaling [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2002, 27(9): 474-482.

      [10] SUBHRA K B, VINAY T. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent Toll-like receptor pathway: Sustaining inflammation or promoting tolerance[J]. Inte J Biochem Cell Biology, 2007, 39(9): 1582-1592.

      [11] CUI L Y, PENG K. Molecular cloning and expression of MyD88 in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 2009, 26(2): 249-255.

      [12] HIMANSHU K, TARO K, SHIZUO A. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity[J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co, 2009, 388(4): 621-625.

      [13] HUVET A, HERPIN A, DEGREMONT L, et al. The identification of genes from the oyster Crassostrea gigas that are differentially expressed in progeny exhibiting opposed susceptibility to summer mortality[J]. Gene, 2004, 343(1):211-220.

      [14] ESCOUBAS J M, BRIANT L, MONTAGNANI C, et al. Oyster IKK-like protein shares structural and functional properties with its mammalian homologues[J]. FEBS Lett, 1999, 453(3):293-298.

      [15] JIANG Y, LOKER E S, ZHANG S M. In vivo and in vitro knockdown of FREP2 gene expression in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata using RNA interference[J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2006, 30(10):855–866.

      [16] FABIOUX C, CORPOREAU C, QUILLIEN V, et al. In vivo RNA interference in oyster-vasa silencing inhibits germ cell development [J]. FEBS J, 2009, 276(9):2566-2573.endprint

      [1] ELBASHIR S M, HARBORTH J, LENDECKEL W, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells[J]. Letters to Nature,2001,411:494-498.

      [2] RAND T A, PETERSEN S, DU F, et al. Argonaute2 cleaves the anti-guide strand of siRNA during RISC activation[J]. Cell,2005,123(4):621-629.

      [3] BERNSTEIN E, CAUDY A A, HAMMOND S M, et al. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference[J]. Letters to Nature, 2001,409:363-366.

      [4] HAMMOND S M, BERNSTEIN E, BEACH D, et al. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells [J]. Letters to Nature, 2000,404:293-296.

      [5] HAMMOND S M, BOETTCHER S, CAUDY A A, et al. Argonaute2, a link between genetic and biochemical analyses of RNAi[J].Science,2001, 293:1146-1150.

      [6] SUZUKI M, SARUWATARI K, KOGURE T, et al. An acidic matrix protein, Pif, is a key macromolecule for nacre formation [J]. Science magaizing,2009, 325:1388-1390.

      [7] FANG D, XU G, HU Y, et al. Identification of genes directly involved in shell formation and their functions in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata [J]. PLoS One,2011,6(7):e21860.

      [8] WANG M, YANG J, ZHOU Z, et al. A primitive Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in mollusk Zhikong scallop Chlamys farrer [J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2011, 35(4): 511-520.

      [9] SOPHIE J, RUDI B. A universal role for MyD88 in TLR/IL-1R-mediated signaling [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2002, 27(9): 474-482.

      [10] SUBHRA K B, VINAY T. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent Toll-like receptor pathway: Sustaining inflammation or promoting tolerance[J]. Inte J Biochem Cell Biology, 2007, 39(9): 1582-1592.

      [11] CUI L Y, PENG K. Molecular cloning and expression of MyD88 in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 2009, 26(2): 249-255.

      [12] HIMANSHU K, TARO K, SHIZUO A. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity[J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co, 2009, 388(4): 621-625.

      [13] HUVET A, HERPIN A, DEGREMONT L, et al. The identification of genes from the oyster Crassostrea gigas that are differentially expressed in progeny exhibiting opposed susceptibility to summer mortality[J]. Gene, 2004, 343(1):211-220.

      [14] ESCOUBAS J M, BRIANT L, MONTAGNANI C, et al. Oyster IKK-like protein shares structural and functional properties with its mammalian homologues[J]. FEBS Lett, 1999, 453(3):293-298.

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