朱海鵬,胡曼云
·診治分析·
老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)分析
朱海鵬,胡曼云
目的 分析老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)。方法 選取如皋市人民醫(yī)院2012年3月—2015年2月收治的老年冠心病患者248例(年齡>60歲),根據(jù)是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組和非糖尿病組,各124例。分析兩組患者基本資料(包括性別、年齡、吸煙史及高血壓、高脂血癥發(fā)生情況)、入院24 h內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果〔包括總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平〕、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果(包括冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)、病變部位、病變程度)。結(jié)果 兩組患者性別、年齡、高血壓發(fā)生率、高脂血癥發(fā)生率、吸煙史陽(yáng)性率及TC、TG、HDL、LDL水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)多于非糖尿病組,左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)、右冠狀動(dòng)脈(RCA)病變發(fā)生率及Gensini積分均高于非糖尿病組(P<0.05);兩組患者左主干(LM)病變發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)較單純冠心病患者多,且病變常累及LAD、LCX及RCA,病變程度更嚴(yán)重。
冠心??;糖尿病,2型;冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病
朱海鵬,胡曼云.老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)分析[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2015,23(10):99-102.[www.syxnf.net]
Zhu HP,Hu MY.Features of coronary lesions of coronary heart disease patients complicated with diabetes[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(10):99-102.
冠心病是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病和冠狀動(dòng)脈功能性改變的統(tǒng)稱(chēng),是臨床常見(jiàn)病和多發(fā)病,且其常發(fā)于老年人群[1]。隨著人們生活質(zhì)量的提高及老齡化社會(huì)進(jìn)程的加劇,老年冠心病發(fā)病率逐年上升,而糖尿病是老年冠心病患者的常見(jiàn)合并癥[2]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病與冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的發(fā)生關(guān)系密切,與非糖尿病患者相比,男性糖尿病患者冠心病發(fā)病率增加1倍,女性增加2倍,且其發(fā)病年齡早、病情進(jìn)展快、女性發(fā)病率高于男性、以無(wú)痛性心肌缺血和心肌梗死較常見(jiàn)[3]。目前公認(rèn)糖尿病是冠心病發(fā)病的重要獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,被認(rèn)為是冠心病的等危癥,且約70%的糖尿病患者死于心血管疾病的各種并發(fā)癥[4]。本研究旨在探討老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn),為進(jìn)一步明確二者之間的關(guān)系提供臨床依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料 選取如皋市人民醫(yī)院2012年3月—2015年2月收治的老年冠心病患者248例,均為首次經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查確診患者,年齡>60歲,根據(jù)是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組和非糖尿病組,各124例。符合美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)(ADA)制定的糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):空腹血糖(FPG)≥7.0 mmol/L;或口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)(OGTT),相當(dāng)于口服75 g無(wú)水葡萄糖后2 h血糖(2 h PG)≥11.1 mmol/L;具有高血糖典型癥狀或存在高血糖危象者,隨機(jī)血糖≥11.1 mmol/L。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心功能不全、肝腎功能不全患者;除冠心病以外的其他心臟病,如擴(kuò)張型心肌病、瓣膜性心臟病等患者;有嚴(yán)重感染、創(chuàng)傷、腫瘤、結(jié)締組織病、血液疾病、電解質(zhì)代謝紊亂、甲狀腺疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺動(dòng)脈栓塞患者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 資料采集 分析兩組患者基本資料(包括性別、年齡、吸煙史及高血壓、高脂血癥發(fā)生情況)、入院24 h內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果〔包括總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平〕。
1.2.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查 采用Judkins法,常規(guī)左冠狀動(dòng)脈投射6個(gè)體位,右冠狀動(dòng)脈投射2個(gè)體位,并根據(jù)個(gè)體病情增加投射體位。以各投射體位中最大狹窄程度作為病變狹窄程度,根據(jù)狹窄率≥50%的左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)、右冠狀動(dòng)脈(RCA)及左主干(LM)累及情況分為單支、雙支(累及LM為雙支病變)及三支病變[6]。冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度評(píng)定:采用Gensini積分系統(tǒng)對(duì)狹窄程度進(jìn)行定量評(píng)分,其中冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄25%記1分、26%~50%記2分、51%~75%記4分、76%~90%記8分、91%~99%記16分、100%記32分;不同狹窄冠狀動(dòng)脈節(jié)段按Gensini評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)乘以相應(yīng)系數(shù),Gensini積分為各分支積分之和。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 比較兩組患者基本資料、入院24 h內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果及冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查結(jié)果(包括冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)、病變部位、病變程度)。
2.1 兩組患者基本資料和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo)比較 兩組患者性別、年齡、高血壓發(fā)生率、高脂血癥發(fā)生率、吸煙史陽(yáng)性率及TC、TG、HDL、LDL水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。
2.2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)比較 糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)多于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(u=5.420,P=0.000,見(jiàn)表2)。
表2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)比較(例)
Table 2 Comparison of number of stenosed coronary vessels between the two groups
組別例數(shù)單支病變兩支病變?nèi)Р∽兲悄虿〗M124323458非糖尿病組124585214
2.3 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變部位比較 糖尿病組患者LAD、LCX及RCA病變發(fā)生率高于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者LM病變發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表3)。
表3 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變部位比較〔n(%)〕
Table 3 Comparison of diseased regions of coronary vessels between the two groups
組別例數(shù)LADLCXRCALM糖尿病組124112(90.3)85(68.5)79(63.7)10(8.1)非糖尿病組124101(81.4)50(40.3)47(37.9)8(6.4)χ2值4.0259.1639.1850.240P值<0.05<0.05<0.05>0.05
注:LAD=左前降支,LCX=左回旋支,RCA=右冠狀動(dòng)脈,LM=左主干
注:TC=總膽固醇,TG=三酰甘油,HDL-C=高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,LDL-C=低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;a為χ2值
2.4 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度比較 糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)為(2.27±0.75)支,Gensini積分為(41.47±4.29)分;非糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)為(1.53±0.62)支,Gensini積分為(27.54±6.15)分。糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)多于非糖尿病組、Gensini積分高于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為12.310、15.190,P<0.05)。
冠心病是因冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化引起管腔狹窄或阻塞、供血供氧不足導(dǎo)致的心臟病變,是心血管疾病的常見(jiàn)死亡原因之一[5]。Ledet首次提出糖尿病心臟病的概念,可單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合表現(xiàn)在心肌、心臟微血管和大血管等部位。與糖尿病有關(guān)的血管病變可分為非特異性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和動(dòng)脈硬化,或特異性的微血管或小動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜增生性改變;前者主要累及大血管、心臟和老年患者的大腦,而后者主要局限于小血管,可能在各年齡段的患者中均可發(fā)現(xiàn)[6]。合并糖尿病的冠心病患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度更嚴(yán)重,病變范圍更廣,多累及冠狀動(dòng)脈三支大血管[7]。本研究結(jié)果提示,老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者與未合并糖尿病患者相比,性別、年齡及TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平間無(wú)差異。臨床一般認(rèn)為,冠心病合并糖尿病患者女性居多,發(fā)病年齡更早,TG、LDL-C水平更高、HDL-C水平更低[8]??赡茉?yàn)楸狙芯繕颖玖枯^小,兩組患者在服用他汀類(lèi)調(diào)脂藥方面無(wú)差別。本研究結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)多于非糖尿病組,尤其是三支病變,與Armstrong等[9]研究結(jié)果一致。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,糖尿病組患者LAD、LCX、RCA病變發(fā)生率及Gensini積分均高于非糖尿病組,但其自身累及部位并無(wú)特異性,三支冠狀動(dòng)脈均可累及;表明糖尿病對(duì)冠心病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈損害程度更廣泛、更嚴(yán)重,可能的解釋是合并糖尿病的老年冠心病患者臨床癥狀常不典型,無(wú)癥狀型心肌缺血較常見(jiàn),冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)較充分,導(dǎo)致患者常延誤就診。
糖尿病患者易合并冠心病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前認(rèn)為可能與以下因素有關(guān):(1)血小板功能、纖溶功能障礙致血液流變學(xué)紊亂:糖尿病患者聚集能力增強(qiáng),存活時(shí)間縮短,血小板在損傷的血管壁處聚集并釋放其內(nèi)容物,如血栓素可增加局部血小板聚集,釋放的丙二醛可修飾局部低密度脂蛋白,增加其被攝取。因此患者有高凝傾向,易于發(fā)生血栓[10]。(2)高血糖對(duì)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的影響:高血糖、高血壓可損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能改變,血小板聚集、黏附增加[11]。(3)糖尿病對(duì)平滑肌細(xì)胞的影響:平滑肌細(xì)胞的移行和增殖受血小板內(nèi)含有的多種生長(zhǎng)因子的影響,它們刺激內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞或成纖維細(xì)胞的復(fù)制,且糖尿病血清生長(zhǎng)因子較胰島素或其他生長(zhǎng)因子有更強(qiáng)的刺激平滑肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和增殖的作用[12]。(4)糖尿病對(duì)血管壁脂質(zhì)沉積的影響:血糖控制不理想的糖尿病患者存在LDL-C及極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(VLDL-C)水平增高,非胰島素依賴(lài)型糖尿病(NIDDM)患者HDL-C水平降低,部分患者載脂蛋白B(ApoB)及載脂蛋白E(ApoE)水平增高,這些增高的脂蛋白通過(guò)損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,穿透內(nèi)皮,沉積于內(nèi)膜下,形成粥樣斑塊,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的形成[13]。(5)高胰島素血癥對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響:高胰島素致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的機(jī)制尚不清楚,不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為NIDDM患者的高胰島素血癥與胰島素抵抗有關(guān),胰島素抵抗常同時(shí)存在糖、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂,可能是NIDDM患者冠心病的易患原因[14]。
綜上所述,老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)較單純冠心病患者多,且病變常累及LAD、LCX及RCA,病變程度更嚴(yán)重。提示臨床應(yīng)重視冠心病患者的血糖管理,以延緩冠狀動(dòng)脈病變進(jìn)展,提高患者生存質(zhì)量和生存時(shí)間。但本研究尚存在一些局限性:(1)本研究未考慮糖尿病病程對(duì)冠心病冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度的影響;(2)樣本量較小、研究對(duì)象選取上存在偏倚、研究方法屬于回顧性研究,導(dǎo)致研究的科學(xué)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性不足。
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(本文編輯:謝武英)
Features of Coronary Lesions of Coronary Heart Disease Patients Complicated with Diabetes
ZHUHai-peng,HUMan-yun.DepartmentofCardiology,People′sHospitalofRugao,Rugao226500,China
Objective To explore the features of coronary lesions of coronary heart disease patients complicated with diabetes.Methods A total of 248 patients with coronary heart disease were selected in the People′s Hospital of Rugao from March 2012 to February 2015,thereinto 124 patients complicated with diabetes were served as A group,other 124 patients did not complicated with diabetes were served as B group.General information(including gender,age,smoking history,incidence of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia),laboratory examination results within 24 hours after admission(including levels of TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C) and coronary angiography results(including number,regions and severity of stenosed coronary vessels)of the two groups were analyzed.Results No statistically significant differences of gender,age,incidence of hypertension or hyperlipidaemia,positive rate of smoking history,level of TC,TG,HDL-C or LDL-C was found between the two groups(P>0.05).The number of stenosed coronary vessels of A group was statistically significantly more than that of B group,incidence of stenosed LAD,LCX,RCA,and Gensini score of A group were statistically significantly higher than that of B group(P<0.05);while no statistically significant differences of incidence of stenosed LM was found between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The number of stenosed coronary vessels of coronary heart disease patients complicated with diabetes is more than that of patients with single coronary heart disease,stenosed LAD,LCX and RCA are common and the severity is more severe.
Coronary disease;Diabetes mellitus,type 2;Coronary artery disease
貴州省衛(wèi)生廳科學(xué)技術(shù)項(xiàng)目(gzwkj2013-1-110)
226500江蘇省如皋市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(朱海鵬);貴陽(yáng)市第四人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科(胡曼云)
R 541.4 R 587.1
B
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.10.027
2015-08-13;
2015-10-08)