2014年高考閱讀理解題選讀——議論文11篇

舒清海

（遼寧D篇）Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees（雇員） and profits of over ? 2 million per year. Hes never late to work. He does not get upset on the job. When one of his employees started crying after a customer screamed at her， Travis took her away. “Your working uniform is your shelter，” he told her. “Nothing anyone says will ever hurt you. You will always be as strong as you want to be.”

Travis picked up that lecture in one of his G&G training courses， an education program that began on his first day and continues throughout an employees occupation. The training has， Travis says， changed his life. G&G has taught him how to live， how to focus， how to get to work on time， and how to master his emotions（情緒）. Most importantly， it taught him willpower.

At the center of that education is an extreme focus on an all-important habit： willpower. Dozens of cases show that willpower is the single most important habit for a persons success.

And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. “Sometimes it looks like people with great self-control arent working hard—but thats because theyve made it automatic，” Angela Duckworth， one of the University of Pennsylvania researchers said. “Their willpower occurs without them having to think about it.”

The company spent millions of dollars developing programs of study to train employees on self-control. Managers wrote workbooks that serve as guides to how to make willpower a habit in workers lives. Those courses are， in part， why G&G has grown from a sleepy company into a large one with more than seventeen thousand stores and profits of more than $10 billion a year.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about Travis？

A. He possesses G&G.

B. He is an encouraging leader.

C. He never gets upset on his job.

D. He is always in time for work.

2. We learn from Paragraph 2 that employees in G&G must ________.

A. learn to give lectures B. attend education programs

C. design a working uniform D. develop a common hobby

3. What does the underlined sentence in Para. 4 imply？

A. They have made willpower into a habit.

B. They were born with willpower.

C. They often think about willpower.

D. They have the best way to strengthen willpower.

4. Willpower will become a habit when employees can .

A. focus on the profits

B. benefit from the job

C. protect themselves well

D. control their feelings well

5. What can we infer from the passage？

A. G&G has grown into a large company.

B. G&G will spend half its profits training employees.

C. G&G may become more successful in the future.

D. G&G has to produce more workbooks for managers.

（福建D篇）Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem， if youre unsatisfied， the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes.

Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities （能力） to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped （淹沒） with things. They eat， wear， go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms， yet their house of life is a hut.

Your house of life ought to be a mansion （豪宅）， a royal palace. Every new taste， every additional interest， every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.

Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them， they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when youre hungry.

Literature， classic literature， is a beautiful， richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person， for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.

Music like Mozarts and Bachs shouldnt be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when youve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk， you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills.

Sports， without which you remain poor， mean a lot in life. No matter who you are， you would be more human， and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days， if you could， and did， play a bit.

Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life， the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.

1. The author intends to tell us that .

A. true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means

B. big houses are peoples most valued possessions

C. big houses can in a sense bring richness of life

D. true happiness comes from spiritual riches

2. The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that .

A. however materially rich， they never seem to be satisfied

B. however materially rich， they remain spiritually poor

C. though their house is big， they prefer a simple life

D. though their house is big， it seems to be a cage

3. According to the author， love would make you a rich person if you gain .

A. art B. literature C. music D. sports

4. It can be learned from the passage that .

A. more money brings more happiness

B. art is needed to make your house beautiful

C. literature can enrich your spiritual life

D. sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness

5. What would be the best title for the passage？

A. House of Life B. Secret of Wealth

C. Rest and Refreshment D. Interest and Enthusiasm

（福建E篇）As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe， few issues cause greater concern than energy policy. Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms； yet they never take “direct action”， even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage. And the generous subsidies （財政補(bǔ)貼）， which encourage the expansion of wind power， are not favorable to the village communities and set landowners in conflict with other residents （居民）.

Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion （比例） to the benefits they bring， because their energy output cannot match that of the carbon-based power stations they are supposed to replace. Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables， nuclear and carbon， and that the country is committed to meeting EU （European Union） targets for non-carbon energy generation.

Against this background， the fact that there is an argument within the Government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary. The two parties in the coalition （聯(lián)合） government are in disagreement over what it should say.

We have some advice for the two parties： publish the report， and let the country be the judge. Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful， it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them. Equally， supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention.

The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an “acceptable” report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way. Given the sensitivities involved， all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions， rather than being left with the suspicion （猜疑） that facts are being replaced by political beliefs.

1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.

A. energy policy catches much attention of the public

B. the residents are in favor of the expansion of wind farms

C. many village communities are satisfied with the subsidies

D. the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents

2. Supporters think that the expansion of wind power .

A. is more rapid than that of carbon-based power

B. guarantees an increase in energy output

C. is expected to be much better than that of nuclear power

D. agrees with EU targets for non-carbon energy generation

3. What does “disagreement” refer to in the third paragraph？

A. Whether to publish a report.

B. Whether to expand wind farms.

C. Whether to dismiss the coalition government.

D. Whether to carry on the energy policy.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that .

A. an official report will settle the energy problem

B. the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farms

C. the two parties have agreed on a further negotiation

D. political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts

5. Which of the following reflects the authors opinion？

A. Increase political impact on energy policy.

B. Release a statement of supporters on wind farms.

C. Let the nation judge the facts about wind power.

D. Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions.

（天津D篇）People arent walking any more—if they can figure out a way to avoid it.

I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasnt in any hurry， either. I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness： motorosis.

It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune （免疫的）， for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time， we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced—and beat—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.

Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart. But a well-known British physician， Sir Adolphe Abrahams， pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercise—the most familiar and natural of all.

It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees， flowers， insects， birds and animals， the significance of seasons， the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car.

The car is a convenient means of transport， but we have made it our way of life. Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more； to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.

I say that the green of forests is the minds best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.

1. What is the national sickness？

A. Walking too much. B. Traveling too much.

C. Driving cars too much. D. Climbing stairs too much.

2. What was life like when the author was young？

A. People usually went around on foot.

B. People often walked 25 miles a day.

C. People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.

D. People considered a ten-hour walk as a hardship.

3. The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that .

A. middle-aged people like getting back to nature

B. walking in nature helps enrich ones mind

C. people need regular exercise to keep fit

D. going on foot prevents heart disease

4. What is compared to “a steel river” in Paragraph 6？

A. A queue of cars. B. A ray of traffic light.

C. A flash of lightning. D. A stream of people.

5. What is the authors intention of writing this passage？

A. To tell people to reflect more on life.

B. To recommend people to give up driving.

C. To advise people to do outdoor activities.

D. To encourage people to return to walking.

（陜西D篇）One afternoon last week， I saw three tearful children from my sons school being comforted by teachers. That morning， my 11-year-old had stomach pains， retching（干嘔） into a bowl. Talking to other mothers later， I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.

What caused so much pain？ Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive independent school， but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind， sports day causes no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport， it is a nightmare. Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents， it can prove a disaster.

Why do we put our children through this annual suffering？ Some may say competition is character building； or its taking part， not winning， thats important； or that it is a tradition of school life. I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.

Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races， wild enthusiasm， lots of shouting — and were fun to watch. More importantly， the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyones eyes. Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.

I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive events. Perhaps an afternoon of team games， with a few races for those who want them， would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.

1. What can we learn about the authors son from Paragraph 1？

A. He talked with some mothers.

B. He comforted his classmates.

C. He had difficulty in sleeping.

D. He suffered from stomachache.

2. The underlined word “nightmare” is closest in meaning to “ ”.

A. bad night B. weight problem

C. terrible experience D. pleasant situation

3. Sports day is still an annual event in this school probably because .

A. this is an independent school

B. it is a tradition of the school

C. it helps children lose weight

D. children enjoy watching sports

4. What does the author think about team games？

A. They should include more stressful races.

B. They are acceptable to different children.

C. They should be abandoned at primary schools.

D. They are less fun for those who love running.

5. What is the authors attitude towards sports day？

A. Critical. B. Neutral. C. Positive. D. Ambiguous.

（北京C篇）Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution（決定） they started 2013 with， a goal of losing weight. However， setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.

To reach our goal of losing weight—the output， we need to control what we eat—the input（輸入）. That is， we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight， try an actionable resolution： “Ill stop having dessert for lunch，” or “Ill walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.

Recently a new science behind incentives（激勵）， including in education， has been discussed. For example， researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases， he gave students incentives based on input， like reading certain books， while in others， the incentives were based on output， like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryers conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam， aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books， on the other hand， is a well-set task over which they have much more control.

As long as you have direct control over your goal， you have a much higher chance of success. And its easier to start again if you fail， because you know exactly what you need to do.

If you want to cut down on your spending， a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café， for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isnt a goal because its too general. Similarly， if you want to spend more time with your family， dont stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to， like a family movie night every Wednesday.

In the long run， these new goals could become a habit.

1. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because .

A. it is hard to achieve for most Americans

B. it is focused too much on the result

C. it is dependent on too many things

D. it is based on actionable decisions

2. The underlined word “outcome” probably means “ ”.

A. target B. result C. weight D. food

3. In Roland Fryers research， some students did better than the others because .

A. they obeyed all the general rules

B. they paid more attention to exams

C. they were motivated by their classmates

D. they were rewarded for reading some books

4. According to the writer， which of the following statements is a good goal？

A. “Ill give up dessert.”

B. “Ill study harder.”

C. “Ill cut down my expenses.”

D. “Ill spend more time with my family.”

5. The writer strongly believes that we should .

A. develop good habits and focus on the outcome

B. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them

C. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits

D. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and out

（湖北E篇）For most city people， the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains， jets， and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator， they point out， there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings， and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense， they argue， the elevators role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact， according to Wilk， the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century， with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally（水平地）， and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical（垂直的） columns.

If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators， it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief， boring， and even awkward experience — one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common， and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that were hanging from a cable in a long passage.

In a new book， Lifted， German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience， studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years， we are still not used to it，” Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture， according to Bernard， sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives.

Today， as the worlds urban population explodes， and cities become more crowded， taller， and more crowded. Americas total number of elevators — 900， 000 at last count， according to Elevator World magazines “2012 Vertical Transportation Industry” — are a force thats becoming more important than ever. And for the people who really， really love them， it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.

1. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to？

A. The general view of elevators.

B. The particular interests of experts.

C. The desire for a remarkable machine.

D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.

2. The authors purpose in mentioning cars is .

A. to contrast their functions with elevators

B. to emphasize the importance of elevators

C. to reveal their secret war against elevators

D. to explain peoples preference for elevators

3. According to Prof. Bernard， what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences？

A. Vertical direction. B. Lack of excitement.

C. Little physical space. D. Uncomfortable conditions.

4. What is Andreas Bernards attitude towards elevators？

A. Objective. B. Ambiguous. C. Positive. D. Negative.

5. The author urges readers to consider .

A. the exact number of elevator lovers

B. the serious future situation of elevators

C. the role of elevators in city development

D. the relationship between cars and elevators

（重慶E篇）Its generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brulée latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.

Its undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions （性情）， but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are， as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem， by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds， why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior？ If our minds were an open book， we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually， we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.

Moreover， we dont just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters that werent there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us， which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didnt. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.

Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make， people become what they do， though it may not be in compliance （符合） with their true desires. Therefore， we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonneguts advice： We are what we pretend to be， so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.

1. According to the passage， personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to .

A. determine ones behavior

B. reflect ones taste

C. influence ones surroundings

D. result from ones habits

2. According to Daryl Bem， conclusions about who you are can be drawn by .

A. your personalities B. your attitudes

C. your appearance D. your behavior

3. Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with？

A. The return of a wallet can indicate ones honesty.

B. A kind person will offer his seat to the old.

C. One recycles plastics to protect the environment.

D. One buys latte out of true love of coffee.

4. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage？

A. We fail to realize our inner dispositions.

B. We can be influenced by outside pressures.

C. Our behavior is the result of our true desires.

D. Our characters can shape our social relationships.

5. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage？

A. Personalities and attitudes.

B. Preferences and habits.

C. Behavior and personalities.

D. Attitudes and preferences.

（新課標(biāo)IC篇）A typical lion tamer （馴獸師） in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip（鞭）and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention， but its mostly for show. In reality， its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face， the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options， the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face， remember this： All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go， something you want to accomplish， someone you want to become... take immediate action. If youre clear about where you want to go， the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.

1. Why does the lion tamer use a chair？

A. To trick the lion. B. To show off his skills.

C. To get ready for a fight. D. To entertain the audience.

2. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair？

A. They feel puzzled over choices.

B. They hold on to the wrong things.

C. They find it hard to make changes.

D. They have to do something for show.

3. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

4. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to .

A. wait for a better chance B. break your old habits

C. make a quick decision D. ask for clear guidance

5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？

A. We often get confused in our life.

B. What we need to do is focus on one thing.

C. If you want to go somewhere， go right now.

D. Dont start doing something until you are ready.

（安微D篇）Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city？ In order to answer this question， we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However， there may be other reasons—for example， economic（經(jīng)濟(jì)的） reasons—why they should be preserved. So， let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed？

In my view， new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed， there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not affect its surroundings too much， it often improves the attractiveness of the area. It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt（破壞） the area they are in， but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative（保守的） and do not like change.

Although we have to respect peoples feelings as fellow users of the buildings， I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves. Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different， even though that might be the more risky choice.

1. What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph？

A. Some of them are not attractive.

B. Most of them are too expensive to preserve.

C. They are more pleasing than modern buildings.

D. They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.

2. Which of the following is true according to the author？

A. We should reproduce the same old buildings.

B. Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.

C. Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.

D. No one understands why people speak against new buildings.

3. By “move things forward” in the last paragraph， the author probably means “________” .

A. destroy old buildings

B. put things in a different place

C. choose new architectural styles

D. respect peoples feelings for historical buildings

4. Why are people against new buildings in historic areas according to the writer？

A. Because they dislike change.

B. Because they like to stay in old buildings.

C. Because they are afraid of new buildings.

D. Because they doubt about the safety of new buildings.

5. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To explain why people dislike change.

B. To warn that we could end up living in caves.

C. To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.

D. To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.

（四川E篇）Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why？ Researchers have found its all down to the hormone oxytocin（荷爾蒙催生素）. Although known as the love hormone， it affects the sexes differently.

“Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan.

Generally， people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions（互動） such as falling in love or giving birth.

But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.

Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships， but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.

Professor Ryans recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.

Half of the participants（參與者） received oxytocin. The other half received placebo（安慰劑）.

After a week，the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.

Following each treatment， they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures， body language and facial expressions.

The results indicated that， after treatment with oxytocin， mens ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved， but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.

Professor Ryan thus concluded： “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise peoples abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors（因素） that are mainly hormonal.”

1. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text？

A. Placebo. B. Oxytocin.

C. The gesture. D. The social status.

2. What can we learn from Professor Ryans previous experiment？

A. Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.

B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.

C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others success.

D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand peoples behavior differences.

3. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment？

A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.

B. To know the differences between friendship and competition.

C. To know peoples different abilities to answer questions.

D. To test peoples understanding of body language.

4. In Professor Ryans recent experiment， the participants should not answer questions with________.

A. gestures B. body language

C. words D. facial expressions

5. The author develops the text by ________.

A. explaining peoples behaviors

B. describing his own experiences

C. distinguishing sexual differences

D. discussing research experiments

答案與解析

（一）全文以G&G公司經(jīng)理Travis為實例向我們闡述了意志力的重要性， 文章也介紹了增強(qiáng)意志力的最佳做法。

1. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段首句Travis is the manager of G&G... 可知， Travis并不是擁有G&G，他只是G&G的經(jīng)理。

2. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段首句可知， 在G&G公司， 雇員是要接受培訓(xùn)、參加教育活動。

3. A推理判斷題。由本段的第一句And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit可推出答案。

4. D推理判斷題。文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句提到增強(qiáng)意志力的最好途徑是使其成為一種習(xí)慣， 接下來便說有自控力的人會怎樣。最后一段說公司花很多錢培養(yǎng)雇員的自控力， 由此不難推斷出， 當(dāng)雇員有自控力、能夠很好地控制自己的情緒時， 意志力就變成了一種習(xí)慣。

5. C推理判斷題。 最后一段說培訓(xùn)課程使得G&G公司不斷強(qiáng)大， 不難推出C項為正確答案。

（二）幸福是什么？ 幸福能用金錢買來嗎？ 作者在本文中把我們的幸福比作房子， 告訴我們要想幸福， 就需在我們的房子里增加藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、音樂、體育等房間。

1. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的第一句Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities（能力）to enjoy life， 以及下文列舉的藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、音樂和體育都是精神上的東西可知， D項符合文意。

2. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)劃線句中的too big， too many， a hut以及下文提到的精神上的東西——藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、音樂以及體育知本句表達(dá)的意思是：不管物質(zhì)多么豐富， 他們依舊精神貧乏， 故B項符合題意。

3. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的Literature， classic literature， is a beautiful， richly furnished room ... To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person可知。

4. C推理判斷題。C 項“文學(xué)可以豐富我們的精神生活”與文章第五段中的... making you a rich person相對應(yīng)。

5. A主旨大意題。根據(jù)文中多次出現(xiàn)的your house of life可知， 本文把我們的人生比作了我們住的房子， 如果我們想幸福的話， 就要多加一些精神上的房間。

（三）政府出臺了一項新的政策要拓展風(fēng)車農(nóng)場， 由此引起了人們的激烈爭論。反對的人說它帶來的破壞與它帶來的利益不成比例；支持的人說它應(yīng)該成為可再生能源的一部分。

1. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的第一句... few issues cause greater concern than energy policy 可知“政府出臺的能源政策引起了公眾極大的關(guān)注”， 因此A項符合文意。

2. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的Supporters insist that wind must... to meeting EU （European Union） targets for non-carbon energy generation 可知， 支持者認(rèn)為“風(fēng)能的拓展應(yīng)該與歐盟的無碳能源生產(chǎn)是一致的”， 故D項是正確的。

3. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由前面一句中的Against this background， the fact that there is an argument within the Government over whether to publish an official report ... 可知。

4. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的最后一句話The two parties in the coalition （聯(lián)合） government are in disagreement over what it should say 可知， 政府中的兩黨派之間就這一能源政策也是有爭議的， 故B項是正確的。

5. C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的... publish the report， and let the country be the judge 可知C項“讓民眾對風(fēng)能作決斷”符合文意。

（四）作者將現(xiàn)代人依賴車的現(xiàn)狀和自己年輕時走很多路的情況進(jìn)行對比， 同時又引用專家的觀點(diǎn)來證明自己的觀點(diǎn)， 以此鼓勵人們要回歸走路。

1. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的最后一句... a national sickness： motorosis， 以及前文的... a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car 可知， 作者提到的全國病就是人們開車太多了， 所以選擇C項。

2. A推理判斷題。文章第三段提到“我”年輕時靠自己的雙腿奔波各處， 一天走25英里路， 但從沒覺得走路是一種痛苦， 可推知作者年輕時人們通常通過步行到處走動， 故選A。

3. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的第一句It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot 可知作者提到Henry Thoreau是為了證明B項（在大自然中走路可以幫助豐富一個人的思想）。

4. A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞組后面的on a concrete road（在混凝土路上）以及while waiting for the traffic light to turn green可知， 畫線部分指的是車流。

5. D主旨意圖題?？v覽全文可知， 作者提到現(xiàn)代人過多地依賴車， 很少自己走路， 而走路使人身體健康， 豐富人的內(nèi)心。同時引用專家的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明自己的觀點(diǎn)， 其目的都是在鼓勵人們回歸走路， 所以選擇D項。

（五）文章作者通過一次孩子運(yùn)動后的表現(xiàn)， 對當(dāng)今的體育活動提出了自己的看法。

1. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第一段第二句That morning， my 11-year-old had stomach pains... 可知答案為D項。

2. D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上句For the children who can fly like the wind， sports day causes no problem可推出。

3. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第三段倒數(shù)第二句中的or that it is a tradition of school life可知答案為B項。

4. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由短文第四段最后兩句More importantly， the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball... Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side 可知， team games 為不同的孩子接受， 所以B項正確。

5. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)短文最后一段第一句I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event 可知， 作者不贊同sports day， 所以應(yīng)選擇A項critical（批判的）。

（六）許多人在制訂目標(biāo)時， 往往過多地關(guān)注“輸出”（結(jié)果）， 而沒有把目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)落實在具體的“輸入”（過程）中。本文通過生活中的一些實例以及研究成果， 對于如何選擇行之有效的目標(biāo)給出了一些指導(dǎo)。

1. B推理判斷題。由第二段中... we tend to care about the output but not to control the input 可知， 之所以說將減肥作為一個目標(biāo)是一個錯誤， 是因為我們過于注重“輸出”， 而并不注重“輸入”， 故B項正確。

2. B詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本句句意可以推出outcome是“結(jié)果”的意思。

3. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input... 可知， 基于“輸入”的激勵能促進(jìn)成就的取得。結(jié)合該段前面部分的he gave students incentives based on input， like reading certain books可知， 在這項研究中， 一部分學(xué)生之所以能表現(xiàn)得比另一部分學(xué)生好， 是因為他們獲得了“輸入”中的激勵。

4. A推理判斷題。Roland Fryer研究發(fā)現(xiàn)， 當(dāng)人們的目標(biāo)籠統(tǒng)時， 實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)是很難的。只有奮斗目標(biāo)具體、明確才更容易實現(xiàn)。四個選項中只有A項“我將不會再吃甜食”最為具體。

5. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。倒數(shù)第二段作者對于“要削減開支可以從自己煮咖啡開始做起”的做法進(jìn)行了肯定， 作者認(rèn)為這是一種well-specified action-based（非常具體的、可行的）目標(biāo)。另外， 根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to... 可以看出， 作者倡導(dǎo)的是能夠形成習(xí)慣的可行的做法， 由此可確定C項正確。

（七）電梯的問世比不上汽車或飛機(jī)帶給人們的激情， 坐電梯時總是感覺枯燥， 但是高樓越來越多， 我們得重新認(rèn)識電梯在城市發(fā)展中的作用。

1. A 詞義猜測題。從語境看， 這里的this指代前面提到的大多數(shù)城市居民對電梯的態(tài)度，因此選A。

2. B推理判斷題。第一段講述大多數(shù)城市居民對電梯沒有多少熱情和興趣， 最后說， 汽車和電梯， 一個讓我們的生活橫向延伸， 一個讓我們的生活縱向延伸， 顯然作者提到汽車的目的是說明電梯的重要性。由no less significant than that of cars（和汽車一樣重要）也可推斷出B項符合題意。

3. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三段Bernard談到人們對電梯的感受， 說150年后， 我們還是不習(xí)慣電梯， 因為這里既狹窄又讓人不悅（the mixture of closeness and displeasure）。C項Little physical space與此處的closeness是一致的， 即“擁擠， 缺少空間”。

4. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第3段的 ... a totally comfortable experience，we are still not used to it以及the mixture of closeness and displeasure可推出Andreas Bernard對電梯持有否定的態(tài)度。

5. C推理判斷題。最后一段作者談到城市人口迅速增長， 城市變得越來越高， 越來越擁擠， 讓我們不可小視電梯的作用，因此選C項。

（八）人的行為方式是由個性和態(tài)度決定的。但是， 社會心理學(xué)家Daryl Bem卻指出， 在很多情況下個人行為是由于外界的壓力。

1. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句話可知， 人們普遍認(rèn)為， 個性和態(tài)度決定了一個人的行為， A項與該句意思一致。

2. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的 ... but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are， as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem， by observing our own behavior可知。

3. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知， Daryl Bem通過觀察人們的行為來推斷得出一個人的本性。本段最后一句也指出， 我們事實上經(jīng)常需要通過行為來判斷我們的本性。由此可知A項與他的觀點(diǎn)一致。

4. B 推理判斷題。畫線句子的上一句意為：我們的行為經(jīng)常是由于我們沒有意識到的周圍的微小壓力造成的。畫線句子意為：我們回收利用垃圾可能是因為如果不這樣做的話， 妻子和鄰居們會不贊成。這正印證了上一句話， 外界的壓力會影響到我們的行為。故B項正確。

5. C主旨大意題。瀏覽全文可知， 本文主要討論了個性與行為之間的關(guān)系：是個性決定行為， 還是通過行為來推斷出一個人的個性。 故C項正確。

（九）作者由馴獸師的椅子引出議論，以此警示我們， 當(dāng)生活中有很多選擇的時候， 不要困惑不前， 我們要做的就是快速抉擇， 采取行動。

1. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next可以得知， 馴獅者用椅子的目的是to trick the lion， 故A項正確。

2. A推理判斷題。題干意為：在哪種意義上人類與面對椅子的獅子是相似的？ 根據(jù)文章第二段的 only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？ 可以推知， 人們也同樣在有很多選擇的時候不知道該怎么辦。

3. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句可以推知， 作者對專家的建議是持懷疑態(tài)度的， 故選doubtful。

4. C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句All you need to do is focus on one thing. 可以推知， 作者建議在面對很多選擇的時候， 我們要做的就是快點(diǎn)作出抉擇。

5. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people可知答案為D。

（十）古建筑保護(hù)與新建筑的建設(shè)是一對矛盾。如何解決這個矛盾？ 作者就此談了自己的看法。

1. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的第三句Not all historical buildings are attractive（并非所有的歷史建筑都有吸引力），可知選A。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段首句It is true that there are examples...some old buildings too可知，選C。

3. C 詞語理解題。move things forward意為“將事物向前推進(jìn)”， 在此語境中指的是什么呢？ 接下來的兩句對此進(jìn)行了闡釋。 由此可知作者不喜歡照抄以前的建筑式樣，故選C。

4. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 由第三段最后一句I think...do not like change可知。

5. D 推理判斷題。作者在第二段提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：In my view， new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style，接下來就此進(jìn)行了論證。故選D。

（十一）本文講述通過科學(xué)試驗證明荷爾蒙催生素能提高人們辨別社會關(guān)系的能力， 而且它對男人和女人的影響是不同的。

1. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段開頭就說到女人友好， 男人更有競爭意識， 原因是the hormone oxytocin （荷爾蒙催生素）， 故排除其他三個選項。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段的 the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy可知。選C。

3. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段的Our experiment proves that...different social interactions可知，選A。

4. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第3段的And their answers should be based on gestures， body language and facial expressions可知，選C。

5. D推理判斷題。本文運(yùn)用實驗及結(jié)果來論證中心思想， experiment貫穿文章始終， 先是previous experiment， 后是recent experiment，故選D。

（作者單位：湖南省長沙市雅禮中學(xué)）

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