貝華鋒+茅國峰
[摘要] 目的 探討本院近三年糞腸球菌臨床分布及耐藥性特征,為臨床用藥提供參考。 方法 選取近三年臨床分離出的糞腸球菌239株,分析其臨床分布特征,并做常規(guī)抗生素敏感性試驗(yàn),用whonet5.4軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果 糞腸球菌大多來源于肝膽外科、泌尿外科的尿液、膽汁和引流液標(biāo)本;對(duì)喹努普汀/達(dá)福普汀耐藥率為100%,對(duì)四環(huán)素和紅霉素耐藥率均為53.14%,呋喃妥因?qū)S腸球菌敏感性較高,為95.82%;糞腸球菌對(duì)替加環(huán)素、替考拉寧和萬古霉素全敏感。結(jié)論 加強(qiáng)藥敏試驗(yàn),定期監(jiān)測(cè)臨床耐藥現(xiàn)象,對(duì)指導(dǎo)臨床用藥具有重要意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糞腸球菌;耐藥性;抗生素;藥敏試驗(yàn)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R446.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)28-0063-03
腸球菌屬為條件致病性菌,可造成人體多種組織器官感染,為人體腸道內(nèi)正常寄生菌群,異味寄生可引起呼吸道、泌尿道及敗血癥等一系列感染病癥。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)腸球菌引起的院內(nèi)感染現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重,且對(duì)常規(guī)藥物耐藥性日益嚴(yán)重,其中最常見的為糞腸球菌[1,2],容易被忽視,為了解本院糞腸球菌感染情況及耐藥率,選取近三年來臨床分離的糞腸球菌為研究對(duì)象,分析其臨床分布及感染情況,同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)其對(duì)各種常見抗生素耐藥率及敏感性,為臨床醫(yī)師選擇抗生素做參考。
1 材料與方法
1.1 標(biāo)本來源
收集中醫(yī)院2010~2013年三年臨床科室分離的239株糞腸球菌,操作規(guī)程按衛(wèi)生部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行。
1.2 分析方法
采用法國全自動(dòng)梅里埃微生物鑒定儀分離鑒定菌株,紙片擴(kuò)散法(K-B法)進(jìn)行藥敏實(shí)驗(yàn),根據(jù)CLSI規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定結(jié)果[3]。
1.3 藥敏紙片
藥敏紙片為喹努普汀/達(dá)福普汀、四環(huán)素、紅霉素、高水平慶大霉素、高水平鏈霉素、氨芐西林、青霉素G、環(huán)丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因、替加環(huán)素、替考拉寧和萬古霉素。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
Whonet5.4軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 標(biāo)本來源
本院分離的239株糞腸球菌主要取自膽汁、尿液及引流液中,占80%以上,其中尿液97例,膽汁86例,見表1。
2.2 科室分布
肝膽外科和泌尿外科分別分離出糞腸球菌108株和63株,占大多數(shù),其余各科室分離菌落數(shù)較少,見表2 。
2.3 藥敏試驗(yàn)
藥敏結(jié)果顯示糞腸球菌對(duì)喹努普汀/達(dá)福普汀耐藥率為100%,對(duì)四環(huán)素和紅霉素耐藥率均為53.14%,呋喃妥因?qū)S腸球菌敏感性較高,為95.82;對(duì)青霉素G、氨芐西林和莫西沙星等敏感性亦較高,為80%左右,糞腸球菌對(duì)替加環(huán)素、替考拉寧和萬古霉素全敏感(表3)。
3 討論
腸球菌存在于人及動(dòng)物腸道內(nèi),屬于正常菌群,最初在腸道及盆腔感染中被發(fā)現(xiàn),在院內(nèi)感染致病菌中僅次于葡萄球菌。腸球菌能夠引起一系列感染病灶,如泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、呼吸系統(tǒng)感染及敗血癥等感染癥狀。其中最重要的代表是糞腸球菌,屬于條件致病菌。近幾年來,由于應(yīng)用侵入性治療,免疫抑制劑的廣泛使用以及不合理應(yīng)用抗菌藥物等若干原因,導(dǎo)致糞腸球菌耐藥現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)峻,應(yīng)受到臨床重視。
本文對(duì)臨床分離出的239株糞腸球菌統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明,糞腸球菌大多數(shù)來自于膽汁、尿液及引流液等標(biāo)本中。據(jù)報(bào)道院內(nèi)尿路感染中大腸桿菌居首,腸球菌以16%的比例位居第二,導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因主要與導(dǎo)尿管的留置、醫(yī)療器械的操作以及異常的尿路結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān),如腎盂腎炎及膀胱炎等,也有少數(shù)為腎周膿腫[4,5]。與廖國林等[6]報(bào)道結(jié)果一致,但與劉媚娜等[7]結(jié)果具有一定差異,這與醫(yī)院的科室結(jié)構(gòu)、床位配置、病種構(gòu)成、標(biāo)本來源等不同有關(guān)。對(duì)于本院而言,肝膽外科和泌尿外科分別分離出糞腸球菌108株和63株,占大多數(shù)。
近年來由于免疫抑制劑和廣譜抗菌藥物使用,出現(xiàn)了耐高濃度氨基糖苷類藥物腸球菌屬(HLAR)[8-10]和耐萬古霉素腸球菌(VRE)[11,12]。氨基糖苷類抗生素對(duì)于細(xì)菌的作用主要是抑制細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)的合成,研究表明,氨基糖苷類抗生素妨礙初始復(fù)合物的合成,通過影響細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)合成全過程,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)菌合成錯(cuò)誤蛋白以及阻抑已合成蛋白的釋放,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌死亡。耐高濃度氨基糖苷類藥物腸球菌屬產(chǎn)生的質(zhì)粒介導(dǎo)的氨基糖苷類修飾酶[如乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AAC)、磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(APH)、核苷轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ANT)]使氨基糖苷類抗菌藥物氨基乙?;?、羥基磷酸化和羥基核苷化,不能再與細(xì)菌核糖體結(jié)合,使得該類細(xì)菌與細(xì)胞壁合成藥物的聯(lián)合用藥的協(xié)同作用消失[13-16]。本院糞腸球菌藥敏結(jié)果顯示糞腸球菌對(duì)喹努普汀/達(dá)福普汀耐藥率為100%,對(duì)四環(huán)素和紅霉素耐藥率均為53.14%。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[17-19]研究表明腸球菌對(duì)青霉素敏感性較差,主要機(jī)制為細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生一種特殊的青霉素結(jié)合蛋白(PBP5),后者與青霉素的親和力減低,從而導(dǎo)致耐藥[20,21],本研究顯示糞腸球菌對(duì)青霉素G敏感性亦較高,提示本院尚未出現(xiàn)較高的青霉素耐藥糞腸球菌,腸球菌屬通常存在于人體腸道和女性生殖道中,而且常常存在于環(huán)境中,這類細(xì)菌可造成感染。萬古霉素常常作為治療腸球菌屬感染的最后有效抗菌藥物,某些情況下,腸球菌屬對(duì)萬古霉素產(chǎn)生耐藥,這類細(xì)菌稱為耐萬古霉素腸球菌(VRE),大多數(shù)的VRE感染通常發(fā)生在醫(yī)院內(nèi)[22,23]。本院糞腸球菌對(duì)氨基糖苷類藥物慶大霉素和鏈霉素耐藥率亦較低,敏感性為萬古霉素100%,尚未出現(xiàn)耐萬古霉素腸球菌(VRE)菌株,表明腸球菌中糞腸球菌耐藥性普遍較屎腸球菌緩和,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[22,23],但臨床必須嚴(yán)格按照實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)的耐藥情況進(jìn)行用藥,防止耐藥現(xiàn)象加重。
從本文糞腸球菌耐藥分析得出,目前我院分離的糞腸球菌耐藥現(xiàn)象控制較好,常用藥物亦具有較強(qiáng)的抗菌作用。臨床上應(yīng)對(duì)產(chǎn)菌株進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)避免經(jīng)驗(yàn)用藥,要通過耐藥性檢測(cè)和藥敏試驗(yàn)為其提供合理選擇抗生素治療的直接依據(jù),以達(dá)到增加治愈率,減少耐藥率的目的,控制耐藥菌株的播散和流行。endprint
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(收稿日期:2014-03-11)endprint
[16] Mendiratta DK,Kaur H,Deotale V,et al. Status of high level aminoglycoside resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in a rural hospital of central India[J]. Indian J Med Microbiol,2008,26(4):369-371.
[17] Cercenado E. Enterococcus:phenotype and genotype resistance and epidemiology in Spain[J]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin,2011,29(5):59-65.
[18] Schwaiger K,Bauer J,Hormansdorfer S,et al. Presence of the resistance genes vanC1 and pbp5 in phenotypically vancomycin and ampicillin susceptible Enterococcus faecalis[J]. Microb Drug Resist,2012,18(4):434-439.
[19] Hanchi H,Hammami R,Kourda R,et al. Bacteriocinogenic properties and in vitro probiotic potential of Enterococci from Tunisian dairy products[J]. Arch Microbiol, 2014,196(5):331-344.
[20] Leimanis S,Hoyez N,Hubert S,et al. PBP5 complementation of a PBP3 deficiency in Enterococcus hirae[J]. J Bacteriol,2006,188(17):6298-6307.
[21] López M,Tenorio C,Del Campo R. Characterization of the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci of different origins[J]. J Chemother,2011,23(2):87-91.
[22] Eerdunbayaer EY,Orabi MA,Aoyama H,et al. Structures of two new flavonoids and effects of licorice phenolics on vancomycin-resistantent Enterococcus species[J]. Mole-cules,2014,19(4):3883-3897.
[23] Jovanovic M,Milosevic B,Dulovic O,et al. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in Serbia:intensive care unit as the source[J]. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung,2013,60(4):433-446.
(收稿日期:2014-03-11)endprint
[16] Mendiratta DK,Kaur H,Deotale V,et al. Status of high level aminoglycoside resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in a rural hospital of central India[J]. Indian J Med Microbiol,2008,26(4):369-371.
[17] Cercenado E. Enterococcus:phenotype and genotype resistance and epidemiology in Spain[J]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin,2011,29(5):59-65.
[18] Schwaiger K,Bauer J,Hormansdorfer S,et al. Presence of the resistance genes vanC1 and pbp5 in phenotypically vancomycin and ampicillin susceptible Enterococcus faecalis[J]. Microb Drug Resist,2012,18(4):434-439.
[19] Hanchi H,Hammami R,Kourda R,et al. Bacteriocinogenic properties and in vitro probiotic potential of Enterococci from Tunisian dairy products[J]. Arch Microbiol, 2014,196(5):331-344.
[20] Leimanis S,Hoyez N,Hubert S,et al. PBP5 complementation of a PBP3 deficiency in Enterococcus hirae[J]. J Bacteriol,2006,188(17):6298-6307.
[21] López M,Tenorio C,Del Campo R. Characterization of the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci of different origins[J]. J Chemother,2011,23(2):87-91.
[22] Eerdunbayaer EY,Orabi MA,Aoyama H,et al. Structures of two new flavonoids and effects of licorice phenolics on vancomycin-resistantent Enterococcus species[J]. Mole-cules,2014,19(4):3883-3897.
[23] Jovanovic M,Milosevic B,Dulovic O,et al. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in Serbia:intensive care unit as the source[J]. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung,2013,60(4):433-446.
(收稿日期:2014-03-11)endprint