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[摘要] 目的 研究FTO基因多態(tài)性與肥胖兒童代謝組分相關(guān)性。方法 選擇年齡6~17歲間的599名兒童,檢測(cè)FTO基因常見(jiàn)的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)基因型,分析與肥胖代謝組分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。 結(jié)果 ①肥胖兒童代謝組分與對(duì)照組有顯著差異;②FTO SNPs的等位基因頻率與基因型分布存在顯著差異。5個(gè)FTO SNP突變型是兒童發(fā)生肥胖的危險(xiǎn)因素;③多變量、Logistic 回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)5個(gè)FTO單核苷酸多態(tài)性均與高收縮壓有關(guān)。rs3751812、rs8050136與 LDL-C、HOMA-IR相關(guān)。 結(jié)論 FTO基因SNPs與兒童肥胖和高血壓有關(guān)。rs3751812 和 rs8050136與胰島素抵抗及血清LDL水平升高有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵字] FTO;基因;肥胖;胰島素抵抗;兒童
[中圖分類號(hào)] R723.14 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)26-0024-04
肥胖已成為主要的公共健康問(wèn)題。在過(guò)去10年里,兒童肥胖在我國(guó)迅速流行,兒童超重和肥胖的發(fā)生率從19.1%增加到32.6%[1,2]。肥胖病因復(fù)雜,目前認(rèn)為基因在肥胖的發(fā)生中起著重要作用,基因與環(huán)境因素相互作用導(dǎo)致肥胖的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。肥胖基因FTO(the fat mass and obesity associated gene, FTO)位于16 q12.2,含有9個(gè)外顯子,在下丘腦高度表達(dá),在控制能量平衡、核酸脫甲基化和人體脂肪調(diào)節(jié)方面有重要作用[3]。研究表明FTO基因單核酸多態(tài)性(SNP)與高BMI及其他代謝相關(guān)組分有關(guān)[4-6]。但是,關(guān)于FTO基因多態(tài)性和肥胖危險(xiǎn)性的Meta分析表明FTO基因可能呈現(xiàn)肥胖相關(guān)易感基因的低外顯率,同時(shí)需要大樣本研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步評(píng)估肥胖和多態(tài)性在各民族中的相關(guān)性。因此,我們對(duì)599名6~17歲兒童青少年FTO基因多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、 rs3751812和rs9939609)進(jìn)行基因分型及與代謝組分相關(guān)研究,從而探索FTO基因多態(tài)性與兒童肥胖及代謝組分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
肥胖組:405例肥胖兒童,其中298例男孩、107例女孩,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,根據(jù)其體重指數(shù)(BMI)超過(guò)同年齡、同性別第95百分值判定為肥胖者[7]。對(duì)照組:194例健康非肥胖兒童,其中男149例,女45例,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,其BMI在同年齡、同性別第25至第75百分值之間。入選對(duì)象來(lái)自于2010~2013年兩家醫(yī)院,本研究獲得研究對(duì)象的父母同意,并獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。
1.2形體測(cè)量學(xué)指標(biāo)及血壓測(cè)量
由經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的專業(yè)人員測(cè)量所有對(duì)象的體重、身高[7]。血壓測(cè)量采用汞柱式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)袖帶血壓計(jì),取坐位至少休息5 min以上測(cè)量右上臂收縮壓(SBP)與舒張壓(DBP),取2次測(cè)定平均值。
1.3生化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)
抽取所有調(diào)查對(duì)象清晨空腹靜脈血,分離血清,測(cè)定血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)。并根據(jù)TC-HDL來(lái)計(jì)算non-HDL。計(jì)算穩(wěn)態(tài)模型胰島素抵抗指數(shù):HOMA-IR=FINS × FPG/22.5。另每人抽取2 mL枸櫞酸鈉抗凝血用axyprep全血基因組DNA提取試劑盒抽提外周血DNA基因,標(biāo)本-80℃條件下保存,用于單核苷酸多樣性基因型分析。
1.4基因分析
我們使用MassARRAY(Sequenom, San Diego, CA)平臺(tái)對(duì)FTO基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)進(jìn)行基因型分型檢測(cè)[8]。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)分析。SNP的Hardy-Weinberg平衡用Fishers精確檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)量變量表現(xiàn)為均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD),組間差異由Student's t-test 分析。分類變量以百分比形式表現(xiàn),使用χ2檢驗(yàn)分析。年齡、性別和BMI等混雜因素通過(guò)多變量分析調(diào)整。Logistic 回歸分析來(lái)計(jì)算FTO SNP基因型肥胖危險(xiǎn)因素OR值及其95%CI。Haploview 4.2 軟件對(duì)人群?jiǎn)伪缎皖l率進(jìn)行評(píng)估與檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組各參數(shù)比較
肥胖組與對(duì)照組間除性別、年齡無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異外,BMI、BMI-Z值、收縮壓、舒張壓、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、空腹血糖和HOMA-IR等指標(biāo)兩組間比較,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
2.2兩組FTO 5個(gè)SNP等位基因及基因型分布頻率比較
分病例組及對(duì)照組FTO SNPs均遵守Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.05)。FTO基因rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609等位基因頻率與基因型肥胖兒童與對(duì)照組兒童比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
2.3 5個(gè)FTO SNP 不同基因型間肥胖相關(guān)代謝組分比較
FTO SNPs基因型與肥胖代謝組分關(guān)聯(lián)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)在調(diào)整年齡、性別和BMI-Z評(píng)分這些混雜因素后,5個(gè)SNP基因突變型攜帶者較野生型攜帶者更易出現(xiàn)收縮壓升高(P<0.05)。rs3751812和rs8050136基因型與LDL-C、HOMA-IR有密切相關(guān)性。
2.4 5個(gè)FTO SNP與肥胖代謝組分(包括DBP、TC、TG、HDL-C、non-HDL-C、FPG)無(wú)相關(guān)性endprint
SNPs基因型與兒童肥胖關(guān)聯(lián)分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)攜帶有FTO基因突變型兒童更易發(fā)生肥胖(rs1421085,OR=1.980,95%CI:1.317~2.916; rs17817449,OR=2.011, 95%CI:1.333~3.034;rs8050136,OR=1.925,95%CI:1.285~2.885;rs3751812,OR=1.911,95%CI:1.275~2.864;rs9939609,OR=1.930,95%CI:1.283~2.904)。
3 討論
隨著生活水平的不斷上升,肥胖兒童的數(shù)量近年來(lái)呈快速增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),由此而引發(fā)的大量與肥胖相關(guān)的代謝性疾病已經(jīng)成為不可忽視的問(wèn)題。為預(yù)防肥胖和代謝性疾病的發(fā)生,早期對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行干預(yù)變得十分必要。對(duì)肥胖兒童進(jìn)行易感基因的檢測(cè)較少受到其他混雜因素的影響,能更加真實(shí)地反映肥胖和基因的關(guān)聯(lián)性。2007年Frayling等在歐洲人群中發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO基因的第一個(gè)內(nèi)含子序列(長(zhǎng)度為47 kb)中以~9939609為代表的10個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNp)可能與肥胖有關(guān)。rs9939609的A等位基因?yàn)轱L(fēng)險(xiǎn)基因,具有該風(fēng)險(xiǎn)基因的純合子人群與無(wú)此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)基因的人群相比,平均體重高出3 kg,患肥胖癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出1.67倍。FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖癥密切相關(guān)[9],該基因分布于下丘腦,參與機(jī)體的飲食調(diào)節(jié),在FTO參與蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)方面,經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO的蛋白空間結(jié)構(gòu)與通過(guò)去除一個(gè)甲基團(tuán)修復(fù)DNA的酶及其相似,F(xiàn)TO基因編碼形成2-氧戊二酸鹽核苷酸去甲基酶,包含與Fe2+以及2-酮戊二酸依賴的加氧酶相同的基序,能夠使DNA去甲基化。FTO SNP rs1421085、rs17817449, rs8050136、rs3751812 及 rs9939609高度連鎖,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)我國(guó)兒童BMI指數(shù)與這5個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性高度相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步支持了該區(qū)域變異可能促進(jìn)肥胖的發(fā)展。FTO基因變異影響B(tài)MI及肥胖代謝組分的機(jī)制尚不明確。據(jù)報(bào)道,攜帶危險(xiǎn)等位基因的個(gè)體更可能選擇高能量食物[10],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FTO基因與兒童及青少年暴飲暴食的生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)[11],F(xiàn)TO基因主要存在于管理能量平衡的下丘腦核群,其rs9939609多態(tài)性通過(guò)影響能量穩(wěn)態(tài)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)肥胖,可引起食欲增加而提高能量攝取,近年來(lái)研究表明,該分子可能系能量平衡調(diào)節(jié)的重要分子開(kāi)關(guān)。此外亦有研究顯示FFO基因的內(nèi)含子可通過(guò)編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),調(diào)控FTO基因的表達(dá),其具體功能尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)FTO SNP的研究主要集中在rs9939609與肥胖的相關(guān)性研究,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其與肥胖相關(guān)[4,12-15],亦有未發(fā)現(xiàn)rs9939609 基因變異與肥胖代謝組分存在聯(lián)系[16,17]。我們的研究證實(shí)FTO 5個(gè)SNP與兒童肥胖相關(guān),攜帶有突變型的兒童更容易發(fā)生肥胖,進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO基因變異者(rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609)更易出現(xiàn)收縮壓升高。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者曾對(duì)3077位中國(guó)兒童(6~18歲,包括619位高血壓病例組和2458位正常血壓對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行基因分析,發(fā)現(xiàn) FTO 基因中rs9939609與高血壓有著顯著聯(lián)系(OR=1.35,95%CI 1.12~1.62,P=0.001)[18]。由此可見(jiàn),肥胖兒童攜有rs9939609突變基因型更易患高血壓。Pausova等提出了FTO危險(xiǎn)等位基因可能通過(guò)交感縮血管緊張效應(yīng)增高血壓,并在485位12~18歲青少年發(fā)現(xiàn)FTO危險(xiǎn)等位基因,進(jìn)一步在198名18~71歲的白種人中得到證實(shí)[19]。高血壓、脂代謝紊亂是兒童肥胖的常見(jiàn)代謝異常并發(fā)癥,亦是兒童代謝綜合征的主要組成成分,而胰島素抵抗是肥胖、高血壓、代謝綜合征的重要病理基礎(chǔ),我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rs3751812和 rs8050136與LDL-C和 HOMA-IR 有顯著關(guān)系,表明FTO 基因多態(tài)性在肥胖兒童高血壓、脂代謝紊亂、胰島素抵抗的發(fā)病中起著一定的調(diào)控作用。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖及代謝組分相關(guān),其中常見(jiàn)的rs1421085、rs17817449、 rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609等5個(gè)突變型SNPs是兒童肥胖及高血壓的危險(xiǎn)因素。FTO基因多態(tài)性(rs3751812和rs8050136)與胰島素抵抗和高LDL水平存在聯(lián)系。今后我們可對(duì)兒童的FTO 基因多態(tài)性進(jìn)行分型檢測(cè),及早發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖及代謝組分異常的易感人群,盡早采取干預(yù)措施,從而預(yù)防肥胖的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
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(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint
[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.
[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.
[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國(guó)兒童青少年形體測(cè)量學(xué)參數(shù)調(diào)查[J]. 中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.
[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.
[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.
[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.
[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.
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(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint