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      液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法同時檢測DNA中3_甲基腺嘌呤和3_乙基腺嘌呤

      2014-09-02 21:25:54田永峰等
      分析化學 2014年8期
      關(guān)鍵詞:鳥嘌呤腺嘌呤乙基

      田永峰等

      摘要利用陽離子交換固相萃取柱(Waters Oasis MCX)富集凈化DNA樣品,建立了液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(LCMS/MS)同時檢測DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤(N3MeA)和3乙基腺嘌呤(N3EtA)的方法。采用氘代3甲基腺嘌呤(d3N3MeA)和氘代3乙基腺嘌呤(d5N3EtA)為內(nèi)標; 進樣量3 μL,分析時間為13 min;親水相互作用色譜柱(Waters XBridge HILIC)進行液相分離,流動相為10 mmol/L甲酸銨乙腈溶液(5∶95, V/V, pH=4.0),流速250 μL/min;質(zhì)譜條件:電噴霧離子源,多反應監(jiān)測正離子掃描方式;電噴霧電壓:5500 V, 霧化氣: 369 Pa, 氣簾氣:185 Pa, 電離溫度: 400 ℃,駐留時間: 40 ms。本方法對N3MeA和N3EtA的檢出限分別為0.043和0.007 μg/L,方法回收率為87.8%~103.0%。采用本方法檢測了卷煙煙氣粒相物暴露的DNA中N3MeA和N3EtA含量。結(jié)果表明,卷煙煙氣粒相物暴露后的小牛胸腺DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤可被本方法定量檢出。1引言

      卷煙煙氣中包含超過5000種化學物質(zhì)\[1,2\],其中包含致突變并可導致DNA發(fā)生烷基化損傷的物質(zhì)\[3\]。這些物質(zhì)可與DNA反應形成烷化類的DNA加合物,已經(jīng)成為多學科的研究熱點\[4~7\]。煙氣中致癌性的烷化試劑與DNA反應的主要位點是鳥嘌呤的N7位和腺嘌呤的N3位,DNA反應后形成7烷化鳥嘌呤和3烷化腺嘌呤\[8,9\]。3烷化腺嘌呤中比較重要的是3甲基腺嘌呤(N3methyladenine,N3MeA)\[10\]、和3乙基腺嘌呤(N3ethyladenine,N3EtA)\[8\],其結(jié)構(gòu)式見圖1。3甲基腺嘌呤在3烷化腺嘌呤中突變性最強,并且具有基因毒性,3乙基腺嘌呤雖然不具有基因毒性,但是在經(jīng)體內(nèi)烷基糖基酶的修復后會在DNA中產(chǎn)生脫嘌呤的位點,這些位點被認為是引起基因突變并導致癌癥的主要因素\[11~16\]。因此,DNA中的3甲基腺嘌呤,3乙基腺嘌呤被認為是卷煙煙氣接觸后DNA發(fā)生烷基化損傷的標志物\[17,18\]。準確測定DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤,可用于評估DNA受到的破壞程度及可能的致癌風險\[19\]。

      [TS(]圖13甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤結(jié)構(gòu)式

      Fig.1Structures of N3methyladenine (N3MeA) and N3ethyladenine (N3EtA) [HT5][TS)]

      目前,DNA中3烷化腺嘌呤的檢測方法有氣相色譜質(zhì)譜法(GCMS)\[8\],該方法前處理比較繁瑣,需要化學衍生化,并且靈敏度低和專一性不強;酶聯(lián)免疫法(ELISA)解決了3烷化腺嘌呤檢測中的專一性問題,但是操作過程繁瑣,結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性較差\[20\]。液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜技術(shù)因其具有靈敏度高、選擇性好、操作簡便、分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)定可靠的特點,成為DNA加合物研究中的理想方法\[21,22\]。Hu 等首次報導了一種在線固相萃取結(jié)合液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜同時分析DNA中7甲基鳥嘌呤、3甲基腺嘌呤和O6甲基鳥嘌呤的方法\[23\],該方法檢測7甲基鳥嘌呤、3甲基腺嘌呤和O6甲基鳥嘌呤的運行時間為12min。目前,同時檢測DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤的液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜方法還未見報道。

      本實驗建立了一種同時測定DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤的液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜方法。本方法靈敏度高,穩(wěn)定性好。利用本方法研究了卷煙煙氣粒相物暴露后,DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤的含量。本方法可用于臨床上評估烷基化試劑暴露后DNA的損傷程度。

      2實驗部分

      2.1儀器、試劑與材料

      1200快速液相色譜儀(美國安捷倫公司)配備G1367D自動進樣器、G1312B二元溶劑泵、G1316B柱溫箱; API 5500 三重四級桿串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀(美國加州應用生物系統(tǒng)公司),配備電噴霧電離源(ESI); 數(shù)據(jù)采集與處理在Analyst 1.5.1軟件上實現(xiàn)。RH20吸煙機(德國伯格瓦特公司)。

      氘代3甲基腺嘌呤(d3N3MeA)、氘代3乙基腺嘌呤(d5N3EtA)、3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤(純度≥98%,加拿大Toronto Research Chemical公司); 甲醇、乙腈、氨水、乙酸乙酯和甲酸銨(美國TEDIA有限公司),DMSO(上海安普公司),所有的試劑均為色譜純,實驗中所用的水為超純水。OASIS MCX 6cc固相萃取小柱(500 mg,6 mL,Waters公司)。3R4F標準參比卷煙購自美國肯塔基大學。

      2.2.3標準工作溶液的配制分別準確稱10 mg的3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤、氘代3甲基腺嘌呤和氘代3乙基腺嘌呤固體于5個10 mL容量瓶中,用乙腈定容,分別得到1 g/L的3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤、氘代3甲基腺嘌呤和氘代3乙基腺嘌呤儲備液。然后用儲備液稀釋配制不同濃度的標準溶液和工作溶液。

      3結(jié)果和討論

      3.1質(zhì)譜條件的選擇

      用蠕動泵以10 μL/min的流速連續(xù)注射,分別將50 μg/L的3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤、氘代3甲基腺嘌呤和氘代3乙基腺嘌呤標準溶液注入ESI離子源中,在正離子模式下進行一級質(zhì)譜掃描,得到相應的準分子離子峰\[M+H\]+,然后對準分子離子峰進行子離子掃描,得到碎片離子信息。選取豐度較強、干擾較小的作為定量離子對。為了達到更高的靈敏度,對碰撞能量、去簇電壓等參數(shù)進行了優(yōu)化。在多反應監(jiān)測掃描模式下,3甲基腺嘌呤優(yōu)化結(jié)果為定量離子對m/z 150/123,定性離子對為m/z 150/108,內(nèi)標離子對為m/z 153/126; 3乙基腺嘌呤優(yōu)化結(jié)果為:定量離子對m/z 164/136,定性離子對為m/z 164/119,內(nèi)標離子對為m/z 168/137。

      3.3方法學考察

      分別吸取0.1,0.2,0.5,1,2,5和10 μg/L 的3乙基腺嘌呤,1,2,5,10,20和40 μg/L的3甲基腺嘌呤標準溶液各3 μL,注入LCMS/MS系統(tǒng)進行分離分析。3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤的線性回歸方程分別為y=0.25x+0.0238和y=0.0145x-0.00135 (y為峰面積,x為濃度),線性良好,相關(guān)系數(shù)r均大于 0.999。利用加標稀釋得到方法的檢出限,3倍信噪比對應的濃度為檢出限,3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤的檢出限分別為0.043 和0.007 μg/L。采用樣本加標的方法獲得方法回收率,總共選取了3個添加水平,每個添加水平重復測定4次,得到方法的回收率和重復性,結(jié)果見表1。3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤的回收率分別為88.0%~102.3%和98.0%~102.0%,方法精密度小于10%,證明方法的準確性和重復性結(jié)果較好。

      3.4方法應用

      使用本方法對卷煙煙氣暴露的DNA中3甲基腺嘌呤和3乙基腺嘌呤進行分析,結(jié)果表明,3甲基腺嘌呤含量為1.17~3.78μg/L, 未檢出3乙基腺嘌呤。 由此可見,本方法對DNA樣本檢測靈敏度高,選擇性好,適用于卷煙煙氣暴露的DNA烷基化損傷研究以及環(huán)境中烷基化試劑對DNA暴露后的3甲基腺嘌呤、3乙基腺嘌呤的生物監(jiān)測。

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      20Pan J, Awoyemi B, Xuan Z, Vohra P, Wang H T, Dyba M, Greenspan E, Fu Y, Creswell K, Zhang L, Berry D, Tang M S, Chung F L. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(12): 2788-2795

      21Feng S, Roethig H J, Liang Q, Kinser R, Jin Y, Scherer G, Urban M, Engl J, Riedel K . Biomarkers., 2006, 11(1): 28-52

      22Hu C W, Chao R M. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(11): 2386-2392

      23Hu C W, Chen C M, Ho H H, Chao M R. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2012, 402(3): 1199-1208

      24Chen H, Lin C, Jiang X Y, Pang Y Q, Tang G L, Hou H W, Jiang J H, Hu Q Y. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(3): 612-618

      AbstractA liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of N3methyladenine (N3MeA) and N3ethyladenine (N3EtA) in calf thymus DNA. The DNA samples has been purified and enriched by cation exchange cartridge (Waters Oasis MCX). d3N3MeA and d5N3EtA were used as isotope internal standard. The DNA samples were injected with autosampler. The injected volume was 3 μL and analysis time was 13 min. The sample separation was carried out on hydrophilic interaction chromatograph (Waters XBridge HILIC) with 10 mmol/L ammonium formateacetonitrile (5∶92, V/V, pH=4.0) as mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 250 μL/min. Mass spectrometry was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) with multireactions monitoring (MRM). The optimized operation conditions of MS were as follows: nebulizer gas 369 Pa; curtain gas 185 Pa, turbo ionspray temperature 400 ℃, ionspray voltage 5500 V, dwell time 40 ms. The limits of detection were 0.043 and 0.007 μg/L for N3MeA and N3EtA, respectively. The recoveries were between 87.8% and 103.0% for N3MeA and N3EtA. This method was successfully applied to the determination of N3MeA and N3EtA in calf thymus DNA by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) exposure. This method is appropriate for routine analysis and accurate quantification of N3MeA and N3EtA by CSC exposure.

      KeywordsN3Methyladenine; N3Ethyladenine; Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Deoxyribonucleic acid

      24Chen H, Lin C, Jiang X Y, Pang Y Q, Tang G L, Hou H W, Jiang J H, Hu Q Y. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(3): 612-618

      AbstractA liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of N3methyladenine (N3MeA) and N3ethyladenine (N3EtA) in calf thymus DNA. The DNA samples has been purified and enriched by cation exchange cartridge (Waters Oasis MCX). d3N3MeA and d5N3EtA were used as isotope internal standard. The DNA samples were injected with autosampler. The injected volume was 3 μL and analysis time was 13 min. The sample separation was carried out on hydrophilic interaction chromatograph (Waters XBridge HILIC) with 10 mmol/L ammonium formateacetonitrile (5∶92, V/V, pH=4.0) as mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 250 μL/min. Mass spectrometry was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) with multireactions monitoring (MRM). The optimized operation conditions of MS were as follows: nebulizer gas 369 Pa; curtain gas 185 Pa, turbo ionspray temperature 400 ℃, ionspray voltage 5500 V, dwell time 40 ms. The limits of detection were 0.043 and 0.007 μg/L for N3MeA and N3EtA, respectively. The recoveries were between 87.8% and 103.0% for N3MeA and N3EtA. This method was successfully applied to the determination of N3MeA and N3EtA in calf thymus DNA by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) exposure. This method is appropriate for routine analysis and accurate quantification of N3MeA and N3EtA by CSC exposure.

      KeywordsN3Methyladenine; N3Ethyladenine; Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Deoxyribonucleic acid

      24Chen H, Lin C, Jiang X Y, Pang Y Q, Tang G L, Hou H W, Jiang J H, Hu Q Y. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(3): 612-618

      AbstractA liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of N3methyladenine (N3MeA) and N3ethyladenine (N3EtA) in calf thymus DNA. The DNA samples has been purified and enriched by cation exchange cartridge (Waters Oasis MCX). d3N3MeA and d5N3EtA were used as isotope internal standard. The DNA samples were injected with autosampler. The injected volume was 3 μL and analysis time was 13 min. The sample separation was carried out on hydrophilic interaction chromatograph (Waters XBridge HILIC) with 10 mmol/L ammonium formateacetonitrile (5∶92, V/V, pH=4.0) as mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 250 μL/min. Mass spectrometry was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) with multireactions monitoring (MRM). The optimized operation conditions of MS were as follows: nebulizer gas 369 Pa; curtain gas 185 Pa, turbo ionspray temperature 400 ℃, ionspray voltage 5500 V, dwell time 40 ms. The limits of detection were 0.043 and 0.007 μg/L for N3MeA and N3EtA, respectively. The recoveries were between 87.8% and 103.0% for N3MeA and N3EtA. This method was successfully applied to the determination of N3MeA and N3EtA in calf thymus DNA by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) exposure. This method is appropriate for routine analysis and accurate quantification of N3MeA and N3EtA by CSC exposure.

      KeywordsN3Methyladenine; N3Ethyladenine; Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry; Deoxyribonucleic acid

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