曹曉正,楊小紅,曹建國(guó),向紅琳
(湖南師范大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥物工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖南長(zhǎng)沙 410013)
宮頸癌是婦科最常見的癌癥之一,全球每年新發(fā)宮頸癌病例約為50萬,僅次于乳腺癌[1]。中國(guó)每年約有13.5萬宮頸癌新發(fā)病例,死亡率位居中國(guó)女性癌癥的第2位[2]。宮頸癌對(duì)化療的敏感性差,其主要原因是宮頸癌干細(xì)胞對(duì)現(xiàn)有化療藥物具有耐受性[3-4]。上皮 -間葉樣表型轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是腫瘤干細(xì)胞的本質(zhì)特性之一[5]。本文以源自人宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞系球形成細(xì)胞(sphere forming cells,SFCs)為實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,觀察新白楊素合成類似物8-溴-7-甲氧基白楊素(8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin,BrMC)能否逆轉(zhuǎn)SFCs的 EMT及其作用分子機(jī)制是否涉及調(diào)控EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist1蛋白表達(dá)。
1.1 藥品和試劑 BrMC根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[6]合成,經(jīng)高效液相色譜法測(cè)定純度為0.995。鼠抗人E-cadherin、N-cadherin和Twist1單克隆抗體為美國(guó)Cell Signaling公司產(chǎn)品;鼠抗人β-actin單克隆抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞系與成球培養(yǎng) 人宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞系購(gòu)自上海中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(中國(guó)上海市)。參照文獻(xiàn)[6]的方法進(jìn)行常規(guī)單層貼壁細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)培養(yǎng)和干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基懸浮培養(yǎng)。
1.3 EMT形態(tài)學(xué)分析 分別取SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs和親本細(xì)胞,用含10% 胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為1×109·L-1,接種于普通6孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板,每孔2 ml。培養(yǎng)24 h,細(xì)胞貼壁后,倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài),并照相。然后,更換SFCs的培養(yǎng)基為含1.0μmol·L-1BrMC的 DMEM培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)72 h。倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài),并照相。
1.4 W estern blot分析 參照文獻(xiàn)[7]的方法獲得細(xì)胞總提取物。細(xì)胞裂解液經(jīng)13 200×g、4℃條件下離心5 min。Bradford試驗(yàn)(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)測(cè)定蛋白質(zhì)含量。以10%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離蛋白質(zhì),并轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜。該膜首先在PBST中以脫脂牛奶5%(W/V)進(jìn)行封閉,為了進(jìn)行探針檢測(cè),隨后以標(biāo)示的一抗孵育,輕微震動(dòng)下,4℃條件下過夜。沖洗膜4次后,以適當(dāng)?shù)倪^氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗孵育上述PVDF膜1 h。以增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒(Amersham Biosciences)對(duì)信號(hào)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)錄入Spss15.0 for windows evaluation軟件(SPSS Inc,Chicago,IL),建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,各組實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均用表示,用One Way ANOVA方式行方差分析。首先進(jìn)行方差齊性檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)方差齊性時(shí),各組均數(shù)間的兩兩比較用LSD法,如果方差不齊,對(duì)照組均數(shù)與實(shí)驗(yàn)組均數(shù)間的比較用Dunnett法。
2.1 宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的制備 以干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基,在超低黏附6孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中懸浮培養(yǎng)6 d,細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)典型非黏附三維球樣生長(zhǎng)(Fig 1)。有研究證實(shí)[8],SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs具有宮頸癌干細(xì)胞特性。因此我們將干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基懸浮培養(yǎng)得到的SFCs作為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的模型。
Fig 1 Sphere culture of human cervical cancer SiHa cell linePC:SiHa cell line cells were cultured under adherent conditions(200×);SFC:The cells were suspended in stem cell condition media and sphereswere formed at6th day(200×).
2.2 BrMC促進(jìn)SFCs的間葉樣細(xì)胞形態(tài)向上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)過渡 SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs在含10% 胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中貼壁生長(zhǎng),呈現(xiàn)梭形細(xì)胞即間葉樣細(xì)胞形態(tài)(Fig 2);而親本細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng)時(shí),表現(xiàn)為多邊形細(xì)胞即上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)(Fig 2);1.0 μmol·L-1BrMC處理的SFCs貼壁生長(zhǎng)呈現(xiàn)出向多邊形細(xì)胞即上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)過渡趨勢(shì)(Fig 2)。這提示:SiHa細(xì)胞系 SFCs具有間葉樣細(xì)胞形態(tài),而BrMC能抑制SFCs的EMT。
2.3 BrMC調(diào)控SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs中E-cadherin和N-cadherin蛋白表達(dá) SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs低表達(dá)上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin和高表達(dá)間葉樣細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物 N-cadherin(Fig 3A);BrMC(0.1和 1.0 μmol·L-1)處理 24 h,導(dǎo)致 SFCs中 E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào)和N-cadherin下調(diào)(Fig 3B)。進(jìn)一步說明:BrMC能有效抑制SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的EMT。
Fig 2 Effect of BrMC on mesenchymal phenotype of SFCs of SiHa cell linePC:Parental cells from SiHa cell line were cultured undermonolayer adherent culture(200×);SFC:the second passaged SFCs of SiHa cell linewere cultured undermonolayer adherent culture(200×);The SFCs of SiHa cell line treated with 0.1μmol·L-1 of BrMC for72 h were cultured undermonolayer adherent culture(200×).
2.4 BrMC下調(diào)SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的Twsit1蛋白表達(dá) Westernblot分析結(jié)果顯示:BrMC(0.1和1.0μmol·L-1)處理 SiHa細(xì)胞系 SFCs中 Twist1蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)(Fig 4)。結(jié)果證明:BrMC具有下調(diào)Si-Ha細(xì)胞系SFCs中Twist1蛋白表達(dá)作用。
新近的研究表明,SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs具有體外自我更新和體內(nèi)高致瘤性[8]。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí),Si-Ha細(xì)胞系SFCs具有間葉樣細(xì)胞形態(tài)特征,并低表達(dá)上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin蛋白和高表達(dá)間葉樣細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物N-cadherin蛋白;從而進(jìn)一步證明SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs有宮頸癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞特性。
白楊素(chrysin,ChR)是一種廣泛存在于多種植物中的黃酮類化合物[9];并被證實(shí)明顯抑制多種腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。我們通過化學(xué)修飾ChR得到的新ChR類似物BrMC具有較ChR更強(qiáng)的抗腫瘤活性[10-12]。我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BrMC優(yōu)先抑制Huh-7細(xì)胞系SFCs的增殖活性[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,BrMC能有效逆轉(zhuǎn)SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的EMT,這提示BrMC可能是一種靶向抑制腫瘤干細(xì)胞功能和特性的候選藥物。
已有研究提示,過表達(dá)Twsit1基因促成SFCs的EMT[7,14]。在本文中,Western blot分析證實(shí),BrMC有效地下調(diào)SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的Twist1蛋白表達(dá),呈劑量依賴性。因此,我們可以得出如下結(jié)論:BrMC具有逆轉(zhuǎn)SiHa細(xì)胞系SFCs的EMT作用;其作用機(jī)制與其下調(diào)EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twsit1蛋白表達(dá)相關(guān)。
Fig 3 Comparison of EMT Biomarker expression between SFCs and parental cells of SiHa cell lineA:The comparison of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in SFCs(sphere-forming cells of SiHa cell line)and PC(parental cells)was analyzed by western blotting.β-actin was used as the loading control.Data are presented as themean±S.D.of three independent experiments.*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs PC;B:The protein expressions of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in SFCs of SiHa cell line treated with the indicated concentration of BrMC for 24 h were determined by western blotting.β-actin was used as the loading control.Data are presented as themean±S.D.of three independent experiments.*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs untreated SFCs.#P<0.05 vs SFCs treated with 0.1μmol·L-1 BrMC.
Fig 4 BrMC down-regulates the protein expression of Twist1 in SFCs of SiHa cell lineWestern blotanalysiswas performed to determine the effects of BrMC on the protein expression of Twist1 in SFCs of SiHa cell line using antibodies against Twist1.β-actin was used as the loading control.Data are presented as themean±S.D.of three independent experiments.**P<0.01 vs untreated SFCs;#P<0.05 vs SFCs treated with 0.1μmol·L-1 BrMC.
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] Clifford GM,Smith JS,Plummer M,etal.Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide:a meta-analysis[J].Br JCancer,2003,88:63-73.
[2] 黃謨婉,馬 英.宮頸癌研究新進(jìn)展[J].重慶醫(yī)學(xué),2006,359(23):2185-7.
[2] Huang MW,Ma Y.New research progress of cervical cancer[J].Chongqing Med,2006,359(23):2185-7.
[3] Liu Y Y,Gupta V,Patwardhan G A,et al.Glucosylceramide synthase upregulates MDR1 expression in the regulation of cancer drug resistance through cSrc and beta-catenin signaling[J].Mol Cancer,2010,9:145.
[4] 趙小琴,符立梧.腫瘤干細(xì)胞耐藥機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2012,28(12):1637-42.
[4] Zhao X Q,F(xiàn)u LW.Research progress in mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer stem cells[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2012,28(12):1637-42.
[5] Lim S,Becker A,Zimmer A,et al.SNAI1-mediated epithelialmesenchymal transition confers chemoresistance and cellular plas-ticity by regulating genes involved in cell death and stem cellmaintenance[J].PLoSOne,2013,8(6):e66558.
[6] Zheng X,Meng W D,Xu Y Y,et al.Synthesis and anticancer effect of chrysin derivatives[J].Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2003,13(5):881-4.
[7] Ren K Q,Cao X Z,Liu Z H,et al.8-bromo-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychrysin targeting for inhibition of the propertiesof liver cancer stem cells by modulation of Twist signaling[J].Int J Oncol,2013,43(5):1719-29.
[8] López J,Poitevin A,Mendoza-Martínez V,etal.Cancer-initiating cells derived from established cervical cell lines exhibit stem-cell markers and increased radioresistance[J].BMC Cancer,2012,12:48.
[9] Khoo B Y,Chua S L,Balaram P.Apoptotic effects of chrysin in human cancer cell lines[J].Int JMol Sci,2010,11(5):2188-99.
[10]Yang X H,Zheng X,Cao JG,et al.8-Bromo-7-methoxychrysininduced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells involves ROS and JNK[J].World JGastroenterol,2010,16(27):3385-93.
[11]李 凌,陽 云,向紅琳,曹建國(guó).8-溴-7-甲氧基白楊素誘導(dǎo)白血病Jurkat細(xì)胞凋亡[J].湖南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2010,7(4):10-21.
[11]Li L,Yang Y,Xiang H L,Cao JG.Induction of Apoptosis by 8-bromo-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychrysin in Acute T Lymphocyte Leukemia Jurkat Cell Line[J].J Hunan Normal Univ(Med Sci),2010,7(4):10-21.
[12]向紅琳,鄭 興,曹建國(guó).8-溴-7-甲氧基白楊素誘導(dǎo)人胃癌(C SGC-7901)細(xì)胞凋亡[J].中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2008,24(10):1370-3.
[12]Xiang H L,Zheng X,Cao JG.Induction of apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cell line by 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2008,24(10):1370-3.
[13]周 蓓,肖立紅,肖 蕎,等.8-溴-7-甲氧基白楊素對(duì)Huh-7細(xì)胞系肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞自我更新的影響[J].湖南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2013,3(1):10-4.
[13]Zhou B,Xiao L H,Xiao Q,et al.Effects of8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin on self-renewal of liver cancer stem cell like cells from human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh-7 cell line[J].J Hunan Normal Univ(Med Sci),2013,3(1):10-4.
[14] Li J,Zhou B P.Activation ofβ-catenin and Akt pathways by Twist are critical for the maintenance of EMT associated cancer stem cell-like characters[J].BMC Cancer,2011,11:49.