張森森,朱振新,吳洪坤,周 琳,仲人前*
高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇缺血小腸對小腸免疫屏障和系統(tǒng)炎性反應(yīng)綜合征的影響
張森森1,朱振新2,吳洪坤1,周 琳1,仲人前1*
(1.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長征醫(yī)院實驗診斷科,上海200003;2.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長征醫(yī)院胃腸外科,上海200003)
目的 本研究擬證實利用高滲鹽水進行液體復(fù)蘇可保護缺血-再灌注過程中的腸道黏膜屏障功能,并減輕該過程中機體系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(SIRS),從而為臨床大出血、嚴重感染、大面積燒傷后腸功能障礙患者液體復(fù)蘇方案的選擇提供新的策略方法和理論依據(jù).方法 ①選用清潔級雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,體重250g-300g,通過腸系膜上動脈夾閉法建立大鼠小腸缺血-再灌注損傷模型。②選用清潔級雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,隨機分為假手術(shù)組(Sham組),缺血-再灌注損傷組(IR組)和高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇組(HS組)。IR組夾閉腸系膜上動脈1h后開放并經(jīng)尾靜脈輸入0.9%氯化鈉溶液;HS組夾閉腸系膜上動脈1h后開放并經(jīng)尾靜脈輸入7.5%氯化鈉溶液;Sham組操作方法同IR組,但不進行腸系膜上動脈夾閉。再灌注6h后取標本。③免疫組化檢測小腸粘膜內(nèi)淋巴細胞(intraepithelial lymphocyte,IEL)和固有層淋巴細胞(lamina propria lymphocytes,LPL)中T細胞亞群改變;流式細胞術(shù)檢測大鼠外周血T細胞亞群及NK細胞。結(jié)果 ①腸黏膜上皮細胞層中的上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞(IEL)和位于疏松結(jié)締組織中的固有層淋巴細胞(LPL)中CD4+T細胞數(shù)量和CD8+細胞數(shù)量,IR組和HS組顯著高于Sham組,HS組顯著高于IR組。②外周血T細胞亞群及NK分析:HS組CD3+CD8+T細胞顯著低于IR組和Sham組(P<0.05),HS組NK細胞比例顯著低于IR組和NS組(P<0.05),余未見顯著性差異。結(jié)論 利用高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇缺血小腸,可有效保護小腸免疫屏障,抑制全身炎性反應(yīng)綜合征。
缺血-再灌注損傷;高滲鹽水;液體復(fù)蘇;腸粘膜免疫屏障;系統(tǒng)炎性反應(yīng)綜合征
Key words:Ischemia-reperfusion injury;hypertonic saline;fluid resuscitation;intestinal mucosal immune barrier;system inflammatory response syndrome
(Chin J Lab Diagn,2014:18:0188)
小腸缺血-再灌注損傷不僅導(dǎo)致小腸形態(tài)學(xué)上的改變,更導(dǎo)致其小腸功能的受損[1,2]。臨床更多注意的是腸道屏障功能,它是由上皮、分子與免疫等組成的復(fù)雜功能,它能防止腸道內(nèi)細菌、細菌產(chǎn)物逸至腸道外進入機體[3,4]。而腸道含有大量淋巴細胞,能分泌許多細胞因子及炎癥介質(zhì),以刺激與調(diào)控腸的免疫功能,構(gòu)成了腸道的免疫屏障[5,6],其功能受損將嚴重影響腸道屏障,引起腸道菌群移位,從而導(dǎo)致腸道菌群異位、系統(tǒng)炎性反應(yīng)綜合征以及多器官功能衰竭的發(fā)生[7,8]。
關(guān)于高滲鹽水是否在大鼠小腸缺血-再灌注損傷過程中對小腸免疫屏障具有保護作用,本研究利用高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇缺血小腸觀察對小腸粘膜免疫屏障的影響。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實驗動物與分組 健康雄性SD大鼠,體重250-300g,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供,健康狀況符合國家普通實驗動物健康標準。隨機分3組,每組8只:①假手術(shù)組(Sham組);②缺血-再灌注損傷組(IR組);③高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇組(HS組)。
1.1.2 主要儀器和試劑 小型低溫離心機器(中科中佳,美國),流式細胞分析儀(BD,美國),超純水儀(Pall,美國),光學(xué)顯微鏡(Olympus,日本),10%水合氯醛(上海第一生化藥業(yè)有限公司,上海),4%多聚甲醛磷酸鹽緩沖液(碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司,上海),大鼠淋巴細胞分離液(碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司,上海),0.05Tris—HCl緩沖液(碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司,上海)等。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 大鼠經(jīng)10%水合氯醛(4ml/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,麻醉成功后,取上腹部正中切口約5cm,暴露出小腸后,向左側(cè)翻開小腸即可暴露出腸系膜上動脈;于根部鈍性分離腸系膜上動脈,IR組和HS組大鼠是用動脈夾于根部將腸系膜上動脈夾閉,然后將小腸回復(fù)原位,腹壁雙層縫合。1h后再次經(jīng)原切口進入腹,取出腸系膜上動脈根部動脈夾后關(guān)腹。關(guān)腹后IR組經(jīng)尾靜脈注入0.9%NaCl(6ml/kg),HS組經(jīng)尾靜脈注入7.5%NaCl(6ml/kg)。Sham組大鼠除腸系膜上動脈夾閉過程外,所有操作步驟同IR組。
1.2.2 液體復(fù)蘇6h后,各組大鼠再次經(jīng)腹腔麻醉。取距屈氏韌帶1cm處空腸,取距回盲部1cm回腸,剪開并清除腸內(nèi)容物;經(jīng)腹主動脈取外周血迅速置入EDTA抗凝管中晃勻,4℃保存并2h內(nèi)檢測T細胞亞群及NK細胞。
1.2.3 小腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞(IEL)和固有層淋巴細胞(LPL)中CD4+淋巴細胞、CD8+淋巴細胞計數(shù)
①10%中性甲醛固定后,常規(guī)石蠟包埋并切片。②切片脫蠟入水,入PAS洗3次/15min。③封閉內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶。用新配置的0.3%H2O2(在0.05Tris—HCl緩沖液pH7.6)室溫,30分鐘。④水洗,入PBS,洗3次,每次5min。⑤分別滴加兔抗大鼠CD4多克隆抗體和兔抗大鼠CD8多克隆抗體,4℃過液。⑥0.1MPBS,洗3次,每次5min。⑦滴加goat polyclonal antibody against rabbit EnVision-HRP,室溫40min。⑧0.1MPBS洗凈,洗3次,每次5min。⑨DAB-H2O2顯色:用0.01%H2O2的DAB溶液,室溫5-30min,鏡檢。⑩自來水洗凈?!?1用Mayer蘇木精復(fù)染胞核?!?2常規(guī)脫水、透明、封固?!?3光鏡下(×125)觀察隨機獲取10個視野,每個視野隨機尋找相對完整的小腸隱窩,計數(shù)每20個隱窩中陽性細胞個數(shù)并重復(fù)3次,然后求所有10個視野的平均值[9]。
1.2.4 大鼠外周血T細胞亞群及NK細胞檢測①加入0.4ml大鼠淋巴細胞分離液于離心管中。②取大鼠外周血約0.2ml收集于EDTA抗凝管中,加入等體積PBS緩沖液后混勻后,小心沿離心管壁將外周血混合液置于淋巴細胞分離液的上層,2 000rpm離心20min。
1.2.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標準差(_x±s)表示。統(tǒng)計分析采用SPSS 11.5(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)統(tǒng)計軟件包。采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)法,組間比較采用Bonferroni法。P<0.05為統(tǒng)計學(xué)有顯著性差異。
2.1 小腸粘膜CD4+T細胞和CD8+細胞的表達
IEL、LPLCD4+T細胞數(shù)量和CD8+細胞數(shù)量詳見表1及圖1(見封三)。與Sham組相比,IR組和HS組中IEL、LPL中CD4+T細胞數(shù)量和CD8+細胞數(shù)量均出現(xiàn)增高(P<0.01),而HS組中CD4+T細胞數(shù)量和CD8+細胞數(shù)量顯著高于IR組(P<0.01)。
表1 小腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞(IEL)、固有層淋巴細胞(LPL)CD4+T細胞CD8+T細胞數(shù)量(_x±s)
2.2 外周血T細胞亞群和NK細胞分析
外周血T細胞亞群和NK細胞分析結(jié)果詳見表2及圖2(見封三)。與Sham組相比、IR組和HS組CD3+CD4+T cells比例未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,CD3+細胞和NK細胞比例降低(P<0.05),同時HS組CD3+CD8+T細胞比例要低于與Sham組(P< 0.05),而IR組和Sham組相比則未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。HS組與IR組相比,CD3+細胞、CD3+CD4+T細胞未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05),HS組中CD3+CD8+T比例顯著低于IR組(P<0.05),而NK細胞比例顯著低于IR組(P<0.05)。
表2 外周血CD3+CD4+T細胞,CD3+CD8+T細胞和NK細胞的數(shù)量和比例
腸黏膜屏障包括機械屏障,生物屏障、化學(xué)屏障和免疫屏障[10,11]。腸黏膜免疫屏障主要由腸道相關(guān)淋巴組織(gut-associated lymphoid tissue,GALT)的細胞群所組成[12,13]。GALT是人體擁有最大的黏膜相關(guān)淋巴組織(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,MALT),按功能可分為“誘導(dǎo)部位”和“效應(yīng)部位”兩部分[14]。誘導(dǎo)部位主要由濾泡相關(guān)上皮(follicle associated epithelium,F(xiàn)AE)構(gòu)成,存在于派氏淋巴小節(jié)(Peyer’s patches,PP)的表面[15,16]。主要負責向其基底側(cè)的抗原呈遞細胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)轉(zhuǎn)運腸腔內(nèi)的抗原,抗原經(jīng)APC細胞處理后再呈遞給“效應(yīng)部位”,即效應(yīng)淋巴細胞,誘發(fā)腸道相關(guān)免疫反應(yīng)[17]。
腸黏膜免疫屏障中分散在上皮細胞層中的上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞(IEL)和位于疏松結(jié)締組織中的固有層淋巴細胞(LPL)發(fā)揮了重要作用。人類IEL大多數(shù)為T淋巴細胞,參與機體免疫監(jiān)護和免疫防御作用[18,19]。在受到刺激時,IEL可通過分泌多種細胞因子或產(chǎn)生不同的細胞毒作用,發(fā)揮其殺傷活性,清除病毒感染或損傷的上皮細胞。LPL主要由T淋巴細胞和B淋巴細胞、漿細胞組成。另外還有巨噬細胞(約10%)、嗜酸性粒細胞(約5%)、黏膜肥大細胞(約1%~3%)和樹突狀細胞,分布在血管和淋巴管豐富的結(jié)締組織中[20,21]。T淋巴細胞按細胞分化群(CD)分子不同分為CD4+和CD8+兩大亞群,CD4+是輔助性T淋巴細胞,參與TCR識別特異性抗原肽-MHC-Ⅱ類分子復(fù)合物和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。小腸粘膜中CD4+T淋巴細胞可能是對流注到腸淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)的抗原進行識別、發(fā)生應(yīng)答、再返回到固有層的T淋巴細胞。CD8+呈毒性T淋巴細胞,參與TCR識別特異性抗原肽-MHC-Ⅰ類分子復(fù)合物和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),小腸粘膜中CD8+T細胞主要介導(dǎo)溶細胞效應(yīng),發(fā)揮細胞免疫作用。CD4+T細胞和CD8+T細胞彼此相互調(diào)節(jié),維持腸道粘膜免疫屏障功能。
在小腸缺血-再灌注損傷過程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞,還是固有層淋巴細胞,CD4+T細胞和CD8+T細胞都出現(xiàn)數(shù)量上的上調(diào)。CD4+T細胞發(fā)揮輔助性T淋巴細胞作用,參與抗原識別,介導(dǎo)細胞免疫反應(yīng),而CD8+通過識別特異性抗原肽,發(fā)揮細胞毒性作用介導(dǎo)細胞溶解。在缺血再灌注損傷過程中,CD4+T細胞和CD8+T細胞數(shù)量上的上調(diào),是腸粘膜T細胞一種主動防御功能的體現(xiàn)。小腸缺血-再灌注損傷將導(dǎo)致機械屏障,生物屏障、化學(xué)屏障遭受重創(chuàng),而通過淋巴細胞數(shù)量的上調(diào),盡可能維持受損的腸粘膜屏障。而利用高滲鹽水對缺血小腸進行復(fù)蘇,我們觀察到小腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細胞和固有層淋巴細胞均較缺血-再灌注損傷后利用生理鹽水進行附屬組有顯著性增高,說明高滲鹽水更有利于維護缺血-再灌注損傷后腸道粘膜免疫屏障。
缺血-再灌注損傷不僅導(dǎo)致小腸損傷,更可由于腸粘膜屏障損傷,導(dǎo)致腸道菌群入血,從而使系統(tǒng)全身免疫狀態(tài)出現(xiàn)改變。為明確高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇后,小腸粘膜局部免疫狀態(tài)和系統(tǒng)免疫狀態(tài)之間的關(guān)系,我們對外周血T淋巴細胞亞群和NK細胞進行了檢測。CD3+細胞百分率測定的結(jié)果,反映成熟的總T淋巴細胞水平。CD3+細胞百分率下降,表示成熟的總T淋巴細胞減少,細胞免疫功能減弱[22],而T細胞亞群比率和NK細胞的數(shù)量與機體免疫系統(tǒng)功能密切相關(guān)[23,24]。經(jīng)檢測我們發(fā)現(xiàn),外周血T細胞數(shù)量及亞群的變化與腸粘膜CD4+T細胞與CD8+T細胞變化趨勢并不完全一致,這說明高滲鹽水導(dǎo)致腸道黏膜淋巴細胞變化與全身淋巴細胞改變無關(guān)。在本研究中,我們觀察到外周血NK細胞HS組較IR組為低,這可能由于利用高滲鹽水復(fù)蘇后,由于腸道粘膜較好的受到保護,全身反應(yīng)較IR組為輕,從而引起較低的機體免疫反應(yīng)。
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Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation for Ischemic Intestine and its Impact on Immune Function of Intestine Mucosal Barrier and
ZHANG Sen-sen,ZHU Zhen-xin,WU Hong-kun,et al.
(Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University,1.Department of Laboratory Medicine;2.Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,Shanghai 200003,China)
Objective This study will confirm that hypertonic saline can protect small intestinal mucosal immune barrier and suppression system inflammatory response syndrome in the small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury,which will provided new the methods and ideas in the clinical treatment of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods 1.Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury model were established through the clipping of superior mesenteric artery in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats(weight 250g-300g).2.Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into 3groups:Sham group,IR group and HS group.In IR group,the superior mesenteric artery was clipped for 1hand then resuscitate with 0.9%Nail;In Hs group the superior mesenteric artery was clipped for 1hand then resuscitate with 7.5% Nail;In the Sham group the operation is same to the IR group but without superior mesenteric artery clipping.3.T cell subsets change of small intestinal lymphocytes(IEL)and lamina propria lymphocytes(LPL),T cell subsets and NK cells in peripheral blood were observed.Results 1.CD4+T-cell and CD8+cells in cell numbers of IEL and LPL in IR group and HS group was significantly higher than that in the Sham group(P<0.01),and that in HS group was significantly higher than that in IR group(P<0.01).2peripheral blood T cell subsets and NK:In HS group,CD3+CD8+T cells was significantly lower than that in the IR group and NS group(P<0.05).NK cells in HS group was significantly lower than that in the IR group and NS group(P<0.05).No significant difference was seen in other groups.Conclusion Hypertonic saline can protect small intestinal mucosal immune barrier and suppression system inflammatory response syndrome in the small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury.
張森森(1984-),男,江蘇徐州人,學(xué)士,技師,主要從事臨床檢驗工作。
2013-09-18)
1007-4287(2014)02-0187-05
黎介壽院士腸道屏障專項研究基金課題(LJS_201009)
*通訊作者
R574.5
A