摘要:《鄉(xiāng)愁》是一首風(fēng)格典麗的現(xiàn)代詩(shī)。余光中先生以樸素、簡(jiǎn)明、雋永的語(yǔ)言和高超的藝術(shù)技巧,表達(dá)了臺(tái)灣人民盼望海峽兩岸統(tǒng)一的愿望,抒發(fā)了作者濃郁的思鄉(xiāng)之情。以《鄉(xiāng)愁》的5個(gè)英文譯作為例,分析研究了不同譯作在選詞、意象、韻律和風(fēng)格上的不同給讀者帶來(lái)的形音意差異的感受。
關(guān)鍵詞:鄉(xiāng)愁 選詞 意象 韻律 風(fēng)格
美國(guó)詩(shī)人Robert Frost有一句名言:Poetry is what is lost in translation(詩(shī)者,譯之所失也),不管這句話是多么極端,它還是道出了詩(shī)歌翻譯的難處。中文詩(shī)歌更因其語(yǔ)言凝練、節(jié)奏性強(qiáng)、意象豐富而成為翻譯的通天塔。盡管艱難,還是有很多熱衷于翻譯的文學(xué)家努力探索,試圖將中詩(shī)這一璀璨明珠送出國(guó)門。眾所周知,所有翻譯的前奏都是理解,而詩(shī)歌的理解更需多揣摩推敲、審詞琢句,以期磨刀不負(fù)砍柴工,因?yàn)槔斫獾纳疃群蛷V度都會(huì)為后面的譯作再現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生差異。本文將以臺(tái)灣余光中先生膾炙人口的作品《鄉(xiāng)愁》的5個(gè)不同譯本為例來(lái)分析和品評(píng)不同譯本的差異。
《鄉(xiāng)愁》是一首風(fēng)格典麗的現(xiàn)代詩(shī)。余光中先生以樸素、簡(jiǎn)明、雋永的語(yǔ)言和高超的藝術(shù)技巧,表達(dá)了臺(tái)灣人民盼望海峽兩岸統(tǒng)一的愿望,抒發(fā)了作者濃郁的思鄉(xiāng)之情。詩(shī)人通過(guò)意象把抽象的鄉(xiāng)愁具體化,給讀者呈現(xiàn)了四幅鮮明而又具體的生活畫面。第一小節(jié):幼年求學(xué),母子分離,借書信以慰別情;第二小節(jié):成年后,告別新婚妻子,離鄉(xiāng)背井,天各一方;第三小節(jié):母親去世,從此陰陽(yáng)兩隔,生死兩茫茫;第四小節(jié):同胞難得相聚,國(guó)家不能統(tǒng)一。通過(guò)這些不枝不蔓的意象、幽遠(yuǎn)深邃的意境、豐富含蓄的內(nèi)容,詩(shī)人低回掩抑、如怨如述把對(duì)母親、妻子、祖國(guó)的思念、眷念之情展現(xiàn)出來(lái),讓人回味無(wú)窮。
譯文1:陳文伯譯
When I was a child/my homesick was a small stamp/ Linking Mum at the other end /And me this.
When I grew up/I remained homesick/but it became a ticket/by which I sailed to and from my bride at the other end.
Then/homesickness took the shape of the grave/Mum inside of it/and me outside.
Now I'm still homesick/but it is a narrow strait/ Separating me on this side/and the mainland on the other.
譯文2:楊種琰譯
When I was a child/Nostalgia seemed a small stamp/:“Here am I/ and there my mother.”
Then I was a grown-up/Nostalgia became a traveling ticket/:“Here am I/and there my bride.”
During the later years/Nostalgia turned to be a graveyard/:“Here am I/and yonder my mother.”
And now at present/Nostalgia looms large to be a channel/:“Here am I/and yonder my Continent!”
譯文3:趙俊華譯
As a boy /I was homesick for a tiny stamp/ I was here/Mom lived alone over there.
When grown up/I was homesick for a small ship ticket/ I was here/ My bride remained over there.
Later on/ I was homesick for a little tomb/ I was there/ Mother rested over there.
And to-day/ I am homesick for a shallow strait/ I am here/ The Mainland lies over there.
譯文4:張智中譯
When I was a child/ Nostalgia is a tiny stamp/I am hither/And Mother is thither
When I become an adult/Nostalgia is a slip of boat ticket/I am hither/And bride is thither
Later on/Nostalgia is a short tomb/I am without/And Mother is within
But now/Nostalgia is a shallow strait/I am hither/And the mainland is thither
譯文5:余光中譯
When I was young/Nostalgia was a tiny stamp/Me on this side/Mother was on the other side.
When I grew up/Nostalgia was a narrow boat ticket/Me on this side/Bride on the other side.
But later on/Nostalgia was a low,lowgrave/Me on the outside/Mother on the inside.
And at present/Nostalgia becomes a shallow strait/Me on this side/Mainland on the other side.
一、選詞
“鄉(xiāng)愁”的翻譯,有兩個(gè)譯本譯為“homesick”,其余兩個(gè)版本為“nostalgia”。根據(jù)Longman English Dictionary, homesick——feeling unhappy because you are a long way from your home,而nostalgia——a feeling that a time in the past was good, or the activity of remembering a good time in the past and wishing that things had not changed.對(duì)比我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),nostalgia比homesick范圍更廣,意思更貼近原文,原文中作者不僅僅是在抒發(fā)一種思念家鄉(xiāng)的惆悵之前,還有對(duì)過(guò)去美好的追憶。因此用nostalgia更為準(zhǔn)確。
二、意象
四個(gè)意象中郵票都翻譯為stamp,船票也都譯為ticket,而墳?zāi)沟谋磉_(dá),有兩個(gè)譯為grave,兩個(gè)譯為graveyard,一個(gè)翻譯為tomb,這三個(gè)詞到底有什么區(qū)別呢?《辭?!分術(shù)rave指一般的“土墓”;tomb可譯為“陵墓”,是墳?zāi)沟难欧Q,tomb表示“墳?zāi)埂睍r(shí),比grave更莊重,在說(shuō)“掃墓”時(shí),多用tomb;而graveyard指墓地,故不合適。海峽一次有用“strait”和“channel”之分,根據(jù)《韋氏詞典》channel指a strait or narrow sea between two close landmasses;而strait則指a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water,可以看出channel強(qiáng)調(diào)長(zhǎng)而寬,strait強(qiáng)調(diào)短而窄,因此此處用strait更貼切,再者原詩(shī)中此處指臺(tái)灣海峽,官方正式說(shuō)法就是使用strait。
三、韻律
原詩(shī)使用“小小的”“窄窄的”“矮矮的”“淺淺的”這些疊詞既表現(xiàn)了作者魂?duì)繅?mèng)縈的思鄉(xiāng)之情,又有抑揚(yáng)頓挫的韻律之美,讀起來(lái)瑯瑯上口。以下是5篇譯文的對(duì)映英譯本,不難看出譯文1、2是只翻譯其中個(gè)別的重疊形容詞,大部分卻漏譯了,而力求保留與原詩(shī)具有同樣音韻之美的是譯文3、4和5,這些形容詞使用得恰到好處,與所修飾的中心詞構(gòu)成頭韻(tiny stamp, small ticket, narrow boat ticket, little tomb, short tomb, low low grave, shallow strait),譯文5音律美尤為突出,除了頭韻,還有尾韻(narrow, low, shallow),從而具有與原詩(shī)一樣的動(dòng)人音調(diào)。
此外,原詩(shī)每行四節(jié),每節(jié)三個(gè)音節(jié),語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明流暢,音韻自然和諧,節(jié)奏緊湊明了。譯文3譯為 As a boy/ When grow up/ Later on /And to-day每行四節(jié),每行三個(gè)音節(jié),抑揚(yáng)頓挫,創(chuàng)造性地取得與原詩(shī)同樣的效果。
四、風(fēng)格
原詩(shī)的意象是通過(guò)隱喻“鄉(xiāng)愁是……”的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)出來(lái)的,“是”字在原詩(shī)中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)達(dá)四次,作者通過(guò)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的“是”字,將本體和喻體連接起來(lái),隱晦朦朧地將自己不同時(shí)期的鄉(xiāng)愁具體化,除譯文3譯成“be homesickfor”句式外,其余文本分別譯為was, remained, took, is; seemed, became, turned to be, loomed large to be; is, is, is, is,和was, was, was, becomes,含蓄巧妙地傳達(dá)了詩(shī)人寸斷柔腸的思鄉(xiāng)情結(jié)。但譯文3譯為 I was homesickfor(a tiny stamp/a small ship ticket/a little tomb/a shallow strait),回譯出來(lái)的是“我懷念家鄉(xiāng)的小小郵票/窄窄的船票/矮矮的墳?zāi)?淺淺的海峽”,顯然與原詩(shī)有出入。
“我在這頭……在那頭(里頭)”在原詩(shī)中也是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了四次,這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的反復(fù)使用突出了雖然時(shí)空變化、星移斗轉(zhuǎn),但是我的思鄉(xiāng)之情卻始終如一。5篇譯作用詞略有不同,總體來(lái)說(shuō)有“the other end (side),this end,inside,outside,here,there,yonder,without,within,hither,thither,這些詞簡(jiǎn)練含蓄地傳達(dá)了原詩(shī)樸實(shí)無(wú)華的語(yǔ)言特色和深遠(yuǎn)幽邃的寓意,但從語(yǔ)體角度來(lái)看,譯文4采用的是古詞(hither,thither),不太符合原詩(shī)的語(yǔ)體。
五、總結(jié)
總之,5篇譯文的譯者都以各自的理解基礎(chǔ)、知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和學(xué)識(shí)涵養(yǎng)采用不同的方式來(lái)解讀和再現(xiàn)了原詩(shī),若從詩(shī)歌音、形、意三美方面綜合考慮的角度來(lái)看,譯文5無(wú)論是在意義精準(zhǔn),還是形式優(yōu)美和音律和諧上都是最為契合的;但若從音、形、意單方面來(lái)看,譯文1最具意美,譯文2最具形美,譯文3最具音美。
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