張功林甄平趙來緒陳克明楊軍林 周建華 薛欽義
經(jīng)驗交流
臨床應(yīng)用后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù)預(yù)防THA術(shù)后脫位
張功林1甄平1趙來緒2陳克明1楊軍林2周建華2薛欽義2
目的報告髖關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù)預(yù)防THA術(shù)后脫位的臨床應(yīng)用結(jié)果。方法自2006年1月~2011年1月,86例(男55,女31)全髖置換病人應(yīng)用髖關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù)預(yù)防THA術(shù)后脫位。患者年齡50~82歲(平均67.5歲)。髖關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織采用"T"形切開,后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊和外旋短肌作為一層用不吸收縫線穿過大粗隆部鉆孔再次附著。結(jié)果 術(shù)后隨訪2.5~6年(平均4.5年),本組術(shù)后沒有發(fā)生脫位,沒有出現(xiàn)與本項技術(shù)相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥?;謴?fù)率按根據(jù) Harris評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行療效評定。優(yōu)良率為93%,取得了滿意的效果。應(yīng)用這項技術(shù)后使脫位率從2.3%降至0%。結(jié)論髖關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù)技術(shù)是預(yù)防THA術(shù)后脫位可靠的方法。
關(guān)節(jié)置換;髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位;縫合技術(shù)
髖關(guān)節(jié)后入路或后外側(cè)入路行人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total hip arthroplasty,THA)具有對外展肌功能損傷較輕、術(shù)中操作顯露清楚以及對局部創(chuàng)傷較輕等優(yōu)點。在臨床應(yīng)用較為廣泛[1-3]。但是,術(shù)后發(fā)生后脫位率較其它入路相對高,可能與后入路對關(guān)節(jié)后方軟組織損傷有關(guān)[4-6]。近年來人們重視了關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù),顯著降低THA術(shù)后脫位發(fā)生率[7-11]。2006年1月~2011年1月,我們在臨床上應(yīng)用 Ko等[12]介紹的方法,行 THA手術(shù)時修復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)后方軟組織取得滿意效果,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1 臨床資料
本組86例,男55例,女31例。年齡50~82歲,平均67.5歲。左側(cè)41例,右側(cè)45例。新鮮移位性股骨頸骨折45例,陳舊性股骨頸骨折不愈合16例,股骨頭缺血性壞死20例,髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎5例。均行全麻下后外側(cè)入路手術(shù),應(yīng)用骨水泥型假體5例,生物型假體21例,混合型假體60例。THA操作完成后,均按用Ko等[12]介紹的方法,修復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)后方軟組織。
1.2 操作方法
手術(shù)體位與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的后入路相同。顯露后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌,牽開臀中肌辨認(rèn)臀小肌后界,從其下插入骨膜剝離子將臀小肌與后上方關(guān)節(jié)囊分離,插入Hohmann拉鉤牽開臀小肌后,顯露后上方關(guān)節(jié)囊,顯露外旋短肌,在股方肌與后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊之間再插入一個拉鉤,顯露后下方關(guān)節(jié)囊。術(shù)中采用"T"形切開,不行關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌之間的分層游離。而將兩層組織合為一層(形成肌囊瓣),在內(nèi)旋位先行縱行切開,從臀小肌下,緊貼關(guān)節(jié)囊在股骨頸的抵止和梨狀肌以及外旋短肌的聯(lián)合腱在大粗隆部的腱性止點切(此聯(lián)合腱由上、下gemellus肌和閉孔內(nèi)肌組成)。一直切至股方肌與后下方關(guān)節(jié)囊并顯露小粗隆。然后,向內(nèi)牽開坐骨神經(jīng),從縱行切開線的中點開始切,經(jīng)過梨狀肌與聯(lián)合腱之間,稍向髖臼緣中點方向斜,一直切至髖臼緣,形成"T"形切開。將上、下兩個肌囊瓣縫牽引線,牽開顯露關(guān)節(jié)行THA操作。
THA操作完成后,再修復(fù)外旋短肌與后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊。先用邊-邊縫間斷合(side-side closure)[12],縫合切至臼緣方向的橫向切口。再經(jīng)大粗隆后外側(cè)緣打孔行穿骨縫合縱向切口(圖1)。在旋轉(zhuǎn)中位,輕度外展位,將關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌重新附著。一旦線結(jié)打緊,肢體內(nèi)旋30°時,修復(fù)部位應(yīng)無張力,而且,關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性較好。再依次縫合其上組織。為了保證關(guān)節(jié)承受應(yīng)力前,使修復(fù)部位能獲得牢固愈合,術(shù)后6周內(nèi)應(yīng)限制患側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)活動[7]。
手術(shù)示意圖。1肌囊瓣水平切口行邊-邊縫合;2縱直切口行穿骨縫合
修復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)后方軟組織操作過程順利,沒有因操作失敗而放棄修復(fù)的病例。術(shù)中沒有發(fā)生肌囊瓣修復(fù)時撕脫、穿骨縫合線撕斷或大粗隆部撕脫性骨折,也未發(fā)生假體脫位與神經(jīng)損傷以及與修復(fù)手術(shù)有關(guān)的并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后傷口一期愈合。本組病例均獲隨訪,隨訪時間:2.5~6年,平均4.5年。隨訪期間沒有發(fā)生髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,沒有發(fā)生局部軟組織修復(fù)時,因縫合太緊而引起關(guān)節(jié)活動受限或局部不適者。按Harris提出的評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評定療效[13];優(yōu)48例,良32例,尚可5例,差1例。優(yōu)良率為93%,取得了滿意的效果。與2006年以前未行修復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)后方軟組織操作的相等病例數(shù)對比,其發(fā)生2例,脫位率為2.3%。而本組脫位率為0%。
3.1 修復(fù)方法的選擇
①Robinson等(1980)[9]在行THA時,應(yīng)用大粗隆鉆孔,僅將外旋短肌重新附著到大粗隆原先的位置,沒有縫修復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)囊。②Pellicci等[8]報告應(yīng)用加強(qiáng)后側(cè)軟組織修復(fù)(enhanced posterior soft tissue repair,EPSTR)技術(shù),將后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌分為兩層,經(jīng)大粗隆部鉆孔分別重新附著到粗隆部原先的抵止部。③Ko等[12]報告應(yīng)用"T"形切開,不行關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌之間的游離與分層縫合,而將兩層組織合為一層(形成肌囊瓣),經(jīng)大粗隆部鉆孔重新附著到粗隆部原先的抵止部。④有的作者采用細(xì)鋼絲行EPSTR操作[7]。⑤Browne和Pagnano等[14]不使用在大粗隆部鉆孔行穿骨縫合錨定修復(fù)技術(shù),行軟組織與軟組織之間修復(fù)技術(shù)(softtissue to soft-tissue repair technique),行外旋短肌和后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊的修復(fù)。從目前來看,為了降低后入路行THA術(shù)后發(fā)生髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,EPSTR技術(shù)已得到普遍重視,也取得了滿意效果。將脫位率從1%~9%之間降低到0~0.7%之間[7-12,14]。其修復(fù)的方法逐漸增多。我們認(rèn)為:關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌分層縫合,操作相對復(fù)雜;單純縫合外旋肌或者關(guān)節(jié)囊,軟組織修復(fù)的強(qiáng)度不足;采用軟組織與軟組織之間修復(fù)技術(shù),沒有經(jīng)大粗隆部鉆孔錨定縫合的牢固性好。有的作者采用細(xì)鋼絲行EPSTR操作,在實際應(yīng)用中,行縫合牽拉及打結(jié)時,會發(fā)生鋼絲斷裂[7]。
我們選用的方法是Ko等[12]介紹"T"形切開法,不行關(guān)節(jié)囊與外旋短肌之間的游離與分層縫合,而將兩層組織合為一層(形成肌囊瓣),經(jīng)大粗隆部鉆孔重新附著到粗隆部原先的抵止部。我們體會:兩層合為一層,增加了組織袖(tissue sleeve)的厚度,增強(qiáng)了組織袖對縫線牽拉的耐受力,可改善縫合質(zhì)量。而且,比分層縫合法操作相對簡單。本組應(yīng)用這項技術(shù)后使脫位率從2.3%降至0%。
3.2 操作注意事項
①應(yīng)用"T"形切開時,應(yīng)在內(nèi)旋位行縱行切開較為方便。②緊貼關(guān)節(jié)囊在股骨頸的抵止和梨狀肌以及外旋短肌的聯(lián)合腱在大粗隆部的腱性止點切,以增加肌囊瓣的有效長度,一旦線結(jié)打緊,肢體內(nèi)旋30°時,修復(fù)部位應(yīng)無張力[7,15,16]。③縫合操作過程中應(yīng)防止損傷坐骨神經(jīng):這是一種很少見的并發(fā)癥。Lohana等[17]曾報道在修復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)軟組織時發(fā)生一例。我們認(rèn)為在整個操作過程中要始終記住和看清楚坐骨神經(jīng)所在位置與走行。坐骨神經(jīng)自梨狀肌下孔穿出后,經(jīng)坐骨結(jié)節(jié)和大粗隆連線中點稍內(nèi)側(cè)于臀大肌深面,在外旋短肌與股方肌后面下行,走行在股二頭肌長頭深面。在股方肌與股外側(cè)肌上后緣行"8"字形縫合時,為了防止坐骨神經(jīng)損傷,應(yīng)將肌肉抬起看清楚坐骨神經(jīng)走行后再縫股方肌斷端,以免縫針刺傷坐骨神經(jīng)[7]。④在穿骨縫合操作過程中避免發(fā)生粗隆部撕脫性骨折[7,14]:在大粗隆部鉆孔行穿骨縫合錨定修復(fù)后側(cè)軟組織時,有發(fā)生大粗隆部撕脫性骨折的病例報道。這是由于鉆孔太靠近大粗隆后外側(cè)緣,另一因素與選用的鉆頭太粗有關(guān)。在旋轉(zhuǎn)中位,輕度外展位行穿骨縫合,操作過程應(yīng)柔和。我們主張應(yīng)用2mm克氏針代替鉆頭打孔,沒有發(fā)生過這種并發(fā)癥。⑤為了保證關(guān)節(jié)承受應(yīng)力前,修復(fù)部位能獲得牢固愈合,術(shù)后6周內(nèi)應(yīng)限制患側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)活動[7]。
3.3 該方法的缺點
①增加了手術(shù)難度。②延長了手術(shù)時間。
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Clinical application of posterior soft tissue repair for prevention of dislocation after THA
Zhang Gonglin1,Zhen Ping1,Zhao Laixu2,et al.1 Institute of Orthopaedics,Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area,Lanzhou Gansu,730050;2 Department of Orthopaedics,Wushan County People's Hospital,Wushan Gansu,741300,China
Objective To report clinical application results of posterior soft tissue repair of the hip joint for prevention of dislocation after THA.Methods From January 2006 to January 2011,86 patients(55 men,31 women)of total hip arthroplasty underwent posterior soft tissue repair of the hip joint for prevention of dislocation after THA.They ranged in age from 50 to 82 years(mean 67.5y).Posterior soft tissue repair of the hip joint was used a T-shaped incision.The posterior capsule and short external rotators in one layer was reattachment using nonabsorbable sutures through drill holes in the greater trochanter.Results Follow-up period ranged from 2.5 to 6 years(mean,4.5y)postoperatively.There was no dislocation after THA in this series.No apparent complications related to the technique.The recovery rate was calculated with Harris scores.The rates of excellent and good were 93%,Satisfactory clinical results were obtained in this series.This technique led to a drop in the incidence of postoperative dislocation from 2.3%to 0%.Conclusion Posterior soft tissue repair technique of the hip joint is reliable method for prevention of dislocation after THA
Arthroplasty; Hip dislocation;Suture techniques
R687
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5972.2014.04.014
swgk2013-11-0248
張功林(1954-)男,主任醫(yī)師。研究方向:修復(fù)與重建、顯微外科。
2013-11-08)
1蘭州軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院骨科研究所,甘肅蘭州730050;2武山縣人民醫(yī)院骨科,甘肅武山741300