李 偉 陳躍東 張開顏 段 波 鄭嘉欣 邢金春
廈門大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科、廈門市泌尿中心(廈門 361003)
B超引導(dǎo)下前列腺外側(cè)方活檢效率的影響因素
李 偉 陳躍東 張開顏 段 波 鄭嘉欣 邢金春*
廈門大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科、廈門市泌尿中心(廈門 361003)
目的探討PSA水平、PSA密度(PSAD)、前列腺體積對(duì)B超引導(dǎo)下的前列腺外側(cè)方活檢陽性率的影響。方法2005年1月至2010年1月,671例PSA在4~20ng/mL之間的患者接受了B超引導(dǎo)下的前列腺系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢(大于或等于10點(diǎn)前列腺穿刺活檢)。均資料齊全患者納入本研究。以系統(tǒng)性6針前列腺穿刺活結(jié)果與系統(tǒng)性10針前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果比較。所有入組患者根據(jù)PSA水平、PSAD、前列腺體積進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步劃分。計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用McNemar檢驗(yàn)和Fisher’s 精確概率法進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì), 采用SPSS19統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果系統(tǒng)10針穿刺和系統(tǒng)6針穿刺總穿刺陽性率分別為22.8%和20.0%。與6針穿刺活檢相比較,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)19例前列腺癌(19/153,12.4%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~20ng/mL之間且前列腺體積小于等于40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為28.0%和23.8%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)15例前列腺癌(15/98,15.3%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~20ng/mL之間且PSAD大于0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為28.3%和14.5%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)17例前列腺癌(17/129,13.3%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為19.4%和16.1%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)16例前列腺癌(16/94,17.0%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間且前列腺體積小于等于40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為24.2%和19.2%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)14例前列腺癌(14/68,20.6%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間且PSAD大于0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為24.1%和19.3%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)14例前列腺癌(14/70,20.0%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為31.6%和29.9%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)3例前列腺癌(3/59,5.1%)(P>0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間且前列腺體積≤40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為41.7%和40.3%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)1例前列腺癌(1/30,3.4%)(P>0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間且PSAD大于0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為40.0%和34.1%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)3例前列腺癌(3/59,5.1%)(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 10針前列腺穿刺活檢陽性率明顯高于6針穿刺。B超引導(dǎo)下的前列腺外側(cè)方活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)6針穿刺漏診的前列腺癌。PSA水平、PSAD、前列腺體積是影響B(tài)超引導(dǎo)下前列腺外側(cè)方活檢的因素。
前列腺腫瘤/超聲檢查; 活組織檢查, 針吸
B超引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢是診斷前列腺癌的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[1]。6針系統(tǒng)前列腺穿刺活檢方法可能“漏診”15%~31%的前列腺癌[2]。而增加外側(cè)區(qū)穿刺針數(shù)可增加前列腺癌診斷率。盡管最佳的前列腺穿刺活檢針數(shù)尚未完全確定。但至少10針的前列腺系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢越來越為大多數(shù)泌尿外科醫(yī)生接受。10-13針的穿刺活檢對(duì)于PSA在4~10ng/mL之間的初次前列腺穿刺活檢患者有最高效率[3]。本文回顧性分析了我院≥10針前列腺穿刺患者的資料,比較采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)10針及經(jīng)典6針穿刺活檢的陽性率,特別是PSA在4~20ng/mL之間時(shí)前列腺穿刺活檢陽性率的差別,探討初次B超引導(dǎo)下前列腺外側(cè)方活檢的效率及價(jià)值。
一、臨床資料
2005年1至2013年1月,671例接受B超引導(dǎo)下的前列腺系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢(大于等于10點(diǎn)前列腺穿刺活檢)且資料齊全患者納入本研究。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為PSA水平在4~20ng/mL之間的初次接受前列腺穿刺活檢患者,有或無前列腺影像學(xué)異常,重復(fù)穿刺活檢者排除在外,無活檢禁忌癥者。
二、操作方法
(一)研究分組
采用自身對(duì)照。人為將患者分為兩組, A組觀察患者如采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)10針穿刺的活檢陽性率。B組為相同患者,觀察如采用經(jīng)典6針穿刺的活檢有效率,比較兩組患者前列腺穿刺活檢陽性率,根據(jù)PSA水平、PSAD、前列腺體積進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步劃分。
(二)圍手術(shù)期處理
患者術(shù)前1d及術(shù)前2h行灌腸清潔直腸。術(shù)后靜脈點(diǎn)滴二代頭孢抗生素24~48h。術(shù)后常規(guī)止血、補(bǔ)液支持對(duì)癥治療。術(shù)前常規(guī)留置尿管。術(shù)后第2~3天拔除尿管。術(shù)后第2天取出肛門填塞的碘伏紗布。術(shù)后3~7d出院。
(三)穿刺方法
穿刺活檢包括雙側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)基底、內(nèi)側(cè)中部、內(nèi)側(cè)尖部,雙側(cè)外側(cè)基底、外側(cè)尖部及可疑區(qū)共10+X針。經(jīng)典6針穿刺包括:雙側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)基底、雙側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)中部、雙側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)尖部。應(yīng)用7.5 MHz經(jīng)直腸探針(Pro-Focus 2202 TM, BK-Medical, Denmark)。18G Chiba穿刺活檢針并Pro-MagTM自動(dòng)穿刺活檢槍(Angiotech Vancouver, BC, Canada)用于穿刺活檢?;颊咦髠?cè)臥位。直腸內(nèi)灌注利多卡因凝膠10mL,麻醉5min后置入直腸探頭。計(jì)算前列腺體積(左右徑×前后徑×上下徑× 0.52)。 行直腸超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺周圍神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉。于左右精囊與前列腺交接處(即血管神經(jīng)束進(jìn)入前列腺處)分別注射1%利多卡因各3mL。前列腺尖部注射1%利多卡因3mL[4,5]。超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)直腸穿刺前列腺完成活檢。穿刺完畢后碘伏并止血紗布填塞肛門內(nèi)。
(四)評(píng)估與隨訪
觀察穿刺過程中是否發(fā)生迷走反射、直腸出血等情況。術(shù)后觀察患者有無發(fā)熱、肉眼血尿或便血等。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
計(jì)數(shù)資料采用McNemar檢驗(yàn)和Fisher’s 精確概率法進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)。 采用SPSS19統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
入組患者一般情況見表1。與6針穿刺活檢相比較,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)19例前列腺癌(19/153,12.4%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~20ng/mL之間且前列腺體積小于等于40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為28.0%和23.8%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)15例前列腺癌(15/98,15.3%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~20ng/mL之間且PSAD大于0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為28.3%和14.5%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)17例前列腺癌(17/129,13.3%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為19.4%和16.1%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)16例前列腺癌(16/94,17.0%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間且前列腺體積小于等于40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為24.2%和19.2%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)14例前列腺癌(14/68,20.6%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間且PSAD大于0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為24.1%和19.3%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)14例前列腺癌(14/70,20.0%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為31.6%和29.9%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)3例前列腺癌(3/59,5.1%)(P<0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/ mL之間且前列腺體積≤40mL時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為41.7%和40.3%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)1例前列腺癌(1/30,3.4%)(P>0.05)。PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間且PSAD>0.15時(shí),10針和6針穿刺陽性率分別為40.0%和34.1%,10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)3例前列腺癌(3/59,5.1%)(P>0.05),見表2。
共125例患者出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱,給予積極抗感染治療后體溫均降至正常。2例患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重出血,經(jīng)積極局部止血并輸血、止血、抗休克治療后治愈出院。345例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肉眼血尿,經(jīng)止血支持對(duì)癥治療后一般與術(shù)后第2~3天消失。234例患者出現(xiàn)一過性血便,經(jīng)止血支持對(duì)癥治療后一般與術(shù)后第3~5天消失。
表1 入組患者一般情況(±s)
表1 入組患者一般情況(±s)
PSA水平4~10(ng/mL) PSA水平10~20(ng/mL) n 年齡 PSA(ng/mL) n 年齡(歲) PSA前列腺癌 94 67.21±6.83 7.02±1.56 59 70.72±8.37 14.48±3.03非前列腺癌 390 64.78±7.67 6.73±1.58 128 67.30±6.92 13.76±2.78統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)值(t) 3.091 1.793 4.104 2.224統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果(P) 0.002 0.073 0.000 0.027
如何提高前列腺癌穿刺診斷陽性率是泌尿外科研究的重點(diǎn)。目前已經(jīng)有多種方法增加前列腺穿刺活檢的陽性率,包括超聲造影、移行區(qū)指數(shù)、移行區(qū)穿刺等等方法,但由于設(shè)備、試劑等多方原因,難于廣泛開展[6-9]。增加穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù)是較為直接和簡(jiǎn)單的方法之一。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在153例前列腺癌患者中,19例前列腺癌患者穿刺病理僅分布在雙側(cè)外側(cè)基底和外側(cè)尖部,表明與傳統(tǒng)的6針穿刺法相比,10針穿刺“額外發(fā)現(xiàn)”了約12.4%(19/153)的前列腺癌患者,也表明B超引導(dǎo)下的前列腺外側(cè)方活檢明顯提高了前列腺穿刺活檢診斷陽性率。
表2 10針與6針系統(tǒng)前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果
PSA水平不僅對(duì)前列腺癌患者的治療選擇和預(yù)后有著重要的價(jià)值,同時(shí)對(duì)前列腺穿刺活檢的結(jié)果有著重要的預(yù)測(cè)作用[10]。Eskicorapci報(bào)道,對(duì)于PSA小于10ng/mL的患者,與6針穿刺活檢比較,10針活檢的可另外發(fā)現(xiàn)32%的前列腺癌;而大于10ng/mL的患者,10針活檢的可另外發(fā)現(xiàn)17%的前列腺癌。表明當(dāng)PSA升高時(shí),10針穿刺的價(jià)值明顯下降[11]。本組數(shù)據(jù)顯示,當(dāng)PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間時(shí),與6針穿刺活檢相比,10針穿刺活檢可另外另外發(fā)現(xiàn)17%前列腺癌(16例)。當(dāng)PSA水平在10~20ng/mL之間時(shí),僅能額外發(fā)現(xiàn)5.1%前列腺癌(3例)。表明與6針穿刺活檢相比較,10針穿刺活檢的價(jià)值主要集中在PSA在4~10ng/mL患者人群。而這也是主要接受前列腺癌根治術(shù)的患者人群。當(dāng)PSA水平>10ng/mL,前列腺外側(cè)方活檢價(jià)值較低,可能多為腫瘤晚期,體積較大有關(guān)。
前列腺體積也是前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果的影響因素之一[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,前列腺體積≤40mL時(shí),10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)15例前列腺癌(15/19,78.9%),而體積>40mL時(shí),僅能多發(fā)現(xiàn)4例前列腺癌(4/19,21.1%),表明前列腺體積≤40mL時(shí),10針穿刺活檢具有較高的價(jià)值。但也間接表明,當(dāng)前列腺體積>40mL時(shí),10針活檢的穿刺針數(shù)略顯不足(見表2)。
PSA密度也是診斷前列腺癌的輔助參考因素之一。Eskicorapci報(bào)道PSAD<0.15和>0.15時(shí),10針穿刺活檢增加前列腺癌陽性率30.8%和23.5%[11]。本組結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)PSAD≤0.15和>0.15時(shí),10針活檢分別增加8%和13.3%前列腺癌陽性率(見表2)。當(dāng)PSAD≤0.15, PSA在4~10ng/mL和10~20ng/mL之間時(shí),10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)8.3%和20%前列腺癌。當(dāng)PSAD>0.15,PSA在4~10ng/mL和10~20ng/mL之間時(shí),10針穿刺活檢可額外發(fā)現(xiàn)0%和5.1%前列腺癌。表明PSAD>0.15明顯增加前列腺外側(cè)方活檢陽性率。與Eskicorapci報(bào)道不同的是,PSAD≤0.15時(shí),前列腺外側(cè)方活檢的價(jià)值較低,這可能與本組研究中,PSAD≤0.15時(shí)前列腺穿刺陽性率低有關(guān)[11]。
綜上所述,PSA水平、前列腺體積、PSAD是影響B(tài)超引導(dǎo)下前列腺外側(cè)方活檢效率的主要因素。與傳統(tǒng)6針系統(tǒng)前列腺穿刺相比,B超引導(dǎo)的外側(cè)方活檢可以提高前列腺穿刺活檢陽性率。當(dāng)PSA水平在4~10ng/mL之間、前列腺體積<40mL、前列腺密度>0.15時(shí),B超引導(dǎo)的前列腺外側(cè)方活檢價(jià)值最大。
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(2013-10-13收稿)
Analysis of influence factors for the efficiency of extended lateral biopsy guided by ultrasound in the detection of prostate cancer
Li Wei, Chen Yuedong, Zhang Kaiyan, Duan Bo, Zhen Jiaxing, Xing Jinchun*Urological Center of Xiamen City, Department of Urology, the First Aff liated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen City
361003, Fjujian Province 361003, China
Xing Jinchun, E-mail: xmcua2007@sina.com; Tel: 13666028912
ObjectiveTo investigate inf uence factors for eff ciency of 10-core and sextant systematic transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.MethodsClinica data of 671 patients who underwent systemic transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy under local anesthesia by using the 10 core scheme between Janary 2005 and Janary 2013 was retrospectively analyzed. The detection rates of prostate cancer using 10-core and sextant biopsy were compared. Group A (10-cores) consisted of 671 men. Group B (6-cores) included the samegroup of people but only the result of sextant biopsy. Men were stratif ed according to biopsy protocol and PSA levels. The McNemar and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe overall prostate cancer detection rates were 22.8% and 20.0% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 12.4% (19/153) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When prostate volume was below 40ml and PSA level was between 4ng/ml to 20ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 28.0% and 13.8% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 15.2% (15/98) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When PSAD was over 0.15 and PSA level was between 4ng/ml to 20ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 28.3% and 14.5% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 13.3% (17/128) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When PSA level was between 4ng/ml to 10ng/ml,the detection rates were 19.4% and 16.1%, extra 16 cases of prostate cancer were detected by 10-core technique. When prostate volume was below 40ml and PSA level was between 4ng/ml to 10ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 24.2% and 19.2% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 20.6% (14/68) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When PSAD was over 0.15 and PSA level was between 4ng/ml to 10ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 24.1% and 19.3% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 20% (14/70) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When PSA level was between 10ng/ml to 20 ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 31.6% and 29.9% respectively, 3 cases were undetected using 6-core technique but detected using 10-core technique. When prostate volume was below 40ml and PSA level was between 10ng/ml to 20ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 41.7% and 40.3% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 3.4% (1/30) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group. When PSAD was over 0.15 and PSA level was between 10ng/ml to 20ng/ml,prostate cancer detection rates were 40.0% and 34.1% using 10-core and sextant scheme, respectively. An overall 5.1% (3/59) increasing in prostate cancer detection rate was observed in 10-core technique group.ConclusionCancer detection rate using 10-core scheme was higher than that using sextant biopsy . 10-core scheme showed best eff ciency in cancer detection rate. PSA level, PSAD and prostate volume might inf uence the eff ciency of prostate biopsy guided by systematic transrectal ultrasound.
prostatic neoplasms/ultrasonography; biopsy, needle
10.3969/j.issn.1008-0848.2014.05.007
R 737.25
*通訊作者, E-mail: xmcua2007@sina.com; Tel: 13666028912