“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃，廈門，福建，中國

項目設(shè)計：張松/上海同濟(jì)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院/廈門市文物局

“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃，廈門，福建，中國

項目設(shè)計：張松/上海同濟(jì)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院/廈門市文物局

戰(zhàn)地遺址的記憶保護(hù)

“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”又稱金門炮戰(zhàn)，是1958年8月23日發(fā)生于金門及周邊地區(qū)的一場戰(zhàn)役，從首次炮戰(zhàn)至1979年1月停止炮擊，其間共有4次較大規(guī)模的炮擊行動?！鞍恕ざ趹?zhàn)”是建國初期一次較為獨特的臺海之戰(zhàn)，也是戰(zhàn)爭史上政治意義高于軍事意義的戰(zhàn)爭。

“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址是冷戰(zhàn)時期重要的戰(zhàn)爭遺址。目前留存下來的遺址是炮戰(zhàn)期間軍事防御體系中的一部分，反映當(dāng)時的工事構(gòu)筑、防御部署，以及戰(zhàn)時民眾生活等。規(guī)劃將戰(zhàn)地遺址類型分為：（1）炮戰(zhàn)相關(guān)設(shè)施，即炮戰(zhàn)期間軍事指揮、戰(zhàn)爭攻擊、防御等設(shè)施；（2）炮戰(zhàn)受損設(shè)施，炮戰(zhàn)期間被炮火擊中而毀壞的建構(gòu)筑物；（3）廣播戰(zhàn)相關(guān)設(shè)施，炮戰(zhàn)期間對金門廣播宣傳使用的廣播站、喇叭堡等設(shè)施；（4）紀(jì)念性設(shè)施，后人為紀(jì)念“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”而修建紀(jì)念館、觀光園等。

從總體上看，“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址具有較高的文物價值和一定的開發(fā)利用潛力，炮戰(zhàn)遺址點既有已被列為廈門市第四批文保單位的萬順樓、“三普”文物點的南京軍區(qū)總指揮部舊址，又有已廢棄的防御碉堡、土戰(zhàn)壕等。其中文物價值高的遺址點有萬順樓、文通樓、香山廣播站舊址、南京軍區(qū)總指揮部舊址。

保護(hù)規(guī)劃根據(jù)各遺址點本體及周邊環(huán)境狀況進(jìn)行評估后采取相應(yīng)的保護(hù)修繕和環(huán)境整治措施，確定文物本體和周邊環(huán)境的保護(hù)方式，以保證炮戰(zhàn)遺址的本體安全，并為展示利用創(chuàng)造條件。針對遺址點的結(jié)構(gòu)性損傷進(jìn)行加固，戰(zhàn)地遺址的修繕需要最大限度地保留歷史信息的真實性，其中炮戰(zhàn)損毀部分，不應(yīng)恢復(fù)到原來完好的狀態(tài)，而應(yīng)盡可能保存建筑損毀后的特別狀態(tài)。

目前，“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址保護(hù)面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)，諸如遺址點分布較零散，如何整合保護(hù)利用？戰(zhàn)爭遺址的紀(jì)念意義如何展示表現(xiàn)？周邊地區(qū)快速城市化進(jìn)程為土地權(quán)屬復(fù)雜的戰(zhàn)地遺址保護(hù)帶來巨大壓力等。

因而，保護(hù)規(guī)劃確定近期以戰(zhàn)地遺址的文物保護(hù)與環(huán)境整治為主，通過戰(zhàn)地遺址保護(hù)挖掘戰(zhàn)地文化內(nèi)涵，豐富廈門城市文化的多樣性。今后逐步整合廈門地區(qū)“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”戰(zhàn)地遺址資源，并將戰(zhàn)地遺址群作為一個整體申報福建省重點文物保護(hù)單位，以此推動戰(zhàn)地遺址展示利用工作的全面開展。此外，國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭遺址保護(hù)的實踐案例還不多見，需要加強與金門地區(qū)在戰(zhàn)地遺址保護(hù)及展示利用方面的經(jīng)驗交流，促進(jìn)海峽兩岸的和平往來與文化交往。

項目信息/Credits and Data

設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Project Team：張松，李文墨，付毓，劉洋，

項伊晶等/ZHANG Song, LI Wenmo, FU Yu, LIU Yang, XIANG Yijing, et al.

Conservation of Battlefield Site Memories

823 Artillery Bombardment, also known as Jinmen Bombardment, was a conflict that took place at Jinmen and its surrounding areas on August 23, 1958. From its outbreak to the end in January 1979, there were a total of four large attacks. The 823 Artillery Bombardment is a quite unique battle over the Taiwan Strait in the early days of the newly founded People's Republic of China as well as a battle with more profound political significance than its military purpose in the history of warfare.

The 823 Artillery Bombardment sites are important symbols of the Cold War. The existing sites consists of a part of the military defense system during the bombardment, which reflects the fortification constructions and defensive deployments at that time as well as the people's life in wartime. The battlefield sites are classified into four types in the Conversation Planning: (1) Artillery-related facilities, including the facilities for military command, attack and defense, etc. during the bombardment; (2) Damaged facilities during artillery action, including structures destroyed by artilleries during the bombardment; (3) Facilities related to radio propaganda, including radio stations and loudspeaker blockhouses for propaganda during the bombardment; (4) Memorial facilities such as memorial halls, sightseeing parks built for the 823 Artillery Bombardment.

In general, 823 Artillery Bombardment is highly valued among cultural relics, and has certain potential for development and utilization. The sites of the 823 Artillery Bombardment include Wanshun Building which has been listed in the fourth batch heritage site under Xiamen Municipal protection, former Nanjing Military Command Headquarters which has been included in the "third nationwide census of cultural relics", discarded defense bunkers and earthy trenches, etc, wherein the sites of high value are Wanshun Building, Wentong Building, former Xiangshan Radio Station and former Nanjing Military Command Headquarters.

In this Conservation Planning, corresponding measures of conservation, restoration and environmental renovation will be taken after assessing on the sites and surrounding environment, and the methods for the conservation of the cultural relics and the surrounding environment will be determined so as to ensure the safety of the Artillery Bombardment sites and to create exhibition and utilization conditions. Reinforcement measures will be performed on the sites suffering from structural damage while maintaining the authenticity of historical information to the maximum extent during restoration. The damaged portions of the buildings should be kept in their original special appearance that are formed during artillery action, rather than be reconstructed in a perfect condition.

At present, there are a series of challenges in the conservation of the 823 Artillery Bombardment sites, such as ways to implement the integration of conservation and utilization of the scattered sites, to represent the monumentality of the war sites, enormous pressure caused by fast urbanization and complex land ownership of the war sites, etc.

As a result, recent conservation planning will focus on the conservation of cultural relics and environmental renovations of the war sites, and on the diversification of urban culture of Xiamen via protective excavation of the cultural connotations behind the war sites. In the future, the key emphasis of the project will be turned to the gradual integration of the resources of the 823 Artillery Bombardment sites and the application of the war site cluster as a whole for key historical and cultural monuments and sites under Xiamen protection, whereby promoting the comprehensive implementation of the work on exhibition and utilization of the war sites. In addition, domestic practice case of war site conservation is rare and so exchanges with the Jinmen regions in respect of the conservation, exhibition and utilization of the war sites should be enhanced so as to promote peaceful communication and cultural exchange between both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

評論

劉伯英：我去過金門，戰(zhàn)時的陣地、工事、軍營、民防設(shè)施都完好保存，建設(shè)了多座博物館，記錄那段歷史，并成為金門開展旅游的重要資源，而且有申遺的打算。

一直想要看大陸這邊關(guān)于那段歷史還留下什么，今天終于看到了。首先，我認(rèn)為這些戰(zhàn)地遺址不僅僅是“記憶的保護(hù)”，更重要的是“史實的保護(hù)”。二是，不管多困難，都要盡最大努力，最完整地保留和保護(hù)。小三通已經(jīng)開通，兩岸合作開展主題旅游，一定會有獨特吸引力。

張謹(jǐn)：文物保護(hù)規(guī)劃與城市規(guī)劃大多著力于空間規(guī)劃有著很大的不同，其性質(zhì)更是一個管理規(guī)劃。由于政出多門，規(guī)劃需要針對文物權(quán)屬及管理現(xiàn)狀的復(fù)雜性和沖突性的現(xiàn)實，協(xié)調(diào)各方利益，并給出相應(yīng)的對策。而這種對策不僅是規(guī)劃與建筑范疇，更是法律與政策范疇。廈門“八·二三炮戰(zhàn)”遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃認(rèn)識到了其規(guī)劃對象的獨特性，并提出保護(hù)面臨的關(guān)鍵問題——土地權(quán)屬的復(fù)雜與整合利用的困難等。但是由于專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的限制，規(guī)劃內(nèi)容更多傾向于展示利用規(guī)劃與建筑物的修繕，如規(guī)劃方向能更多向城市宏觀管理措施方面傾斜，則更具有可操作性與現(xiàn)實意義。

Comments

LIU Boying: I once went to Jinmen. Wartime formations, fortifications, barracks and civil defense facilities were quite well-preserved. Museums were built to record that historical period. All of these are important resources for Jinmen's tourism industrial development, with which authorities intend to have the site registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

I have been trying to figure out what is left on the mainland from that historical period, and finally I see it. First, I view those battle sites embedding not only "memory protection", but "historical protection". Second, these sites have to be preserved and protected to the utmost regardless of great difficulties ahead. In the context when mini-three-links have been launched and thematic tourism is developed under cross-strait cooperation, the site would surely present its unique charm.

ZHANG Jin: Different from urban planning that mainly focuses on spatial planning, heritage conservation planning in essence is a kind of management planning. Because of relevant policies made by different departments, it is necessary for the planning to coordinate the interests of all departments and put forward the corresponding countermeasures for the complex relationship and conflicts between the ownership and management of the heritage.The countermeasures are not only belong to the category of planning and architecture, they are also belong to the category of law and policy. The conservation planning of the 823 Artillery Bombardment in Xiamen City recognizes the unique feature of the object and proposes critical issues that the planning is faced with, such as the complex land ownership and the difficulties to integrally utilize it. However, due to the constraint of the professional field, the planning is more inclined to the display utilization planning and the renovation of buildings. It would be more workable and of practical significance if the planning paid more attention to the macrolevel management measures for cities.

Conservation Planning of 823 Artillery Bombardment Sites, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 2014

Project Design: ZHANG Song/Shanghai Tongji Urban Planning and Design Institute/Xiamen Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau