顏 珣,郭文秀,2,3,趙國(guó)玉,韓日疇*
(1.廣東省昆蟲(chóng)研究所,廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng)綜合治理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東省野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)與利用公共實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510260;2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院華南植物園,廣州 510650;3.中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100039)
地下害蟲(chóng)是指生活史的全部或大部分時(shí)間在土壤中生活,主要為害植物的地下部分或近地面部分的一類害蟲(chóng),其種類繁多,分布廣泛,適應(yīng)性和隱蔽性強(qiáng)。目前已知的地下害蟲(chóng)達(dá)300 多種,主要有金龜子、金針蟲(chóng)、地老虎、螻蛄、根蛆等(魏紅軍和黃文琴,1992)。近年來(lái),由于我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的持續(xù)大量使用,綜合防治地下害蟲(chóng)措施缺乏等原因,導(dǎo)致地下害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生為害日趨嚴(yán)重,給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成重大損失(高燕等,2011)。
昆蟲(chóng)病原斯氏屬Steinernema 和異小桿屬Heterorhabditis 線蟲(chóng)分 與腸桿 科Enterobacteriaceae 嗜線蟲(chóng)桿菌屬Xenorhabdus 和發(fā)光桿菌屬Photorhabdus 的細(xì)菌互惠共生(Poinar,1990;Adams and Nguyen,2002),是一類專門寄生昆蟲(chóng)的有益線蟲(chóng)。這類線蟲(chóng)具有殺蟲(chóng)能力強(qiáng),殺蟲(chóng)譜廣,能主動(dòng)搜索寄主,對(duì)人畜、環(huán)境安全等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是國(guó)際上新型的高效生物殺蟲(chóng)劑(Georgis et al.,2006),對(duì)地下害蟲(chóng)特效(Kaya and Gaugler 1993;Grewal et al.,2005;Georgis et al.,2006;Yan et al.,2012)。
昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)對(duì)地下害蟲(chóng)的防治效果受線蟲(chóng)種類和品系及害蟲(chóng)種類影響。本文主要綜述了利用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治危害嚴(yán)重的金龜子、小地老虎、遲眼蕈蚊和黃曲條跳甲等害蟲(chóng)的研究進(jìn)展。
蠐螬是昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目Coleoptera 金龜子科Scarabaeidae 幼蟲(chóng)的總稱,為土棲性害蟲(chóng)中分布最廣、為害最嚴(yán)重的一大類群(羅晨等,2008)。一般一年一代或兩年一代,以三齡幼蟲(chóng)為害最為嚴(yán)重。其食性復(fù)雜,主要以三齡幼蟲(chóng)取食農(nóng)作物主要有花生、小麥、大豆、玉米、馬鈴薯、甘薯等的有機(jī)質(zhì)及根冠,危害植物地下根莖,影響植物的正常生長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致植物枯萎死亡 (王玉東等,2012)。
蠐螬是昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)首次應(yīng)用于害蟲(chóng)防治的目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)(Glaser and Fox,1930),也是昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)應(yīng)用研究最為廣泛的地下害蟲(chóng)。經(jīng)過(guò)大量的研究和試驗(yàn),已篩選出一些種類或品系并成功地應(yīng)用于蠐螬的防治(施用劑量≤2.5×109IJs/ha)。日本金龜子Popillia japonica 是國(guó)外危害較為嚴(yán)重的草坪地下害蟲(chóng),經(jīng)田間試驗(yàn)篩選出多個(gè)H.bacteriophora 品系(Klein,1992;Downing,1994;Koppenh?fer et al.,2000a,b,2002;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a,b;Grewal et al.,2004),以及H.zealandica (Alm et al.,1997;Grewal et al.,2004),S.scarabaei (Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)等可用于該蠐螬的防治。日本金龜子對(duì)很多線蟲(chóng)品系較為敏感,而其他草坪蠐螬則對(duì)少數(shù)線蟲(chóng)品系較為敏感。多毛犀金龜Cyclocephala hirta 可用S.glaseri 線蟲(chóng)防治(Converse and Grewal,1998);東方異麗金龜Anomala (Exomala) orientalis,栗馬絨金龜Maladera castanea 和歐洲切根鰓金龜Rhizotrogus majalis 目前僅則可采用S.scarabaei 進(jìn)行有效防治(Cappaert and Koppenh?fer,2003;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a,c;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)。圓頭犀金龜Cyclocephala borealis 則可采用S.scarabaei、H.zealandica 和 H.bacteriophora 進(jìn)行防(Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a;Grewal et al.,2004;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)。
在我國(guó),Guo et al.(2013;2014)應(yīng)用S.longicaudum X-7,H.bacteriophora H06 線蟲(chóng)(1.5×109IJs/ha 及7.5×108IJs/ha)在花生田對(duì)地下害蟲(chóng)暗黑鰓金龜Holotrichia parallela,華北大黑鰓金龜H.oblita 進(jìn)行了有效防治,可使蠐螬減退率達(dá)88%以上。許艷麗等(2008)采用溫室盆栽試驗(yàn)(5 IJs/cm2)連續(xù)施用H.bacteriophora NJ 線蟲(chóng)2-3 次可有效控制東北大黑鰓金龜幼蟲(chóng)H.diomphalia (71.4%)。
由于同種線蟲(chóng)對(duì)不同蠐螬種類的敏感性的差異較大,且線蟲(chóng)單獨(dú)施用效果有時(shí)不穩(wěn)定(Klein,1990;Georgis and Gaugler,1991),目前人們除了不斷分離新的昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)品系用于不同蠐螬的防治,同時(shí)也在尋找其它一些環(huán)境友好型藥劑與線蟲(chóng)混用以提高線蟲(chóng)防治效果。氯化煙酰類殺蟲(chóng)劑吡蟲(chóng)啉作為一種廣譜、低毒、持效期長(zhǎng)的藥劑,與線蟲(chóng)混用可以提高對(duì)多種蠐螬的作用效果,是目前較為成功的一種線蟲(chóng)增效藥劑(Koppenh?fer et al.,2000b;Koppenh?fer et al.,2002,2003;Koppenh?fer and Grewal,2005;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2008;王玉東等,2012)。另外,張中潤(rùn)等(2006)在室內(nèi)測(cè)定篩選低毒化學(xué)藥劑對(duì)S.longicaudum X-7 線蟲(chóng)的作用結(jié)果表明,昆蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑類藥劑除蟲(chóng)脲在66.7 mg/L 條件下對(duì)該線蟲(chóng)防治卵圓齒爪鰓金龜H.ovata 三齡幼蟲(chóng)具有增效作用。Koppenh?fer and Fuzy (2008)報(bào)道,苯甲酰胺類殺蟲(chóng)劑氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺與H.bacteriophora 混用防治三齡日本金龜子、東方異麗金龜三齡幼蟲(chóng)表現(xiàn)出相加或協(xié)同增效作用。
研究表明,應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)或?qū)⒗ハx(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)與環(huán)境友好型藥劑混用可有效防治多種蠐螬,昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)與其他生防因子以及多種線蟲(chóng)混用防治蠐螬值得繼續(xù)研究。
小地老 Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)是地老虎中分布最廣,危害最嚴(yán)重的種類。經(jīng)歷干旱年份的小地老虎分布區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)小地老虎大爆發(fā)災(zāi)情,使農(nóng)作物嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn),給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重?fù)p失(趙永根,2007;郭秀芝,2009;高燕等,2011)。小地老虎的最佳生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育溫度在18-27℃之間。小地老虎幼蟲(chóng)取食玉米、高粱、豆類等糧食作物,麻類、煙草等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物以及菠菜、油菜、瓜類等多種蔬菜(Rings et al.,1975)。一二齡幼蟲(chóng)取食幼苗,三齡幼蟲(chóng)取食幼苗及嫩莖,造成植株的死亡。三齡幼蟲(chóng)一般鉆入土中,只有取食時(shí)才爬到土層淺表食葉或?yàn)楹Ω?楊健全等,2000)。老熟幼蟲(chóng)食量增大,嚴(yán)重破壞農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。
應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治小地老虎的研究已從室內(nèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)線蟲(chóng)品系及最佳濃度和溫度的篩選推進(jìn)到田間的小型試驗(yàn)。早期研究主要是在室內(nèi)應(yīng)用單一種線蟲(chóng)(主要是S.carpocapsae)對(duì)小地老虎單一齡期的幼蟲(chóng)(三齡幼蟲(chóng)及以上)的進(jìn)行毒力測(cè)定(Capinera et al.,1988;Morris et al.,1990;Baur et al.,1997),并且有一些盆栽實(shí)驗(yàn)以及在玉米地進(jìn)行的田間實(shí)驗(yàn) (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi,1992;Kaya et al.,1993;Shapiro et al.,1999;楊健全等,2000)。總體來(lái)說(shuō),S.carpocapsae和H.bacteriophora 是對(duì)小地老虎毒力較好的線蟲(chóng)品種,在2.5×109IJ/ha 的施用濃度下對(duì)草坪小地老虎的防控效果可達(dá)95% 及62% (Georgis and Poinar,1994)。楊健全等(2000)在煙草地進(jìn)行田間實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),比較了采用毒餌法(用煙苗浸蘸線蟲(chóng)液置于煙苗根際)和澆灌法(于煙苗根際施用線蟲(chóng)液)施用線蟲(chóng)的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)用毒餌法更有利于提高線蟲(chóng)的防效,當(dāng)線蟲(chóng)劑量為2×104IJ/株時(shí)的防效可達(dá)到80%以上,顯著高于化學(xué)農(nóng)藥25%喹硫磷的處理。Ebssa and Koppenh?fer (2012)室內(nèi)測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),H.megidis 對(duì)小地老虎毒力最強(qiáng),其次是H.bacteriophora,而盆栽實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示S.carpocapsae 毒力最高,其次為H.bacteriophora,H.megidis 和S.riobrave;老熟幼蟲(chóng)(四齡和五齡)對(duì)線蟲(chóng)最為敏感,蛹則最不敏感;測(cè)定的4種線蟲(chóng)在30 IJ/頭幼蟲(chóng)的濃度下就能有高達(dá)90%的致死率,而田間施用時(shí)0.5×109IJ/ha 的施用濃度能夠?qū)ξ妪g幼蟲(chóng)有100%的控制效果;活體培養(yǎng)的H.megidis 和S.carpocapsae 對(duì)五齡幼蟲(chóng)的防治效果好于體外培養(yǎng)的線蟲(chóng),但是培養(yǎng)方式對(duì) H.bacteriophora 和S.riobrave 兩種線蟲(chóng)的活力則沒(méi)有影響。在害蟲(chóng)齡期越小時(shí)對(duì)害蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行有效的防控,將有利于加強(qiáng)防控的效果。Yan et al.(2014)等篩選到的S.carpocapsae Mex 和H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng),在25℃時(shí)對(duì)小地老虎二齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力高于對(duì)三齡及四齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力。在白菜地應(yīng)用這兩種線蟲(chóng)防控小地老虎幼蟲(chóng),在2×109IJ/ha 施用濃度下,S.carpocapsae Mex 對(duì)小地老虎的防控效果最好,蟲(chóng)苗率在14 d 時(shí)僅為7.4%,顯著低于H.indica LN2 和毒死蜱及氟氯氰菊酯處理的試驗(yàn)區(qū)。
應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治小地老虎的田間實(shí)驗(yàn)一般都是先人工釋放小地老虎幼蟲(chóng)再進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)(楊健全等,2000;Ebssa and Koppenhofer,2012;Yan et al.,2014 等),因此對(duì)于在小地老虎幼蟲(chóng)自然發(fā)生的種植區(qū)昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)的防治效果還需要進(jìn)一步的研究。同時(shí),也需開(kāi)展將昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)與其他多種生防因子共同用于小地老虎的防控研究,以期建立小地老虎的綜合防控技術(shù)。
韭蛆是韭菜根蛆,遲眼蕈蚊 Bradysia odoriphaga 的幼蟲(chóng)簡(jiǎn)稱,一直是影響韭菜生產(chǎn)的重要害蟲(chóng)(孫瑞紅等,2004)。韭蛆分布地域廣泛,在中國(guó)北方年發(fā)生4-6 代,以春秋危害最為嚴(yán)重。其卵孵化成幼蟲(chóng)潛伏入韭菜莖和根內(nèi),蛀食假莖和鱗莖,造成植株葉片失綠、枯黃萎蔫,甚至發(fā)生莖基部腐爛,引起整墩韭菜死亡,產(chǎn)量損失可達(dá)60%以上(馮惠琴和鄭方強(qiáng),1987)。
國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治韭蛆做了很多工作。楊秀芬等(2004)篩選出S.feltiae PS4 對(duì)韭蛆的防治效果可達(dá)80%以上,田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn)防治效果達(dá)55.8%。孫瑞紅等 (2007)對(duì)H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)侵染韭蛆的溫度、土壤含水量以及線蟲(chóng)劑量進(jìn)行了室內(nèi)生物測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明,H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)侵染的適宜溫度為25-30℃,土壤濕度為12%左右,最佳劑量每頭韭菜遲眼蕈蚊幼蟲(chóng)施用線蟲(chóng)200 IJs。Ma et al.(2013)對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治韭蛆齡期、線蟲(chóng)最佳劑量及田間防治效果進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果表明,在100 IJs/蟲(chóng)條件下,S.feltiae JY-17 線蟲(chóng)對(duì)韭蛆的致死率可達(dá)97%;多種線蟲(chóng)對(duì)三齡和四齡幼蟲(chóng)的敏感性(>70%)優(yōu)于對(duì)二齡幼蟲(chóng)的敏感性(<50%);S.ceratophorum HQA-87 和H.indica ZZ-68 對(duì)蛹的致死率分別達(dá)83% 和80%;田間應(yīng)用 S.feltiae JY-17 和S.hebeiense JY-82 線蟲(chóng)28 d (100 IJs/cm2)時(shí)可使韭蛆種群密度下降52%以上。趙國(guó)玉(2013)對(duì)韭蛆進(jìn)行了室內(nèi)測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示,H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)在25-30℃,75 IJs/蟲(chóng)處理?xiàng)l件下對(duì)韭蛆侵染率達(dá)80%。田間施用H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)濃度為22.5×108IJs/ha 時(shí),14 d 后韭蛆的蟲(chóng)口密度即降為原來(lái)的50%,與辛硫磷無(wú)顯著差異;到防治后期(35-77 d),辛硫磷處理的韭蛆呈現(xiàn)爆發(fā)狀態(tài)(蟲(chóng)口密度高達(dá)1195 頭/m2),而線蟲(chóng)表現(xiàn)出有效的持續(xù)性防治作用,蟲(chóng)口密度維持在100 頭/m2以下。
將昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)與環(huán)境友好型化學(xué)藥劑混用防治韭蛆也有初步研究。孫瑞紅和李愛(ài)華(2007)將吡蟲(chóng)啉、楝素稀釋 4000 倍以上與H.bacteriophora H06 線蟲(chóng)混用室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)皿測(cè)定對(duì)韭蛆的死亡率可達(dá)87.0%以上。趙國(guó)玉(2013)也測(cè)定了四種低毒藥劑氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺、除蟲(chóng)脲、吡蟲(chóng)啉、楝素與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica 線蟲(chóng)混用對(duì)韭蛆的防治效果,其中只有吡蟲(chóng)啉與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)混用對(duì)韭蛆表現(xiàn)出增效作用。吡蟲(chóng)啉與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)混用可顯著提高線蟲(chóng)對(duì)韭蛆的侵染率(77.5%-97.5%),顯著高于H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲(chóng)單獨(dú)處理對(duì)韭蛆的侵染率(分別為22.5%和37.5%)。
應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治韭蛆取得了一定效果,但仍需在韭蛆化學(xué)增效劑的篩選、線蟲(chóng)與線蟲(chóng)混用防治韭蛆以及線蟲(chóng)防治韭蛆田間可持續(xù)性方面繼續(xù)開(kāi)展相關(guān)研究。
黃曲條跳甲Phyllotreta striolata 最早分布于歐亞大陸,現(xiàn)已擴(kuò)散至整個(gè)東方地區(qū)、太平洋區(qū)域以及南非。寄主植物包括十字花科的野生與栽培植物,如:甘藍(lán)、大白菜、蘿卜、蕪箐、油菜等,茄科植物、西瓜和豆類均是黃曲條跳甲的寄主植物(Tansey et al.,2008)。黃曲條跳甲成蟲(chóng)取食植株地上部分,葉片上留下許多孔洞,還可取食幼苗莖部,幼蟲(chóng)取食細(xì)根或根毛,對(duì)植株的產(chǎn)量及質(zhì)量均嚴(yán)重影響。在華南溫暖的氣候條件下黃曲條跳甲可連續(xù)發(fā)育,一年至少有兩個(gè)發(fā)育高峰,可對(duì)蔬菜造成周年危害(高澤正等,2000;張茂新等,2000)。
應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治黃曲條跳甲的研究始于室內(nèi)對(duì)線蟲(chóng)致死黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)能力的測(cè)定。魏洪義等(1992)在室內(nèi)測(cè)定了S.feltiae 線蟲(chóng)對(duì)黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)的感染力,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)齡期的增加,線蟲(chóng)感染力增加;Xu et al.(2010)建立了黃曲條跳甲室內(nèi)種群的飼養(yǎng)方法并從20 個(gè)不同品系的線蟲(chóng)中篩選到H.indica 212-2和S.pakistanense 94-1 兩個(gè)品系的昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)對(duì)跳甲幼蟲(chóng)毒力較強(qiáng),并測(cè)定了溫度、線蟲(chóng)濃度及跳甲幼蟲(chóng)齡期對(duì)線蟲(chóng)毒力的影響。黃曲條跳甲三齡幼蟲(chóng)比一齡、二齡幼蟲(chóng)及蛹對(duì)線蟲(chóng)的敏感性更高,是線蟲(chóng)攻擊的主要目標(biāo)齡期。魏洪義和王國(guó)漢 (1993)在廣州、深圳等多個(gè)地點(diǎn)施用S.carpocapsae 線蟲(chóng)對(duì)黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)的種群數(shù)量進(jìn)行控制,結(jié)果顯示,在蔬菜移栽至收割期間,施用2-3 次1×106IJ/m2劑量的線蟲(chóng)懸液或5×105IJ/m2與1000 倍的敵百蟲(chóng)混合液對(duì)黃曲條跳甲有較好的防治效果。侯有明等(2001)采用條帶式施用方法,線蟲(chóng)用量為1.75×109IJ/ha 時(shí),對(duì)黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)的感染率在71.28%左右,防效為72.2%,與全施無(wú)顯著差異,能降低黃曲條跳甲的種群趨勢(shì)指數(shù),干擾黃曲條跳甲的種群增長(zhǎng)。Kakizaki (2004)在蘿卜生長(zhǎng)期施用S.carpocapsae,濃度為2.5-5×105IJ/m2時(shí)對(duì)蘿卜根系黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng)的控制效果較好,跳甲幼蟲(chóng)減少了3-5 倍。Yan et al.(2013)將商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的S.carpocapsae 和H.indica 線蟲(chóng)應(yīng)用于蔬菜地防治黃曲條跳甲幼蟲(chóng),在1.5×109IJ/ha 施用濃度下,兩種線蟲(chóng)都能減少田間跳甲地下齡期的種群數(shù)量,從而減少跳甲成蟲(chóng)種群及成蟲(chóng)導(dǎo)致的葉面蟲(chóng)洞數(shù),增加蔬菜產(chǎn)量及質(zhì)量,線蟲(chóng)對(duì)跳甲的防控效果好于單次施用魚(yú)藤酮。Yan et al.(2013)還將印楝素與線蟲(chóng)混用,印楝素可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)增加S.carpocapsae 線蟲(chóng)對(duì)跳甲的防控效果。
雖然S.feltiae 室內(nèi)對(duì)跳甲成蟲(chóng)的LC50為每成蟲(chóng)483-1467 IJs,具有在田間防治跳甲成蟲(chóng)的應(yīng)用潛力(Trdan et al.,2008),但由于昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)在土壤里具有更好的持效性(Guo et al.,2013),所以應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)防治跳甲幼蟲(chóng),進(jìn)而控制成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量更具有實(shí)際意義。今后的研究應(yīng)考慮建立將防治幼蟲(chóng)的昆蟲(chóng)病原線蟲(chóng)與防治成蟲(chóng)的低濃度生物源或化學(xué)農(nóng)藥混用的綜合防控技術(shù),以更好地控制黃曲條跳甲的危害。
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