許貴華 綜述 朱豫 審校
(廣州軍區(qū)武漢總醫(yī)院心胸外科,湖北武漢 430070)
近年來(lái),隨著生活水平的提高,冠心病(CHD)的發(fā)病率和病死率呈明顯上升的趨勢(shì)。大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,機(jī)體炎癥在CHD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用[1]。目前認(rèn)為,炎癥反應(yīng)是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的應(yīng)答性反應(yīng),在動(dòng)脈損傷的早期起保護(hù)作用,但當(dāng)損傷持續(xù)存在時(shí)應(yīng)答反應(yīng)可演變?yōu)檫^(guò)度的炎癥,并促進(jìn)斑塊的形成。
炎癥因子C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是近年來(lái)研究炎癥與CHD相關(guān)性積累數(shù)據(jù)最多的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)[2],目前多通過(guò)檢查超敏 C 反應(yīng)蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。CRP 作為炎癥反應(yīng)的標(biāo)志物,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成和血栓形成,但CRP對(duì)CHD預(yù)后是否有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值仍存在爭(zhēng)議。盡管部分學(xué)者針對(duì)CRP對(duì)CHD的預(yù)后價(jià)值持積極態(tài)度,但仍有多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果并不支持CRP是有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
hs-CRP與普通CRP屬同一種蛋白,只是由于其測(cè)定方法更敏感而得名。hs-CRP檢測(cè)試劑的推出,使得CRP檢測(cè)自動(dòng)化、高精確度、快速大批量進(jìn)行。hs-CRP是采用酶或熒光化合物標(biāo)記的抗體和乳膠比濁免疫增強(qiáng)法測(cè)定的CRP,檢測(cè)低限延伸為0.005~0.10 mg/L,能夠區(qū)分低水平的炎癥狀態(tài),為評(píng)價(jià)慢性炎癥并發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化提供了簡(jiǎn)便的臨床手段。
多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性感染患者的血清能和肺炎雙球菌細(xì)胞壁上的C多糖發(fā)生沉淀反應(yīng),后經(jīng)證實(shí)參與反應(yīng)的是一種蛋白質(zhì),故稱(chēng)之為CRP[3]。CRP為急性期反應(yīng)蛋白,在細(xì)胞因子如白介素(IL)-6、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)等的刺激下,主要由肝臟生成[4]。CRP由5個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相似糖基化的多肽亞基單位以非共價(jià)交聯(lián)方式聚合而成,每個(gè)亞單位包含206個(gè)氨基酸殘基[5],電鏡下呈環(huán)狀對(duì)稱(chēng)的五角型盤(pán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),不易溶于水,不耐熱,結(jié)晶為菱形。正常情況下,血清中CRP是存在于血清或血漿中的一種微量蛋白(﹤10 mg/L),急性期濃度可升高上千倍,其濃度水平的高低與疾病炎癥反應(yīng)程度密切相關(guān),是一項(xiàng)反映機(jī)體炎癥的敏感指標(biāo)[6]。CRP在炎癥和組織損傷發(fā)作后6~8 h內(nèi)開(kāi)始升高,約48 h達(dá)高峰,持續(xù)時(shí)間約為1周,其半衰期約19 h。
CRP具有多種生物學(xué)特性,大量研究證明其可促進(jìn)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的形成和發(fā)展,目前認(rèn)為CRP促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成的可能機(jī)制有以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)CRP與脂質(zhì)尤其是卵磷脂(磷脂酰膽堿)具有高度親和力,并且可以和多種自身配體或外來(lái)配體相結(jié)合,與這些配體結(jié)合后,可以激活補(bǔ)體活化的經(jīng)典途徑[7-8];(2)CRP 促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞釋放炎癥介質(zhì)如 IL-18、IL-6和TNF-α,具有較強(qiáng)的間接或直接促進(jìn)血栓形成的作用[9];(3)CRP 可使細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、血管細(xì)胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)的表達(dá)明顯增加,并調(diào)節(jié)單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的分泌,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞致炎因子的表達(dá)[10];(4)CRP通過(guò)巨噬細(xì)胞刺激組織因子生成,從而啟動(dòng)外源性凝血途徑;(5)CRP具有與IgG和補(bǔ)體相似的調(diào)理和凝集作用,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬功能,調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞攝入低密度脂蛋白,然后轉(zhuǎn)化為泡沫細(xì)胞[11-12];(6)CRP可通過(guò)上調(diào)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-1和MMP-10介導(dǎo)炎癥和斑塊破裂[13]。
大量的學(xué)者認(rèn)為CRP促進(jìn)CHD的形成和發(fā)展,對(duì)CHD預(yù)后可能有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。有研究顯示CRP不僅可預(yù)測(cè)健康人群未來(lái)發(fā)生心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14],還可預(yù)測(cè) CHD 患者的預(yù)后[15]。研究表明,CRP≥2.0 mg/L是中國(guó)人發(fā)生心血管疾病的有效預(yù)測(cè)因子[16]。另外進(jìn)行的一些大型、前瞻性的研究表明,血清CRP水平增高是CHD患者未來(lái)心血管事件(包括心肌梗死、缺血性卒中、周?chē)芗膊?、心臟性猝死等)的一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[17]。
Zebrack等[18]的研究表明在不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者中CRP明顯增高,且增高的程度與病情及隨后發(fā)生的不良心血管事件明顯相關(guān),說(shuō)明CRP水平對(duì)CHD病情及預(yù)后判斷是一個(gè)敏感的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)。Roberts等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清CRP水平與年齡、吸煙、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度、心肌梗死病變和左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)相關(guān),經(jīng)多元回歸分析,血清CRP水平是心絞痛患者發(fā)生急性冠狀動(dòng)脈事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。Barnes等[20]報(bào)道,伴有血清CRP水平升高的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛和非Q波型心肌梗死患者,6個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生急性冠狀動(dòng)脈事件概率升高30%。Berton等[21]研究確診為急性心肌梗死的患者CRP濃度與心肌梗死預(yù)后的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),第1天的CRP濃度是心肌梗死后心力衰竭進(jìn)展和左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)的一個(gè)強(qiáng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),第3天CRP濃度與1年病死率獨(dú)立相關(guān)。Arao等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP與多支病變患者的致死事件顯著相關(guān),CRP水平增高者心臟破裂的危險(xiǎn)性增大,持續(xù)升高且>200 mg/L者急性心肌梗死后心臟破裂的發(fā)生率非常高。并發(fā)心力衰竭、心源性休克的急性心肌梗死患者與無(wú)心力衰竭的急性心肌梗死患者相比,前者CRP水平顯著升高[23]。急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征患者CRP往往升高,如心肌梗死患者中CRP可急劇上升并達(dá)到100 mg/L以上,其升高水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈梗阻程度、CHD終末事件的發(fā)生及預(yù)后、充血性心力衰竭的程度等均有顯著相關(guān)性[24]。另外,CRP對(duì)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療后的再狹窄率有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。Dibra等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療后CRP水平明顯升高的患者有較高的致殘率和再狹窄率。
盡管大批學(xué)者對(duì)CRP是CHD的危險(xiǎn)因素且對(duì)CHD預(yù)后有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值持肯定態(tài)度,但仍有多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果并不支持CRP是有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
Melander等[26]對(duì)瑞典一項(xiàng)5 067例參試者組成的隊(duì)列進(jìn)行研究,基線年齡平均58歲,60%為女性且無(wú)CHD,隨訪到12.8年時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP未能增加CHD傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素模型的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。Patel等[27]研究也證實(shí)CRP不能作為篩查CHD的生物標(biāo)志物。
Shah等[28]系統(tǒng)回歸了31項(xiàng)前瞻性研究,涉及84 063例患者,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型推論CRP水平對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈事件預(yù)測(cè)能力。結(jié)果顯示,CRP對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈事件預(yù)測(cè)能力不優(yōu)于Framingham危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分,將CRP加入到已知危險(xiǎn)因素模型后,對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈事件預(yù)測(cè)能力提高有限且不穩(wěn)定。因此提示,CRP對(duì)CHD危險(xiǎn)分層幫助不明顯。ASCOT-LLA分析探討了基線和治療中檢測(cè)CRP水平作為CHD結(jié)局獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子的價(jià)值,分析結(jié)果顯示,在非校正模型中,基線hs-CRP水平似乎與CHD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高相關(guān);但在校正Framingham危險(xiǎn)因素的雙模型中,基線 hs-CRP僅輕微改善對(duì)CHD的預(yù)測(cè)。在他汀組患者中,治療6個(gè)月后中位低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)和 hs-CRP分別下降40.3% 和 27.4%,但基線 hs-CRP不能預(yù)測(cè)藥物對(duì)CHD終點(diǎn)的影響程度。此外,治療中LDL-C<中位值2.1 mmol/L與≥2.1 mmol/L相比,與不良心血管事件率顯著降低相關(guān);而hs-CRP<中位值1.83 mg/L與≥1.83 mg/L相比,并無(wú)預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。最新研究結(jié)果提示,基線或治療中LDL-C等血脂參數(shù)與患者結(jié)局顯著相關(guān),而 CRP 不具有額外的增量預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[29-30]。
炎癥在CHD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中扮演重要角色,CRP是重要的炎癥標(biāo)志物,但迄今為止,指南更新中未將CRP列為推薦的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn),當(dāng)前應(yīng)理性對(duì)待CRP的臨床應(yīng)用。LDL-C仍是當(dāng)前最簡(jiǎn)單易行且證據(jù)充分的干預(yù)指標(biāo),他汀在心血管防治領(lǐng)域的基石地位不可動(dòng)搖。CRP的療效評(píng)估、與CHD的相關(guān)性及對(duì)CHD預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值仍需進(jìn)一步探索。
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