劉美琳 王海玲
高中英語讀寫課中寫作活動的設(shè)計與思考
劉美琳 王海玲
針對目前高中英語教學(xué)中存在的讀寫分離、學(xué)生語言輸出受阻、讀寫課中寫作活動設(shè)計不力等問題,本文聯(lián)系教學(xué)實際,介紹了高中英語教學(xué)讀寫課中寫作活動的設(shè)計方法:仿寫、改寫、續(xù)寫、縮寫、寫心得、開放式寫,并提出了自己的思考和對策。
高中英語;讀寫課;寫作活動
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實驗)》(以下簡稱《新課標(biāo)》)指出,聽、說、讀、寫這四項技能在語言學(xué)習(xí)和交際中相輔相成、相互促進(jìn)(教育部,2003)。而長期以來,英語的閱讀和寫作是相對獨(dú)立的,閱讀課就是閱讀文本,解讀語言點(diǎn);寫作課則是單獨(dú)的寫作訓(xùn)練,主要是在高三階段進(jìn)行的高考作文模板式強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。這種讀寫分離的做法很容易使學(xué)生誤以為學(xué)習(xí)課文就是一個解決生詞和語法問題的解碼過程,而寫作僅是構(gòu)建語法正確的文章的過程,從而忽略“讀和寫同為意義構(gòu)建的過程”這一本質(zhì),導(dǎo)致學(xué)生語言輸入的質(zhì)量不高、語言輸出受阻(潘愛梅,2013)。學(xué)生在寫作前如果沒有充足的與寫作話題相關(guān)的語言輸入,寫作時往往就會出現(xiàn)詞匯匱乏、結(jié)構(gòu)松散、條理不清、語言表達(dá)不地道或無話可說等問題?!缎抡n標(biāo)》提高了對寫作的要求,突出了對布局謀篇、遣詞造句、情感表達(dá)的要求。但目前學(xué)生的寫作能力不容樂觀,存在審題不清、表達(dá)不暢、布局不合理等問題。Webb(1987)在談到讀寫關(guān)系時指出,閱讀從某種意義上說是寫的“彩排”,閱讀材料為寫提供了“彩排”的道具。閱讀技能的長足發(fā)展,會有效帶動聽、說、寫技能的發(fā)展。因此,讀寫結(jié)合的教學(xué)理念逐步得到學(xué)界的認(rèn)可,而一節(jié)讀寫課的成功與否,寫作活動的設(shè)計是最關(guān)鍵的因素之一。下面筆者就聯(lián)系教學(xué)實際談?wù)勛x寫課中寫作活動的設(shè)計。
在常態(tài)教學(xué)中,寫的設(shè)計多種多樣,常見的有仿寫、續(xù)寫、縮寫、改寫、寫心得體會或者開放式寫作等。教師可以根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容的特點(diǎn),有針對性地布置寫作任務(wù),下面就是筆者在平時教學(xué)中的幾個教學(xué)設(shè)計實例。
(一)仿寫
仿寫就是仿照文章的體裁、題材、格式甚至語言點(diǎn)等寫一篇文章。例如,《牛津高中英語》模塊二Unit 2 Reading: An adventure in Africa是介紹旅游計劃的一封信,這在日常生活中很常見,學(xué)生也很感興趣,教師在布置寫作任務(wù)時可以讓學(xué)生仿寫。筆者在教學(xué)中給學(xué)生布置的寫作任務(wù)是:假如你是李平,下面是你今年暑假的旅游計劃,請仿照所學(xué)文章,給你的朋友魏華寫一封信,介紹一下你的旅行計劃。
因為這個寫作任務(wù)和所學(xué)文本相似,表格設(shè)計也簡單易懂,學(xué)生在熟讀課文的基礎(chǔ)上,寫起來不是太難,但也存在兩個方面的問題:一是學(xué)生根據(jù)表格連寫句子,句式結(jié)構(gòu)相似,顯得呆板單一;二是將來進(jìn)行時這個時態(tài)平時學(xué)生很少使用,所以容易出錯。在教師的當(dāng)堂點(diǎn)撥和小組合作互評后,大部分學(xué)生的習(xí)作都比較規(guī)范,表達(dá)基本準(zhǔn)確。下面這篇習(xí)作就是在小組合作修改后推選出來的(原文未做修改)。
Dear Wei Hua
How are you? Sorry I haven't written for a long time. I've been busy arranging my holiday with my parents. Please let me tell you something about it. On July 12th, we will be exploring Jinan, the city of springs. We will visit Baotu Spring, see Daming Lake and then take a bus to the Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese people.
From 13 to 14, we will be traveling to Tai'an and climbing Mount Tai. We will spend about 8 hours climbing to South Heaven Gate near the top of the mountain and watch the sunrise on the mountaintop early the next morning. If we have enough time, we will visit Dai Temple at the foot of the mountain and relax a little bit at a tea house.
Finally, on July 15th, we will be taking a bus to Qufu. It is a very famous place where Confucius was buried. We will return to Nanjing on July 17th.
So my schedule for next week is full and I can't manage a trip to Hainan with you. Thank you for your understanding.
Best regards.
Li Ping
(二)續(xù)寫
續(xù)寫,指從原文出發(fā),遵循原文的思路,對于原文做延伸性寫作。學(xué)生在續(xù)寫前要做到熟讀原文,將故事情節(jié)爛熟于心,準(zhǔn)確把握人物性格,透徹理解全文主旨大意。如果原文以記事為主,續(xù)寫部分應(yīng)該是事件的自然延伸,做到中心事件不變,敘述人稱不變,也就是依照原來的敘述角度,圍繞中心事件來續(xù)寫新的情節(jié)。如果原文以寫人為主,續(xù)寫部分的人物性格特征,必須與原文一致,即使人物性格有發(fā)展變化,也要合情合理。續(xù)寫有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力和想象力。如《牛津高中英語》模塊二 Unit 1 Reading: Boy missing, police puzzled這篇文章講的是男孩Justin失蹤后,人們有很多猜測,甚至有人認(rèn)為是被外星人帶走了,使得警察感到很困惑,最后故事沒有交代結(jié)尾,只是說事情還在進(jìn)一步調(diào)查中。
學(xué)生對這樣的話題很感興趣,教師可以讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象,根據(jù)最后一段的提示進(jìn)行續(xù)寫。筆者布置的續(xù)寫任務(wù)要求如下:Give an ending to the story. All endings are acceptable. The following questions can help you think: (1) All the people are concerned about Justin's disappearance. What do you think might have happened to him? (2) Was he in danger? If he were taken away by aliens, how do you think they would treat him?
寫作任務(wù)布置后,學(xué)生對這個有挑戰(zhàn)性的話題很感興趣,討論很熱烈。他們充分發(fā)揮自己的想象,各顯身手,給出了不同的故事結(jié)尾,表現(xiàn)了學(xué)生豐富的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。寫完后小組內(nèi)進(jìn)行簡短的交流,彼此分享自己的“令人驚訝的結(jié)尾”。下面是其中一個小組推薦的習(xí)作(原文未做修改)。
Detective Sam Peterson, who took charge of the case, said that they would not give up until they found out what had happened. He didn't believe what many people had said. He thought there was
no possibility that Justin was taken away by aliens. The next day, he himself went to visit the two boys who Justin played baseball with. But the two boys both said that Justin went home together with them. Peterson was surprised and determined to find out where Justin was. He then went to the baseball court where Justin and his two friends played. There he met a man of more than 60, who served as a doorman at the gate of the court. When asked about Justin, the old man smiled and said that the boy was having a sound sleep in his bed. “What on earth happened to Justin?”Peterson asked. The old man told him that Justin came back to the court at 11:50 the night before to look for his watch. He lost his watch after he played baseball. When the old man helped him find his watch, it was too late. To ensure the boy's safety, the old man asked the boy to stay with him.
(三)縮寫
縮寫是將內(nèi)容較多、篇幅較長的文章按一定的要求寫成較短的文章??s寫時應(yīng)忠于原文,不改變原文的主題或中心思想及原文的梗概。例如《牛津高中英語》模塊二Unit 2 Reading: An adventure in Africa也可以讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行縮寫。具體操作如下:請根據(jù)所學(xué)內(nèi)容,將課文縮寫成一篇短文。要求:概括文中的要點(diǎn),不得遺漏;語言連貫通順,字?jǐn)?shù)不得超過200。
這個寫作任務(wù)其實是要求學(xué)生筆頭簡要復(fù)述課文。讀寫在同一節(jié)課完成是有困難的,因此,要讓學(xué)生通過閱讀文本,在腦海里形成一個很清楚的線路圖,然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞去縮寫文章。教師在閱讀的環(huán)節(jié)要注重這方面的分析,可以給學(xué)生繪出一個線路圖:London →Morocco→Kenya →Tanzania→China;再給出活動計劃流程圖:take a flight to Morocco→ ride camels through the Sahara Desert→ travel down the River Nile→ see wild animals in Kenya→ climb Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania → go to the Himalayas,搭好寫作支架,降低寫作難度。下面是一篇學(xué)生的習(xí)作(原文未做修改)。
I've been busy arranging my holiday with my brother. We're going to visit many exciting places and do lots of extraordinary things. Firstly, we'll be taking a flight to Morocco in Africa. We're going to ride camels through the Sahara Desert. It's the biggest desert in the world—about the size of the US. After the trip by camel, we're going to travel down the River Nile. It's quite dangerous, but very exciting! We have to wear a helmet and a life jacket for protection, just in case we fall into water. Secondly, we're going on a trip to see wild animals in Kenya. We'll live with the local people and eat whatever they eat, including cow's blood! We need to buy a large backpack in advance to carry my supplies of food and water. Thirdly, we'll be moving on to Tanzania, where we're going to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Mountain climbing can be very tiring, and we will make sure that we get plenty of rest. Finally, we're going to Himalayas.
That is our travel plan. We're sure we will have a good time!
(四)改寫
改寫有很多種,可以改變文體、改變語體、改變?nèi)朔Q、改變句式等。以《牛津高中英語》模塊一Unit 2 Reading: Home alone為例,這是一個短劇,教師可以要求學(xué)生把它改寫為一篇記敘文。學(xué)生要熟讀課文,了解課文的故事梗概,掌握文中的一些句式結(jié)構(gòu)和詞塊,才能寫出忠實于原文的文章。具體寫作要求如下:請以Home alone 為標(biāo)題,將所學(xué)的戲劇改寫為一篇記敘文。要求:不改變文章原意;不丟漏文中重要情節(jié);字?jǐn)?shù)在150左右。
這個寫作任務(wù)要求學(xué)生要注意的是將文章的很多直接引語改為間接引語,還要注意人稱、時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換,根據(jù)故事的發(fā)展順序,不丟漏故事情節(jié)。通過課堂巡查發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)學(xué)生可以很好地完成寫作任務(wù),但也有一小部分學(xué)生有時態(tài)混亂的現(xiàn)象。經(jīng)過教師指導(dǎo)、小組合作修改后,均可達(dá)標(biāo)。下面是一篇學(xué)生的習(xí)作(原文未做修改)。
One day Mom and Dad arrived back from vacation a day earlier than expected. They couldn't wait to see the boys. But when they opened the door they found that a soccer ball was flying through the room. Eric ran in after it, followed by a dog, walking very slowly. Looking around the room, the boys were embarrassed. The whole room was in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there was a garbage can around which were pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad were very angry. They thought the boys could act like adults. They couldn't tolerate such behavior in their house. But the two boys thought they were still teenagers and their parents didn't understand them. What's worse, Mom and Dad even didn't give them a chance to explain. Conflict occurred between the parents and the teenagers. The boys thought their parents were too hard on them, while the parents thought the boys were too rude to them.
(五) 寫心得體會
根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn),我們也可以采用寫心得體會的方法,一般是有思想性、有教育意義的文章可以采用這種方法。如2013年江蘇省高中英語教學(xué)觀摩研討會上有一個讀寫課的觀摩,文章的題目是 What is life,這是一篇追憶性文章,介紹了主人公Rose 87歲上大學(xué)的勵志故事。教師在教授此課時,可以采用寫心得的形式。其中一位老師是這樣布置寫作任務(wù)的:
Write a speech based on the structure below. The opening sentence has already been given (100 words). Part One: A brief instruction of Rose and her story: Who? What kind of person? Part Two: What you have learnt from Rose? Part Three: Your understanding of life.
Dear everyone,
Today, I feel greatly honored to be invited here to share with you my memory of our friend Rose. ___________________
教師給出了具體的寫作要求,文章分為三個部分:第一部分其實是對所讀文本的概括,考查學(xué)生的總結(jié)概括能力;第二、三部分就是要求學(xué)生寫心得感受。這樣的寫作任務(wù)既鞏固了文本內(nèi)容,又提升了思想內(nèi)涵,恰到好處。由于內(nèi)容緊貼學(xué)生實際,學(xué)生有話可說,所以寫起來得心應(yīng)手。下面是一篇學(xué)生的習(xí)作(原文未做修改)。
Dear everyone,
Today, I feel greatly honored to be invited here to share with you my memory of our friend Rose.Rose went to college when she was 87 years old. She was outgoing, friendly and optimistic. She loved to dress up and enjoyed the attention from other students. She said,“ We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing.” After graduation she died peacefully in her sleep.
From the story, I learned a lot. Rose's determination inspired me. It's never too old to learn. Life is short. We should seize every opportunity to enrich our knowledge and enjoy our life.
(六)開放式寫
這里所說的開放式寫是指教師不給學(xué)生具體的內(nèi)容要求,學(xué)生可以按照自己的意愿寫, 題材、體裁不限,但要使用本課中學(xué)過的重要語言點(diǎn),意思完整、語法正確。如在2013年江蘇省高中英語教學(xué)觀摩研討會上,一位老師在教授《牛津高中英語》模塊六Unit 1 Reading: Stand up for your health時就采用了這一形式。文本詞匯涉及了tease,amuse, come up with, stand up for, whatever等,這位老師是這樣布置寫作任務(wù)的:Write a short passage using at least 3 key points we've learnt today.
這位老師布置的是一個開放性作文,要求很簡單,只用到文章中所學(xué)的要點(diǎn)就可以了。學(xué)生都發(fā)揮了自己的想象,校園趣事、國家大事、明星八卦都有,最后的展示環(huán)節(jié)很精彩。但也存在不足,寫作要求至少用3個語言點(diǎn),很多學(xué)生滿足于只用3個語言點(diǎn)就完成任務(wù)了,因此習(xí)作顯得太簡單,所敘述的事情不深刻。下面是一篇學(xué)生當(dāng)時的習(xí)作(原文未做修改)。
There are a variety of language points in this passage and we have mainly learned 8 of them. The teacher has tried her best to come up with different teaching methods to help us learn these key points.
The reason why she shows us something amusing is that she wants us to gain happiness in learning. Happiness is important but she hopes that we will not amuse ourselves by teasing others. Think twice before we behave.
Finally, the teacher tells us that whatever happens in our life, laugh more and the world will laugh with us!
Let's stand up for our health!
在讀寫課中寫作活動的設(shè)計與專題寫作課不同,張伊娜(2013)提出,讀寫結(jié)合在教學(xué)程序上,閱讀是出發(fā)點(diǎn),寫作是落腳點(diǎn);學(xué)生在理解語篇的基礎(chǔ)上開始寫作活動,同時又在寫的過程中強(qiáng)化讀的效果。在教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)上寫歸屬于讀后階段,要遵循“先讀后寫,由輸入到輸出,從理解到表達(dá)”的基本路徑。在寫作主題與內(nèi)容上,可以給學(xué)生適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮空間,但是要基于文章中的詞、短語和句子,避免寫作活動成為無源之水、無本之木。根據(jù)該理論筆者認(rèn)為寫作活動設(shè)計應(yīng)該遵循以下幾點(diǎn)原則。
(一)要注意與文本的關(guān)聯(lián)性
美國教育學(xué)家舒伯特(1986)指出,教科書中的閱讀是寫作素材的聚集地、語言現(xiàn)象的展示廳、語法規(guī)則的剖析室和文章體裁的示范本(轉(zhuǎn)引自朱惠芳,2007)。我們要充分利用和挖掘文本素材,靈活采用各種寫的形式,提高學(xué)生寫的質(zhì)量。但無論采取哪種寫作形式,最為重要的是要與所讀文本有關(guān)聯(lián)性。這里的關(guān)聯(lián)可以是話題的關(guān)聯(lián)、語料的關(guān)聯(lián)、結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)聯(lián)以及語法的關(guān)聯(lián),也可以是綜合性的關(guān)聯(lián)。教師從開始的導(dǎo)入、文本的解讀到寫作支架的搭建,整個過程都要為最后的寫的輸出做準(zhǔn)備,都要與寫密切相關(guān),讓學(xué)生在進(jìn)入寫的環(huán)節(jié)時水到渠成。這才是讀寫課的本真:以讀助寫,以寫促讀。
(二)要注意文本詞塊的回歸性
寫作活動的設(shè)計要回歸文本詞塊。寫作詞匯的豐富程度離不開詞塊的積累(陳錦英,2014)。作為語法、語義和語境的集合體,詞塊可以直接被整體儲存或提取。因此,教師在文本解讀時要有意識地注意文本詞塊的輸入,把詞塊作為輸入的基礎(chǔ),這樣可以提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的效率。用詞塊理論來指導(dǎo)寫作,也可以幫助學(xué)生減輕壓力,克服母語的負(fù)遷移,提高學(xué)生寫作的地道性、準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性(李吉,2012)。在常態(tài)教學(xué)中運(yùn)用文本中的語料進(jìn)行寫作也是最有效、最直接、最實用的方法。通過寫作,學(xué)生既鞏固了文本內(nèi)容,又加深了對重點(diǎn)詞匯的記憶和運(yùn)用。
(三)要貼近學(xué)生的生活
寫作活動的設(shè)計要貼近學(xué)生的生活實際,語言的學(xué)習(xí)離不開生活。我們在平常的教學(xué)中不難發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生總是對那些與他們的生活緊密相連、趣味性很強(qiáng)的知識感興趣??梢哉f離開了具體的生活,語言教學(xué)就成了“空中樓閣”。因此教師在設(shè)計寫作任務(wù)時,在考慮文本的同時,要選擇學(xué)生感興趣的、有新鮮感的、有創(chuàng)新性的、思想積極向上的話題,這樣學(xué)生在輸出時才能有話可說,表達(dá)順暢,課堂進(jìn)展也會很順利。
(四)要注意支架搭建的有效性
支架式教學(xué)模式是基于構(gòu)建主義理念的核心教學(xué)模式之一(李玉苑,2011),教師要依據(jù)學(xué)生的具體情況提供適時的幫助、指導(dǎo)和必要的信息渠道,隨著學(xué)生的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,逐步減少幫助,發(fā)展其獨(dú)立解決問題的能力。在讀寫課教學(xué)中,教師從一開始就要注意寫作支架的搭建,在進(jìn)入寫作前,教師適時、巧妙地搭建支架會助學(xué)生“一臂之力”,促進(jìn)寫作順利完成。教師的介入要注意有效性,適時、適度;主要解釋內(nèi)容的選擇、結(jié)構(gòu)的安排和語言的運(yùn)用等。教師的指導(dǎo)切忌越俎代庖,不能以教師的講解、指導(dǎo)代替學(xué)生的思維,要給學(xué)生自主思考的開放空間。一旦學(xué)
生進(jìn)入寫的狀態(tài),教師應(yīng)立刻轉(zhuǎn)入“幕后”。
(五)要注意反饋評價的及時性
寫作糾錯反饋是指對學(xué)習(xí)者包含語言錯誤的文章所給予的反饋(Ellis,2007)。有布置就該有反饋,反饋的過程也是師生交流的過程。在讀寫課上,寫作結(jié)束后就及時反饋效果最好。反饋的方式可以有多種,根據(jù)時間的長短一般可以采取抽查展示、小組交流、兩人一組交流等方式。在反饋后教師不能忘記了評價,評價的方式也很多,比如教師口頭評價、筆頭打分、學(xué)生小組評價、相互評價等。由于讀寫課任務(wù)重、容量大,如課上不能及時反饋,教師可以收集學(xué)生習(xí)作,批改后在下一節(jié)展示評價。
寫作學(xué)習(xí)具有發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維能力和表達(dá)能力的獨(dú)特作用,同時也是衡量教學(xué)效果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一(王篤勤,2002)。在讀寫結(jié)合的寫作教學(xué)中,文本解讀、相關(guān)語言知識學(xué)習(xí)是其主要目標(biāo),寫作任務(wù)或活動是用來練習(xí)或檢測閱讀文本中目標(biāo)語言知識以及內(nèi)化并輸出語言知識能力的重要手段。我們在要在充分解讀文本的基礎(chǔ)上,立足文本,提煉語言。精心設(shè)計寫作任務(wù),關(guān)注學(xué)生生活實際,有效搭建寫作支架,及時有效地給予評價,做到輸出與輸入的完美結(jié)合。
Ellis, R. 2007. Corrective feedback in theory, research and practice [EB/OL]. http://www.celea.org. cn/2007/keynote/ppt/Ellis.pdf.
Webb, S. S. 1987. The Resourceful Writer [M]. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
陳錦英. 2014. 文本分析視角下的英語寫作教學(xué)例談[J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,(4): 52-55
李吉. 2012. 詞塊理論在高中英語寫作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[D]. 上海:上海師范大學(xué).
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潘愛梅. 2013. 立足高中英語課文,開展階段性寫作訓(xùn)練 [J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,(7): 48-51
王篤勤. 2002. 英語教學(xué)策略論 [M]. 北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.
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中華人民共和國教育部. 2003. 普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實驗)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社.
朱惠芳. 2007. 高中英語閱讀與寫作教學(xué)互動模式的探析及應(yīng)用 [J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,(8): 42-46
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2014-06