楊靜麗 余加林 王政力 艾 青 劉 東 唐小麗
·論著·
16S rDNA-變性梯度凝膠電泳技術(shù)與臨床培養(yǎng)方法對比分析兒童闌尾炎組織菌群多樣性
楊靜麗 余加林 王政力 艾 青 劉 東 唐小麗
目的 從分子生物學(xué)的角度初步探討兒童闌尾炎組織的菌群多樣性,為全面認(rèn)識兒童闌尾炎病原菌提供新的視角。方法 對 10例闌尾炎組織標(biāo)本和4例正常闌尾組織標(biāo)本病理切片后,行革蘭染色觀察菌群情況,采用激光捕獲顯微切割技術(shù)(LCM)直視下分離組織中的細(xì)菌,經(jīng)DNA提取、PCR擴(kuò)增后,進(jìn)行變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE)分析并與臨床培養(yǎng)結(jié)果對比。結(jié)果 ①臨床培養(yǎng)法:陽性率為70%,共檢測到 4個(gè)菌屬,以大腸埃希菌最多見,各標(biāo)本菌屬0~2種,且均可由DGGE檢出。②DGGE方法:共檢測到14個(gè)菌屬,包括可培養(yǎng)菌屬和無法培養(yǎng)的菌屬,以革蘭陰性菌為主;10例闌尾炎標(biāo)本包含的細(xì)菌種類和數(shù)目均有差異,各標(biāo)本菌屬平均9.6(6~12)種;變形菌門比例為73.9%。在正常闌尾組織中,各標(biāo)本菌屬數(shù)在2~7種,變形菌門比例為52.9%,且發(fā)現(xiàn)假單胞菌屬、不動桿菌屬等7個(gè)菌屬僅在闌尾炎病灶中檢出。結(jié)論 闌尾炎病灶區(qū)是以革蘭陰性菌為主的多種細(xì)菌混合感染,檢測到的細(xì)菌種類較正常闌尾多。應(yīng)用LCM聯(lián)合PCR-DGGE技術(shù)病原菌檢出率較高,可為組織病原學(xué)研究提供新的思路。
闌尾炎; 激光捕獲顯微切割技術(shù); 變性梯度凝膠電泳; 菌群多樣性
闌尾炎是兒外科最常見的急腹癥,可發(fā)生在任何年齡。目前認(rèn)為,闌尾腔梗阻和病原菌入侵是引發(fā)闌尾炎的主要病因,甚至有研究認(rèn)為病原菌感染是導(dǎo)致闌尾炎的最重要因素[1~3]。因此認(rèn)識感染灶菌群多樣性對兒童闌尾炎的科學(xué)診療有重要作用。目前國內(nèi)外大多采用傳統(tǒng)膿液細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)的方法對闌尾炎病原菌進(jìn)行研究,但人體內(nèi)60%~80%細(xì)菌無法培養(yǎng)[4],許多潛在致病菌無法被檢出。由培養(yǎng)方法得出病原學(xué)資料是否全面地反映了感染灶菌群情況,值得進(jìn)一步探討。為此,本文首次報(bào)道采用激光捕獲顯微切割技術(shù)(LCM) 直視下對已發(fā)生細(xì)菌移位進(jìn)入闌尾壁組織的感染灶進(jìn)行精確切割分離,并結(jié)合目前研究菌群多樣性的遺傳指紋圖譜技術(shù)——變性梯度凝膠電泳技術(shù)(DGGE)進(jìn)行菌群多樣性分析。
1.1 病理標(biāo)本 調(diào)取2012年6~10月重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院(我院)病理科石蠟包埋的闌尾組織標(biāo)本。選取臨床和病理均診斷為闌尾炎,且同時(shí)具有闌尾膿液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果的標(biāo)本為闌尾炎組(10例);選取在我院行剖腹探查后行闌尾切除且闌尾病理正常的標(biāo)本為對照組(4例)。我院術(shù)后闌尾膿液采集、培養(yǎng)和鑒定按《全國臨床檢驗(yàn)操作規(guī)程》進(jìn)行,檢出病原菌采用美國BD公司Phoenix-100進(jìn)行菌種鑒定[5],由我院臨床檢驗(yàn)科微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室專業(yè)技術(shù)員完成。
1.2 組織病理學(xué)檢查 闌尾炎組和對照組石蠟切片后在MMI膜(基因公司)鋪片,經(jīng)常規(guī)脫蠟、脫水,37℃過夜干燥,革蘭染液(龐通公司)染色后,顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)菌的形態(tài),并由高倍到低倍光鏡記錄細(xì)菌的位置。
1. 3 細(xì)菌分離 應(yīng)用MMI cellcut Plus激光捕獲機(jī)(瑞士)對闌尾炎組和對照組闌尾組織中細(xì)菌切割分離,包括高度精確的激光發(fā)生器(波長337 nm)、倒置顯微鏡和電子計(jì)算機(jī)。由于MMI膜不能封片,因此不能在倒置顯微鏡下清晰觀察細(xì)菌。在倒置顯微鏡(400倍)直視下對記錄到的細(xì)菌進(jìn)行顯微切割,切割完畢后自動彈射到固定在膜片上方具有吸附作用的EP管蓋上。
1. 4 DNA提取 使用QIAamp DNA Micro kit(QIAGEN,德國)試劑盒提取DNA,按照說明書要求進(jìn)行操作。
1. 5 PCR擴(kuò)增 以雙蒸水為空白對照,采用巢式PCR對闌尾炎組及對照組收集細(xì)菌的16S rDNA V3區(qū)進(jìn)擴(kuò)增:第1步:F5′-TCAGATTGAACGCTGGCGGC-3′,R5′-TATTACCG-CGGCTGCTGGCA-3′;第2步:F5′CGCCCGCCGCGCGCGG-CGGGCGGGGCGGGGGCACGGGGGGCCTACGGGAGGCAGC-AG-3′,R5′-ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′(上海生物工程公司)[6]。PCR擴(kuò)增體系:第1步(25 μL):premix(TaKaRa) 12.5 μL,下游引物(上海英俊生物工程公司)各1 μL (10 μmol·L-1),DNA模板4 μL,ddH2O 6.5 μL;第2步(50 μL):premix 25 μL,上下游引物各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 21 μL;反應(yīng)條件:第1步:94℃ 3 min,94℃ 30 s,65℃ 1 min, 72℃ 1 min,34個(gè)循環(huán),72℃ 7 min;第2步:94℃ 3 min,94℃ 30 s,65℃ 1 min, 72℃ 1 min,29個(gè)循環(huán),72℃ 7 min。擴(kuò)增后用2%瓊脂糖電泳檢測PCR的擴(kuò)增片段。
1.6 DGGE 采用BIO-RAD Dcode Universal Mutation System電泳系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行電泳分析。聚丙烯酰胺凝膠濃度為8%,變性梯度范圍為35%~65%,PCR產(chǎn)物上樣量為20 μL,運(yùn)行條件:1×電泳緩沖液60℃,85 V,16 h。用SYBR green Ⅰ(百泰克公司)染色30 min,在Bench-Top3UV紫外透射儀下觀察和記錄凝膠條帶,用無菌刀片對優(yōu)勢條帶進(jìn)行切割。DGGE圖譜一個(gè)泳道反映一個(gè)樣本菌群情況,同一水平條帶代表一種細(xì)菌,不同位置條帶代表不同種細(xì)菌,條帶亮度一定程度反映細(xì)菌相對量,較亮條帶代表優(yōu)勢條帶[6]。采用Quantity one軟件對PCR-DGGE圖譜進(jìn)行條帶檢測識別,并分析物種豐富度(S),S值越大代表檢測到菌種越多。通過生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)(BIO-DAP)分析香農(nóng)-威納指數(shù)(H′)[7],菌落種類越多H′越大。
1.7 條帶回收、克隆、測序 回收的優(yōu)勢條帶用30 μL ddH2O浸泡過夜回收DNA,用“不含GC夾子”的引物(F5′-CCTACGGAGGCAGCAG-3′,R5′-ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′)進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,膠(TaKaRa試劑盒 )后克隆,送上海生物工程有限公司測序,結(jié)果與Http://blast. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast比對,分析細(xì)菌種類。
2.1 一般情況 闌尾炎組10例中,年齡2~14歲,男8例,女2例,化膿性闌尾炎2例、壞疽性闌尾炎4例、壞疽性闌尾炎伴穿孔4例;對照組4例(男3例,女1例),年齡3~8歲。
2.2 闌尾組織病理學(xué)結(jié)果 如圖1A,B顯示,闌尾炎組闌尾炎性組織中含有大量革蘭陽性(紅色染色)和革蘭陰性菌(藍(lán)色染色),根據(jù)形態(tài)分為桿菌、球菌等,多分布在闌尾組織黏膜層及黏膜下層。黏膜連續(xù)性中斷,組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,病灶區(qū)可見較大量細(xì)菌侵入。對照組正常闌尾組織黏膜連續(xù),組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整,黏膜層及黏膜下層幾乎觀察不到細(xì)菌,僅在黏膜層表層觀察到少量革蘭陽性和革蘭陰性菌(圖1C,D)。
2.2 激獲分離細(xì)菌 闌尾炎組10例在倒置顯微鏡下均可觀察到闌尾結(jié)構(gòu)破壞嚴(yán)重,壞死的組織中可見大量細(xì)菌;對照組4例組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整。闌尾炎組可激光分離到大量細(xì)菌(圖2),對照組僅收集到少量細(xì)菌。
圖1 闌尾組織病理學(xué)檢查所見(革蘭染色)
Fig 1 The gram staining of patients appendix tissue
Notes A(1 000×) and B (40×): showed the histological structure of patients appendicitis tissue under the light microscope, a lot of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, bacilli and cocci in shape were mainly distributed in mucous layer and submucous layer of appendicitis tissue. The continuity of mucous layer interrupted, the structure of tissue distroyed, invasion of lots bacteria was found; C(1 000×) and D(40×): showed the histological structure of normal appendix tissue under the light microscop. The continuity of mucous layer was normal and the structure of tissue was intact. Almost no bacteria were found in mucous layer and submucous layer, only a few gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were observed on the surface of mucous layer
圖2 激光捕獲分離細(xì)菌過程(×400)
Fig 2 The process of separating bacteria from surrounding tissues by LCM(×400)
Notes A:Selecting the destination area by 400× inverted microscope (The selected oval zone contained plenty of bacteria ), B: The process of laser cutting ,C:After cutting completed, D:The cutting region on the collecting tube cap
2.3 PCR-DGGE圖譜分析 圖3顯示,闌尾炎組10例共鑒定出21條優(yōu)勢條帶,優(yōu)勢條帶的位置、亮度和數(shù)量均與對照組4例存在差異。闌尾炎組21個(gè)優(yōu)勢條帶進(jìn)行細(xì)菌種類分析,DGGE膠回收優(yōu)勢細(xì)菌DNA片段序列比對顯示,與Blast序列一致性達(dá)到85%~100%(表1)。
圖3 闌尾炎組和對照組DGGE圖譜
Fig 3 TDGGE profiles of 14 cases of appendix tissues
Notes A-J represented 10 samples of appendicitis respectively,K-N represented 4 samples of normal appendix tissue respectively,lane 11 was the blank contral; 1-21 represented 21 predominant bands with gel extraction(corresponding bacterial genera see table 1
表1 DGGE膠回收優(yōu)勢細(xì)菌DNA片段序列比對結(jié)果
Tab 1 The types of bacterial communities in appendix tissue corresponding the bands in Fig3
2.4 菌群多樣性分析 闌尾炎組和對照組DGGE膠回收優(yōu)勢條帶,可歸納為14個(gè)菌屬(表2)。10例闌尾炎標(biāo)本共檢測出14個(gè)菌屬,以革蘭陰性菌為主;各標(biāo)本菌屬數(shù)在6~12種,平均每例標(biāo)本檢測到9.6個(gè)菌屬;DGGE圖譜共識別優(yōu)勢條帶119條,其中88個(gè)(73.9%)優(yōu)勢條帶對應(yīng)的菌屬為變形菌門, 24個(gè)(20.2%)為厚壁菌門,7個(gè)(5.9%)為放線菌門。對照組4例菌屬數(shù)在2~7種;DGGE圖譜中共識別優(yōu)勢條件17條,其中9個(gè)(52.9%)對應(yīng)的菌屬為變形菌門,8個(gè)(47.0%)為厚壁菌門。對比兩組檢測到的菌屬,發(fā)現(xiàn)假單胞菌屬、不動桿菌屬、克雷伯菌屬、沙雷氏菌屬、(霍氏)腸桿菌屬、鏈球菌屬和鏈霉菌等7種菌屬僅在闌尾炎組檢出;腸球菌屬、埃希菌屬、乳酸桿菌屬在兩組均可檢出。
表2 DGGE膠回收優(yōu)勢細(xì)菌屬出現(xiàn)頻率
Tab 2 The frequency of predominant genera after gel extraction in all specimens
進(jìn)一步對比10例闌尾炎術(shù)后膿液臨床培養(yǎng)結(jié)果,陽性率為70%,各標(biāo)本菌屬數(shù)為0~2種,以大腸埃希菌、銅綠假單胞菌多見,可歸納為4個(gè)菌屬,且均可由DGGE檢出(表3)。
闌尾炎組10例物種豐富度S值在6~17,平均11.9±3.8,H′為2.38±0.40;對照組4例物種豐富度S值僅為2~7,H′均<2(表3);兩組S值和H′差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。對DGGE圖譜進(jìn)行聚類分析,顯示闌尾炎組10例聚為一簇,對照組4例聚為一簇,提示兩組標(biāo)本的菌群結(jié)構(gòu)具有顯著差異(圖4)。
圖4 闌尾標(biāo)本DGGE聚類分析
Fig 4 Similarity index of DGGE profiles obtained from 14 cases of appendix tissues
Notes A-J represented 10 samples of appendicitis respectively,K-N represented 4 samples of normal appendix tissue respectively,lane 11 was the blank contral
Notes S.A. represented suppurative appendicitis without perforation;G.A.represented gangrenous appendicitis without perforation;G.A.&P. represented gangrenous appendicitis with perforation. 1) Number was corresponding to the bacterial genre of Tab 2
細(xì)菌在闌尾炎發(fā)生過程中起著重要作用,然而臨床培養(yǎng)方法嚴(yán)重低估了感染灶病原菌群情況。目前已有越來越多的學(xué)者采用分子生物學(xué)方法對許多熟知的疾病病原菌進(jìn)行重新審視[8~11],闌尾炎亦不例外[2, 3]。DGGE技術(shù)利用不同DNA片段解鏈和梯度變性膠的特性將不同序列、不同長度的DNA片段區(qū)分開,可檢測到僅一個(gè)堿基差異的DNA片段,能夠有效、快速和全面的檢測菌群多樣性。為了更精確地探究病灶區(qū)的情況,研究者[12~14]還采用LCM的方法直視下對感染灶組織取樣,較傳統(tǒng)全組織提取方法更準(zhǔn)確,確保PCR 擴(kuò)增的模板來源于感染灶的病原菌而避免非病灶區(qū)細(xì)菌干擾。本研究將LCM和 16S rDNA-DGGE技術(shù)首次聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于兒童闌尾炎組織菌群多樣性研究, 為全面認(rèn)識兒童闌尾炎病原菌提供新的視角。
本研究中10例闌尾炎膿液臨床培養(yǎng)結(jié)果仍以大腸埃希菌最常見(6例),與國內(nèi)外研究結(jié)果一致[2, 15~18]。但臨床中時(shí)常會遇到同一份標(biāo)本連續(xù)兩次培養(yǎng)結(jié)果及其藥敏試驗(yàn)截然不同的困惑。考慮臨床培養(yǎng)法常根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)選取培養(yǎng)板上分離出的1~2個(gè)菌落做生化鑒定,難免造成致病菌未能被檢出,或者出現(xiàn)同一標(biāo)本兩次結(jié)果不同。因此,單純由培養(yǎng)作為檢出致病菌的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”是值得商榷的。
聯(lián)合應(yīng)用LCM 和16S rDNA-DGGE技術(shù)比臨床培養(yǎng)方法更全面反映病灶區(qū)復(fù)雜的細(xì)菌構(gòu)成情況。本研究通過對闌尾炎組優(yōu)勢條帶測序,共檢測到14種菌屬,除腸球菌和鏈球菌屬外,其余均為革蘭陰性菌,提示了闌尾炎為革蘭陰性為主的多種細(xì)菌混合感染:不僅包括臨床培養(yǎng)常見菌屬(埃希菌屬、假單胞菌屬等),還包含臨床培養(yǎng)法未檢測到的菌屬,此類細(xì)菌在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮的作用研究甚少[4]。
對比闌尾炎組和對照組,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組均能檢測出細(xì)菌,但檢出細(xì)菌種類、菌屬分布比例、細(xì)菌數(shù)量及在組織中分布位置均有明顯差異,闌尾炎病灶區(qū)組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞嚴(yán)重,黏膜連續(xù)性中斷,大量致病菌移位,穿過黏膜層進(jìn)入黏膜下層、肌層,并可能進(jìn)一步進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)、腹腔,而導(dǎo)致敗血癥、彌漫性腹膜炎的發(fā)生;而對照組僅有少量細(xì)菌分布于黏膜表層,組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整。闌尾炎組檢測到的菌屬較對照組明顯增多,且假單胞菌屬、不動桿菌屬、克雷伯菌屬、沙雷氏菌屬、(霍氏)腸桿菌屬、鏈球菌屬和鏈霉菌屬僅在闌尾炎組檢出,檢出率為20%~100%,上述菌屬很可能是闌尾炎組病灶區(qū)的“潛在致病菌”。統(tǒng)計(jì)闌尾炎組中細(xì)菌以變形菌門(71.3%)為主,較對照組(60.0%)有明顯升高,F(xiàn)orsberg等[19]報(bào)道臨床許多疾病的主要致病菌屬于變形菌門,與本研究結(jié)果一致。因此,通過對比正常組織,分子生物學(xué)方法檢出的闌尾炎組織菌群情況,可為闌尾炎及其繼發(fā)引起的并發(fā)癥(尤其是培養(yǎng)結(jié)果陰性)的臨床抗生素選擇提供一定的依據(jù)。
由于收集正常兒童闌尾組織為對照組非常困難,標(biāo)本量較少,可能會對本研究結(jié)果有一定影響。
[1] Carr NJ. The pathology of acute appendicitis.Ann Diagn Pathol, 2000, 4(1): 46-58
[2] Guinane CM, Tadrous A, Fouhy F, et al. Microbial composition of human appendices from patients following appendectomy.MBio, 2013, 4(1):e00366-12
[3] Swidsinski A, Dorffel Y, Loening-Baucke V, et al. Acute appendicitis is characterised by local invasion with Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum.Gut, 2011, 60(1): 34-40
[4] Suau A, Bonnet R, Sutren M, et al. Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut.Appl Environ Microbiol,1999, 65(11): 4799-4807
[5] 葉應(yīng)嫵,王毓三,申子瑜, 主編. 全國臨床檢驗(yàn)操作規(guī)程 . 第3版.南京:東南大學(xué)出版社.2006.350 - 351
[6] Liu CX(劉彩霞), Hu Y, Zhou DR, et al. Impact of delivery mode on intestinal microbiota in early neonates by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Appl Clin Pediatr(實(shí)用兒科臨床雜志), 2012, 27(19): 1491-1494
[7] Ley BE, Linton CJ, Bennett DM, et al. Detection of bacteraemia in patients with fever and neutropenia using 16S rRNA gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1998, 17(4): 247-253
[8] Huijsdens XW, Linskens RK, Mak M, et al. Quantification of bacteria adherent to gastrointestinal mucosa by real-time PCR.J Clin Microbiol, 2002, 40(12): 4423-4427
[9] Lyons SR, Griffen AL, Leys EJ. Quantitative real-time PCR forPorphyromonas gingivalis and total bacteria.J Clin Microbiol, 2000, 38(6): 2362-2365
[10] Xu Y, Rudkjobing VB, Simonsen O, et al. Bacterial diversity in suspected prosthetic joint infections: an exploratory study using 16S rRNA gene analysis.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 2012, 65(2): 291-304
[11] Riggio MP, Jonsson N, Bennett D. Culture-independent identification of bacteria associated with ovine 'broken mouth'periodontitis.Vet Microbiol, 2013, 166(3): 664-669
[12] Jensen E. Laser-Capture Microdissection.Anat Rec (Hoboken), 2013, 296(11): 1683-1687
[13] Golubeva Y, Salcedo R, Mueller C, et al. Laser capture microdissection for protein and NanoString RNA analysis.Methods Mol Biol, 2013, 978 (1):213-257
[14] Smith B, Bode S, Petersen BL, et al. Community analysis of bacteria colonizing intestinal tissue of neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis.BMC Microbiol, 2011, 11: 73
[15] Zhu XM(朱曉敏), Xu JG, Huang YM. Analysis of pus bacteria culture and drug sensitivity test in children with acute appendicitis. Jilin Medical Journal(吉林醫(yī)學(xué)), 2009, 30(1): 7-8
[16] Wang P(王萍),Guo YH,Li GX, et al. Analysis of bacteria culture and drug sensitivity test in children with acute appendicitis. Hebei Medical Journal(河北醫(yī)學(xué)), 2009, 31(23): 3189-3190
[17] Gu XW(顧秀文),Jin XQ,Li XQ, et al. Clinical analysis of 1179 cases of perforated appendictis in children. Chongqing Medical Journal(重慶醫(yī)學(xué)), 2010, 39(017): 2357-2358
[18] Dai L(代莉),Cai XN. Distribution and drug-resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from plus culture in patients with acute appendicitis.Laboratory Medicine and Clinic(檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床), 2013, 10(7): 780-781
[19] Forsberg KJ, Reyes A, Wang B, et al. The shared antibiotic resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens.Science, 2012, 337(6098): 1107-1111
(本文編輯:丁俊杰)
Comparative study on 16S rDNA-DGGE versus conventional clinical culture in analysis of children's appendicitis tissue bacterial floras
YANG Jing-li,YU Jia-lin, WANG Zheng-li,AI Qing,LIU Dong,TANG Xiao-li
( Department of Neonatology,Children′s Hosptial of Chongqing Medical University,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014,China)
YU Jia-lin,E-mail:yujialin486@sohu.com
ObjectiveTo explore the microbial diversity in children's appendix tissue with inflammation by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) ,compared with clinical culture method.MethodsThe bacteria on pathological sections of 10 cases of appendicitis and 4 cases of normal appendix tissue were observed and recorded after gram staining, thereafter separated from the surrounding tissue by laser Capture microdissection(LCM). After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, the microbial community diversity was analyzed through DGGE.ResultsThe positive rate of bacterial culture was 70%. 4 bacterial genera were detected in 10 cases of appendicitis, and each specimen contained range from 0 to 2 bacterial genera. Using sequencing fragment of DNA, 14 bacterial genera were detected in 10 cases, each sample contained 9.6 genera on average, ranged from 6 to 12, including cultivable and uncultivable bacteria. Protei accounted for 73.9% of all the detected bacteria in appendicitis. Regarding to normal tissue, each specimen ranged from 2 to 7 genera. Protei accounted for 52.9% of all the detected bacteria. Pseudomonsa spp, Acinetobacter spp, Klebsiella spp and Serratia spp etc. could only be detected in the inflammatory tissue.ConclusionLCM combined with PCR-DGGE increase the detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria to analyze the microbial diversity of inflammatory appendices tissue. It may help to provide more information about the actual condition of bacterial floras. The microbiota in inflammatory appendix tissue is different from normal control tissue. Most of the floras detected in appendicitis group were members of Proteobacteria which might contain the "potential pathogenic bacterium".The results provide some evidence for reasonable choices of antibiotics.
Appendicitis; Laser capture microdissection; Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis; Microbial community diversity
國家自然科學(xué)基金:81370744,81070513
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院新生兒中心,兒童發(fā)育疾病研究教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,兒科學(xué)重慶重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶市兒童發(fā)育重大疾病診治與預(yù)防國際科技合作基地 重慶,400014
余加林,E-mail: yujialin486@sohu.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2014.01.005
2013-12-27
2014-01-25)