摘 要:本文是根據(jù)高教社出版的《新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)·綜合教程》《新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)·學(xué)學(xué)·練練·考考》、歷年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試真題、參照詞典,歸納that在各種從句中的各種用法,并總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律和方法,以供教學(xué)參考。對(duì)于一種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,人們往往會(huì)有各種不同的看法或提法,本文試圖從便于教學(xué)的角度來(lái)分析that引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)的特點(diǎn),并作簡(jiǎn)要論述。
關(guān)鍵詞:that從句 定語(yǔ)從句 名詞性從句 狀語(yǔ)從句 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):H319 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1673-9795(2013)04(b)-0081-01
在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,that是使用頻率極高的一個(gè)詞,通??梢杂米鞔~,用來(lái)指人或物(尤其在空間或時(shí)間上較遠(yuǎn)的),表示“那,那個(gè)”的含義,其反義詞是this,復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。這是that最基本的意思和用法,也很容易被英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者所理解和掌握。但是此外,它還有副詞和連詞等其他詞性,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或起連接作用等,用于名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和情境交際等不同的句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,既發(fā)揮實(shí)詞的作用,又擔(dān)當(dāng)架構(gòu)復(fù)雜句式的重任。下面就以《新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)》(第二版)為例,列舉教材中所出現(xiàn)的that從句,并加以分析和總結(jié)。
1 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
that用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。That代替人和物,在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),但不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。先行詞可人可物,用法相當(dāng)于who或which。(但是在下列情況下只能用that:先行詞既有人又有物時(shí);先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞、不定代詞、every、some、any、next、very,only等修飾時(shí);先行詞是不定代詞時(shí)。)
She talked about the professors and colleges that she had visited.
Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space.
The first thing that they should do is to work out their plan.
注意:that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)通??墒÷浴?/p>
The painting (that) you sent us for our wedding is really something special.
2 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
that用作從屬連詞,在句中不作任何語(yǔ)法成分,只起連接作用。除個(gè)別情況外,一般不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
(1)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。及物動(dòng)詞后的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略。
We do hope (that) you will come to China some day as our guests.
(2)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。通常采取It is… that-clause結(jié)構(gòu)。
That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious.
It is obvious that she doesn’t understand spoken English.
(3)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。
The truth is that he is only eighteen.
(4)引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
注:引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that和引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是不同的。前者只起語(yǔ)法作用,在從句中不作任何成分;而后者可以在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。例如:
The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me.(同位語(yǔ)從句。That只起連接作用。)
You can have the phone company mail you a credit aoupon that has the same value as the phone call.(定語(yǔ)從句。That在從句中作主語(yǔ)。)
同位語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在三級(jí)考題中。如:
The message that Mr. Black was elacted chairman of the committee arrived just in time.(2008-12-18T)
News came from the sales manager that the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months. (2007-12-25T)
3 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
That用作作副詞。引導(dǎo)多種狀語(yǔ)從句。
(1)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
They shoud do their utmost in order that they may be able to over-fulfill the task.
We hope (that) you will come to China some time soon so that we may hhave the pleasure of seeing you in our home.
(2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
The chief executive gave us such an excellent lecture that we’ll never forget it.
(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
These two areas are similar in that they both have a high rainfall during this season.
(4)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“假使、假設(shè)”。
We’ll visit Western Europe next year provided that we have enough money.
4 引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,此時(shí)that不能省略
It is the words on the card that really count!
It’s their unintended consequences that make me cringe.
5 結(jié)語(yǔ)
本文只討論了that引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)的一些用法,沒(méi)有展開(kāi)詳述that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,以及that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句之間的區(qū)別,但這在教學(xué)過(guò)程中要進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。綜上所述,that的詞義、詞性和用法,既豐富又復(fù)雜,因此,還需要根據(jù)學(xué)生實(shí)際水平,多舉例板書(shū),耐心細(xì)致地講解,并通過(guò)做相關(guān)練習(xí)來(lái)強(qiáng)化。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]姜怡,姜欣.新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程1[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[2]姜怡,姜欣.新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程2[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[3]安曉燦.新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)學(xué)學(xué)·練練·考考2[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[4]顧紅兵.that用法小結(jié)[J].考試周刊, 2011(41):106-109.